26 resultados para Regas
Resumo:
A resinose (Lasiodiplodia theobromae) é uma importante doença do cajueiro no Brasil. A resistência genética é o método mais promissor de controle, entretanto, a seleção de clones resistentes em campo é onerosa e demorada. Com o objetivo de definir um método de seleção precoce de genótipos resistentes à resinose, foram avaliados meios de cultura para produção de inóculo e métodos de inoculação do patógeno. Foram avaliados os método do bisel, da injeção de suspensão de esporos e do palito nos clones BRS 226 (resistente) e CCP 76 (susceptível). O efeito do estresse hídrico produzido pelo aumento do intervalo de rega (diário, três, seis e sete dias) das plantas foi testado com os melhores métodos de inoculação. Aos 17 e 21 dias após a inoculação foram feitas avaliações externa e interna dos sintomas (exsudação de goma, comprimento da lesão e morte), respectivamente. O meio de aveia-ágar para produção de inóculo do fungo e os métodos do bisel e da injeção foram os mais eficientes. A avaliação externa não possibilitou diferenciar genótipos, enquanto que, pela lesão interna foi possível diferenciar as reações entre os clones, independentemente do intervalo de regas. O método do bisel foi o melhor para diferenciação dos clones.
Resumo:
Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a transpiração, resistência difusiva do vapor d'água, a produção de matéria seca e alocação de biomassa em plantas jovens de aroeira submetidas a déficit hídrico. Foram utilizadas mudas de Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi com três meses de idade, cultivadas em vasos de polietileno contendo 5,5 kg de terriço vegetal. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos hídricos (100% da capacidade de campo (CC), 75% CC, 50% CC e 25% CC) e quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se a transpiração e a resistência difusiva às 12 h em intervalos de seis dias, durante 72 dias de déficit hídrico. No final do experimento, determinaram-se a matéria seca das folhas (MSF), caules (MSC) e raízes (MSR), a alocação de biomassa de diversos órgãos e a razão raiz/parte aérea (R/Pa). O fechamento estomático ocorreu nas plantas submetidas a 25% CC, aos 11 dias depois da aplicação dos tratamentos. Nessa ocasião, essas mesmas plantas foram regadas até 100% CC. As regas foram suspensas até as plantas atingirem novamente 25% CC e serem mantidas nesse tratamento até o final do período experimental, não havendo mais fechamento estomático no horário estudado. A produção de matéria seca aumentou nas plantas cultivadas com 75% CC, em comparação com os demais tratamentos hídricos. Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para alocação de biomassa nos diversos órgãos. Os resultados indicam que a aroeira é moderadamente tolerante ao déficit hídrico na fase inicial do desenvolvimento.
Resumo:
Para tentar elucidar os efeitos da codisposição de embalagens de agrotóxico no âmbito de um aterro sanitário, foram monitoradas oito células de aterro, em tamanho reduzido. O resíduo sólido urbano utilizado nas oito células foi proveniente do município de Porto Alegre, tendo sido caracterizado antes da montagem do experimento. Os reatores foram submetidos a regas semanais por água, simulando uma situação média de chuva para a região. Acompanhou-se a degradação do RSU através de análises do percolado até a fase de fermentação metanogênica. A partir do 250o dia, passou-se a introduzir diferentes doses do agrotóxico Manzateâ 800, sendo três diferentes concentrações em duplicata e dois brancos. O acompanhamento estendeu-se então até os 460 dias. Os resultados de análises do percolado das oito células não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas entre si, antes e depois da aplicação do agrotóxico. Também não foram constatadas mudanças no comportamento da degradação anaeróbia do resíduo ao longo do tempo. As análises de metais realizadas no material sólido coletado ao final do experimento mostraram uma maior concentração de manganês e zinco, metais constituintes do agrotóxico utilizado, nas amostras provenientes dos reatores que receberam cargas do mesmo. Adicionalmente ao experimento, testou-se a influência do Manzateâ 800 em percolado proveniente de célula de aterro sanitário de escala real, também de caráter experimental, contendo apenas RSU. Os testes foram feitos em bateladas, com quatro concentrações diferentes do agrotóxico e um branco e compararam-se as concentrações de DBO5. Os valores obtidos apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas, sendo maiores as concentrações de DBO5 das amostras com maior concentração de Manzateâ 800. Tais resultados evidenciam a degradação do agrotóxico pelos microrganismos presentes no percolado.
Resumo:
The Caatinga is the predominant vegetation type in semi-arid region of Brazil, where many inhabitants depend on hunting and gathering for survival, obtaining resources for: food and feed, folk medicine, timber production, etc. It‟s the dry ecosystem with highest population density in the world. The early stages of development are the most critical during the life cycle of a flowering plant and they‟re primordial to its establishment in environments exposed to water stress. Information about adjustments to the growth of the species, correlated with their studies of distribution in Seridó oriental potiguar, are an important ecological and economic standpoint, because they provide subsidies for the development of cultivation techniques, to programs of sustainable use and recovery of degraded areas. This thesis aimed to study the initial growth and foliar morphology in plants like Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. (tamboril) and Erythrina velutina Mart. ex Benth (mulungu), species of occurrence in the Caatinga, under water stress. After sowing and emergency, the seedlings were exposed to three water regimes: 450 (control), 225 (moderate stress) and 112.5 (severe stress) mm of water slide for 40 days. Seeding occurred in bags of 5 kg and after the establishment of seedlings thinning was carried out leaving a plantlet per bag. At the beginning the waterings occurred daily with distilled water, passing to be on alternate days after thinning. Twenty and forty days after the thinning seedlings collections were held to be done analysis of growth and biomass partition. When compared to the control group, the treatments with water stress showed reduction in the growth of the aerial part, growth of the greater root, number of leaves and leaflets, dry leaf area and total phytomass in both species, but in general, this effect was most marked for E. velutina. Regarding the partition of biomass, there were few changes throughout the experiment. Morphological changes in the leaves as a function of stress were not significant, however, there was a trend, in both species, to produce narrower leaves, that facilitate heat loss to the environment. It has not been possible to establish a positive relationship between inhibition of growth and distribution of species, whereas E. velutina is a species of most common occurrence in Seridó oriental potiguar. In this way, other aspects should be taken into account when studying the adaptation of species the dry environments, such as salinity, presence of heavy metals, wind speed, etc
Resumo:
Every day, water scarcity becomes a more serious problem and, directly affects global society. Studies are directed in order to raise awareness of the rational use of this natural asset that is essential to our survival. Only 0.007% of the water available in the world have easy access and can be consumed by humans, it can be found in rivers, lakes, etc... To better take advantage of the water used in homes and small businesses, reuse projects are often implemented, resulting in savings for customers of water utilities. The reuse projects involve several areas of engineering, like Environmental, Chemical, Electrical and Computer Engineering. The last two are responsible for the control of the process, which aims to make gray water (soapy water), and clear blue water (rain water), ideal for consumption, or for use in watering gardens, flushing, among others applications. Water has several features that should be taken into consideration when it comes to working its reuse. Some of the features are, turbidity, temperature, electrical conductivity and, pH. In this document there is a proposal to control the pH (potential Hydrogen) through a microcontroller, using the fuzzy logic as strategy of control. The controller was developed in the fuzzy toolbox of Matlab®
Resumo:
In the urban areas of the cities a larger problem of destiny of effluents of the treatment stations is verified due to the junction of the sewages in great volumes. This way the hidroponic cultive becomes important, for your intensive characteristic, as alternative of reuse. This work presents as objective the improvement of the relation hidric-nutritious of the hidroponic cultive of green forage (FVH) using treaty sewage. The production of forage was with corn (Zea mays L.), using double hybrid AG1051, in the experimental field of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), in the city of Natal-RN-Brazil. The treated effluent essentially domestic had origin of anaerobic reactor, type decant-digester of two cameras in series followed by anaerobic filters drowned. The hidroponic experimental system was composed of 08 stonemasons, with limited contours for masonry of drained ceramic brick, measuring each one 2,5 meters in length for 1,0 meter of width, with inclination of 4% (m/m) in the longitudinal sense, leveled carefully, in way to not to allow preferential roads in the flow. These dimensions, the useful area of Isow was of 2 square meters. The stonemasons of cultive were waterproof (found and lateral) with plastic canvas of 200 micres of thickness, in the white color. Controlled the entrance and exit of the effluente in the stonemasons, with cycles of 12,68 minutes, it being water of 1,18 minutes. The treatments were constituted of: T1 - 24 hours/day under it waters with flow of 2 L/min; T2 - 12 hours/day under waters with flow of 4 L/min; T3 - 12 hours/day under waters with flow of 2 L/min; and T4 - 16 hours/day under waters with flow of 3 L/min. There were evaluations of the evapotranspirometric demand, of hidroponic system affluent and effluent seeking to characterize and to monitor physical-chemical parameters as: pH, temperature, Electric Conductivity and Fecal Coliforms. This last one was analyzed to the 11 days after isow (DAS) and to the 14 DAS. The others were analyzed daily. I sow it was accomplished in the dates of February 21, 2007, first experiment, and April 10, 2007, second experiment. The density of Isow was of 2 kg of seeds, germinated before 48 hours, for square meter of stonemason. The statistic delineament was it casual entirely with two repetitions, in two experiments. It was applied Tukey test of average to five percent of probability. The cultivation cycle was of 14 DAS with evapotranspirometric demand maximum, reached by T1, of 67,44 mm/day. The analyzed parameters, as mass of green matter - Kg, productivity-Kg/m2 and reason of production of seed FVH/Kg used in Isow, the best result was presented by T1, obtaining value of up to 19,01 Kg/m2 of cultive. Without significant difference, the T4 presented greats values with 16 hours under cycle of water. The Treatments 2 and 3 with 12 hours under cycle of water, they obtained inferior results to the other Treatments. As treatment system, came efficient in the reduction of the salinity. T1 obtained reduction medium maxim of 62,5%, to the 7 DAS, in the amount of salts that enter in the system in they are absorbed in the cultivation. The cultivation FVH acted reducing the microbiologic load. Significant percentile of reduction they were reached, with up to 90,23% of reduction of Units of Colonies (UFC), constituting, like this, the Hidroponic System as good alternative of treatment of effluents of Reactors of high Efficiency
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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Os processos de decomposição dos resíduos sólidos resultam em uma importante fonte de poluente tóxico, o percolado, usualmente denominado de chorume, podendo causar graves impactos ambientais em ecossistemas vizinhos, se não for drenado e tratado adequadamente. No tratamento eletrolítico de efluentes aquosos, os poluentes sofrem degradação oxidativa. Visando o tratamento do percolado de aterro sanitário, foram analisados os parâmetros de pH, temperatura, DQO, condutividade, amônia e absorbância, utilizando-se de uma densidade de corrente de 125 mA.cm-2. As regas na espécie Helianthus annuus L., girassol da família Asteraceae, foram realizadas durante 95 dias com 11 tratamentos do percolado bruto e tratado em concentrações de 25, 50, 75 e 100% de percolado com a adição de Na2SO4, esta última concentração também sem adição de Na2SO4, a fim de avaliar a sobrevivência e o crescimento dessa espécie. Ao final do experimento, os valores de crescimento mais expressivos foram para o percolado 100% sem Na2SO4 mostrando que: a altura total obteve uma diferença em 27% menor no tratado; o diâmetro da base do caule mostrou uma diferença 45% menor do tratado em relação ao bruto; o número de folhas foi de 65% menor e área foliar de 51% menor do tratado em relação ao bruto, indicando que mesmo em crescimento o Grupo Tratado permaneceu menor durante a maioria das medidas das variáveis biométricas do girassol BRS 323. Todos os vasos regados com chorume tratado tiveram uma redução no peso seco das partes aéreas, chegando a uma redução média de 72% na concentração 100% de chorume sem a adição de Na2SO4
Resumo:
The use of fossil fuels has been considered one of reason for the increase of pollution in the atmosphere and it may be related to the climate changes. Then, the research of the new sources of fuels will be important. Considering this, the use of biodiesel has been considered not as bad as petrol. The castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is an important oilseed, which belongs to Euphorbiaceae family, and the oil found in the seed has important characteristics for biodiesel. This plant is considered as “rustic” as it does not need so much water for its development and oil production. Due to this, this plant has been considered to be ideal in semi-arid regions, such as the Northeast of Brazil. The aim of his study is to better understand the responses to abiotic stresses (drought and salinity) from castor bean plants using morphological, physiological and molecular tools. In order to do this, the castor bean plants were subjected to salt stress (50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl) in a controlled environment and drought stress (5, 10, 15 days and 10 days cyclic). After these treatments, these plants were subjected to different analyzes: a) the expansion and retention of water from leaves; b) anatomy using leaves and roots. Based on these results, we found that castor suffered decrease in leaf area with increase drought stress, however restricted water loss, probably by accumulation of compatible solutes in the leaves. The anatomy data showed modifications in the vascular system. These modifications observed suggested that castor bean plant may be resistant to stress as it was verified in 5 days of drought as well as in 100 mM NaCl. In both conditions, these plants were fine. Probably these plants keep some solutes in the cell and then maintain the cell tugor. The data obtained in this study gave a better idea how castor bean plant responds to abiotic stress conditions - drought and salt stress
Resumo:
Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia e Gestão de Sistemas de Água, 23 de Junho de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.