Contenidos de materia orgánica y condición física de un Kandiudult de Misiones bajo diferentes sistemas de preparación del terreno forestal y bosque nativo

Las propiedades físicas de los suelos de ambientes subtropicales húmedos fueron tradicionalmente menos estudiadas que los de zonas templadas. Una característica de los primeros es su menor resiliencia frente a un disturbio. Un aspecto poco explorado es qué sucede con los suelos cuando la selva nativa es reemplazada por una plantación forestal o un ciclo forestal por otro. La forestación es una de las principales actividades económicas de la provincia de Misiones, y la preparación de terreno uno de los momentos de mayor impacto al suelo. En esta tesis se evaluaron sobre un suelo Kandiudult tratamientos que incluyeron a)conservación de residuos (CRes), b)subsolado (Sub)c)con quema de residuos en escollera (Qsub), d)uso de rastra (Rast)e)con quema de residuos en escollera (Qrast), y f)conservación de residuos sin plantación (Reg Nat). Todos estos contrastados con el bosque nativo (NcP). Se halló que al cuarto año de la plantación, el contenido de materia orgánica (MO)fue significativamente mayor donde se conservaron los residuos, con mayor stock de C (55 Mg.ha-1). Sin embargo este aumento de MO no logró equiparar al suelo bajo BNcP. El contenido hídrico retenido en capacidad de campo varió en similar dirección que la MO. La densidad aparente fue una las propiedades físicas más sensibles a los tratamientos, con valores significativamente más bajos hasta 30 cm de profundidad en suelo bajo Sub (1,36 Mg.m-3). El tratamiento bajo Rast presentó los mayores valores de densidad aparente (1,50 Mg.m-3). Los tratamientos afectados por quema tuvieron valores de densidad aparente más bajos que otros tratamientos (1,42 Mg.m-3). De cualquier manera, puede afirmarse que el manejo forestal causó la densificación de la superficie del suelo, comparando con los menores valores de densidad del suelo bajo BNcP (1,17 Mg.m-3). Los valores de compactación relativa calculados en base a la densidad máxima en ensayos Proctor fueron cercanos al 90 por ciento, lo cual indica la alta compactación de los suelos. La inestabilidad estructural del suelo, medida por el cambio de diámetro medio ponderado de agregados (CDMP), no se vio afectada por el reemplazo de la selva por la plantación forestal, ni por el método de preparación del terreno. La tasa de infiltración no mostró diferencias entre tratamientos, pero si reducciones importantes respecto del bosque nativo (1638 cm.h-1). Como conclusión, y dada la falta de impactos físicos severos sobre los suelos bajo plantación forestal, puede recomendarse la conservación de los residuos sobre la superficie como método de preparación, pues es el único que permite realizar secuestro efectivo de CO en los suelos.

The relationship between working alliance and treatment outcomes in remedial instruction for older dyslexic children

Research in psychotherapy has demonstrated that a positive working alliance between therapist and client leads to positive treatment outcomes. Though its focus is in the area of psychotherapy, the concept of working alliance holds significant value to the area of education. Current applications of the theory in educational settings have looked at relationships between teacher and students in the broad context of classroom interaction and found significant promise. The present study investigates the application of the theory of working alliance in a sample of older reading disabled children. The study examined the psychometric properties of the Reading Alliance Scale for Children (RASC) and for Teachers (RAST) in relation to student reading ability and motivation. A sample of 254 (66.1 % male, 33.9% female) grade 6-8 students (mean age 12.7 years) were enrolled in a remedial reading program for reading disabled children. The average standard score across multiple reading measures was more than 1 SD below age-level expectations. Students responded to measures of reading achievement and motivation at pretest, after 70 hours (post 70) of remediation and at the end of the program (post 125). All participants completed measures on the working alliance relationship at post 70 and post 125. Results showed that teacher reports were most predictive of outcome compared to student reports of the working alliance relationship. Working alliance was correlated with posttest reading ability and motivation. Male students and Black students obtained the weakest working alliance reports from their teacher. Overall, findings support the view that students' relationships with teachers provide an important component of success in the classroom.

Geometric Aspects of Visual Object Recognition

This thesis presents there important results in visual object recognition based on shape. (1) A new algorithm (RAST; Recognition by Adaptive Sudivisions of Tranformation space) is presented that has lower average-case complexity than any known recognition algorithm. (2) It is shown, both theoretically and empirically, that representing 3D objects as collections of 2D views (the "View-Based Approximation") is feasible and affects the reliability of 3D recognition systems no more than other commonly made approximations. (3) The problem of recognition in cluttered scenes is considered from a Bayesian perspective; the commonly-used "bounded-error errorsmeasure" is demonstrated to correspond to an independence assumption. It is shown that by modeling the statistical properties of real-scenes better, objects can be recognized more reliably.

The Natural History of Slapton Ley Nature Reserve XVIII: nitrogen and phosphorus losses from the catchment - an export coefficient modelling approach

Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from the catchment of Slapton Ley, a small coastal lake in SW England, were calculated using an adaptation of a model developed by Jorgensen (1980). A detailed survey of the catchment revealed that its land use is dominated by both permanent and temporary grassland (respectively 38 and 32% of its total area), and that the remainder is made up of the cultivation of cereals and field vegetables, and market gardening. Livestock numbers in the catchment constitute ca. 6600 head of cattle, 10,000 sheep, 590 pigs, 1700 poultry and 58 horses. The permanent human population of the area is ca. 2000, served by two small gravity-fed sewage treatment works (STWs). Inputs to, and losses from, farmland in the catchment were computed using Jorgensen’s model, and coefficients derived from the data of Cooke (1976), Gostick (1982), Rast and Lee (1983) and Vollenweider (1968). Allowing for outputs from STWs, the total annual external load of N and P upon Slapton Ley is 160 t (35 kg ha-1) a-1 N, and 4.8 t (1.05 kg ha-1) a-1 P. Accordingly to Vollenweider (1968, 1975), such loadings exceed OECD permissible level by a factor of ca. 50 in the case of N, and ca. 5 in that of P. In order to reduce nutrient loads, attention would need to be paid to both STW and agricultural sources.

Comparative genomics of Salmonella enterica serovars Derby and Mbandaka, two prevalent serovars associated with different livestock species in the UK

Background Despite the frequent isolation of Salmonella enterica sub. enterica serovars Derby and Mbandaka from livestock in the UK and USA little is known about the biological processes maintaining their prevalence. Statistics for Salmonella isolations from livestock production in the UK show that S. Derby is most commonly associated with pigs and turkeys and S. Mbandaka with cattle and chickens. Here we compare the first sequenced genomes of S. Derby and S. Mbandaka as a basis for further analysis of the potential host adaptations that contribute to their distinct host species distributions. Results Comparative functional genomics using the RAST annotation system showed that predominantly mechanisms that relate to metabolite utilisation, in vivo and ex vivo persistence and pathogenesis distinguish S. Derby from S. Mbandaka. Alignment of the genome nucleotide sequences of S. Derby D1 and D2 and S. Mbandaka M1 and M2 with Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPI) identified unique complements of genes associated with host adaptation. We also describe a new genomic island with a putative role in pathogenesis, SPI-23. SPI-23 is present in several S. enterica serovars, including S. Agona, S. Dublin and S. Gallinarum, it is absent in its entirety from S. Mbandaka. Conclusions We discovered a new 37 Kb genomic island, SPI-23, in the chromosome sequence of S. Derby, encoding 42 ORFS, ten of which are putative TTSS effector proteins. We infer from full-genome synonymous SNP analysis that these two serovars diverged, between 182kya and 625kya coinciding with the divergence of domestic pigs. The differences between the genomes of these serovars suggest they have been exposed to different stresses including, phage, transposons and prolonged externalisation. The two serovars possess distinct complements of metabolic genes; many of which cluster into pathways for catabolism of carbon sources.

Climate and carbon cycle changes from 1850 to 2100 in MPI-ESM simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5

The new Max-Planck-Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) is used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) in a series of climate change experiments for either idealized CO2-only forcing or forcings based on observations and the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The paper gives an overview of the model configurations, experiments related forcings, and initialization procedures and presents results for the simulated changes in climate and carbon cycle. It is found that the climate feedback depends on the global warming and possibly the forcing history. The global warming from climatological 1850 conditions to 2080–2100 ranges from 1.5°C under the RCP2.6 scenario to 4.4°C under the RCP8.5 scenario. Over this range, the patterns of temperature and precipitation change are nearly independent of the global warming. The model shows a tendency to reduce the ocean heat uptake efficiency toward a warmer climate, and hence acceleration in warming in the later years. The precipitation sensitivity can be as high as 2.5% K−1 if the CO2 concentration is constant, or as small as 1.6% K−1, if the CO2 concentration is increasing. The oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon increases over time in all scenarios, being smallest in the experiment forced by RCP2.6 and largest in that for RCP8.5. The land also serves as a net carbon sink in all scenarios, predominantly in boreal regions. The strong tropical carbon sources found in the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 experiments are almost absent in the RCP4.5 experiment, which can be explained by reforestation in the RCP4.5 scenario.

Småskalig rökgasrening : metoder för att minska utsläppen från småskalig biobränsleeldning

Emissioner (utsläpp) från biobränsleeldning och därtill hörande hälsorisker har varit föremål för stora forskningssatsningar. Detta arbete avser att sammanställa olika åtgärder som kan vidtas inom småskalig biobränsleeldning för att ytterligare minska utsläppen. Arbetet bygger på en litteraturstudie där databaser och Internet har genomsökts efter litteratur och publikatio-ner, som redovisar olika tekniker för utsläppsminskningar. Undersökningen ska ge en över-blick över olika tekniker för emissionsminskning och dessutom försöka kvantifiera minsk-ningspotentialen med respektive teknik.Genomgången visar på en rad olika möjligheter för att minska emissionerna. Det innefattar primära åtgärder som optimal eldstadsutformning och att elda rätt. Stora minskningar kan också göras genom att styra lufttillförseln på ett bra sätt, till exempel genom stegad lufttillför-sel och användning av gassensorer. Mer avancerad teknik för att styra start och stopp samt eventuell effektreglering av brännare kan också minska emissionerna. Solvärme minskar emissionerna under sommarhalvåret genom att ersätta låglastdriften, som har högst emissioner per producerad kWh. Gemensamt för ovanstående åtgärder är, att de också ökar systemens verkningsgrad och därmed finns ett ekonomiskt motiv till att genomföra åtgärderna.Tekniker för aktiv rening, som elektrostatiska filter och katalysatorer, har svårare att komma ut på marknaden, då de inte ger några ekonomiska vinster för brukaren. Här krävs i så fall att myndighetskraven skärps.För att minska emissionerna från småskalig eldning ur ett nationellt perspektiv är det främst från den småskaliga vedeldningen som emissionerna måste minskas. Här kan man snabbast nå minskningar genom utbildning av dem som eldar med ved samt genom att införa ackumula-tortankar. Emissioner från lokaleldstäder blir svårast att minska då det fortfarande installeras icke miljögodkänd utrustning och då livslängden för dessa eldstäder är mycket lång.

Metagenômica comparativa de solo de regiões de mata atlântica e caatinga do estado do Rio Grande do Norte - Brasil

The microorganisms play very important roles in maintaining ecosystems, which explains the enormous interest in understanding the relationship between these organisms as well as between them and the environment. It is estimated that the total number of prokaryotic cells on Earth is between 4 and 6 x 1030, constituting an enormous biological and genetic pool to be explored. Although currently only 1% of all this wealth can be cultivated by standard laboratory techniques, metagenomic tools allow access to the genomic potential of environmental samples in a independent culture manner, and in combination with third generation sequencing technologies, the samples coverage become even greater. Soils, in particular, are the major reservoirs of this diversity, and many important environments around us, as the Brazilian biomes Caatinga and Atlantic Forest, are poorly studied. Thus, the genetic material from environmental soil samples of Caatinga and Atlantic Forest biomes were extracted by direct techniques, pyrosequenced, and the sequences generated were analyzed by bioinformatics programs (MEGAN MG-RAST and WEBCarma). Taxonomic comparative profiles of the samples showed that the phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Planctomycetes were the most representative. In addition, fungi of the phylum Ascomycota were identified predominantly in the soil sample from the Atlantic Forest. Metabolic profiles showed that despite the existence of environmental differences, sequences from both samples were similarly placed in the various functional subsystems, indicating no specific habitat functions. This work, a pioneer in taxonomic and metabolic comparative analysis of soil samples from Brazilian biomes, contributes to the knowledge of these complex environmental systems, so far little explored

Eutrofização do Reservatório Cruzeta na bacia representativa do rio Seridó RN

Eutrophication has been listed as one of the main problems of water pollution on a global level. In the Brazilian semi-arid areas this problem takes even greater proportions due to characteristical water scarcity of the region. It is extremely important to the predictive eutrophication models development and to the reservoirs management in the semi-arid region, studies that promotes understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the expansion and control of algae blooms, essential for improving the water quality of these environments. The present study had as its main aims, evaluate the temporal pattern of trophic state, considering the influence of nutrients (N and P) and the light availability in the water column in the development of phytoplankton biomass, and perform the mathematical modelling of changes in phosphorus and chlorophyll a concentrations in the Cruzeta man-made lake located on Seridó, a typical semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte. To this, a fortnightly monitoring was performed in the reservoir in 05 stations over the months of March 2007 to May 2008. Were measured the concentrations of total phosphorus, total organic nitrogen, chlorophyll a, total, fixed and volatile suspended solids, as well as the measure of transparency (Secchi) and the profiles of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity in the water column. Measurements of vertical profiles have shown some periods of chemical and thermal stratification, especially in the rainy season, due to increased water column depth, however, the reservoir can be classified as warm polimitic. During the study period the reservoir was characterized as eutrophic considering the concentrations of phosphorus and most of the time as mesotrophic, based on the concentrations of chlorophyll a, according to the Thornton & Rast (1993) classification. The N:P relations suggest N limitation, conversely, significant linear relationship between the algae biomass and nutrients (N and P) were not observed in our study. However, a relevant event was the negative and significant correlation presented by Kt and chlorophyll a (r ² = 0.83) at the end of the drought of 2007 and the rainy season of 2008, and the algal biomass collapse observed at the end of the drought season (Dec/07). The equation used to simulate the change in the total phosphorus was not satisfactory, being necessary inclusion of parameters able to increase the power of the model prediction. The chlorophyll a simulation presented a good adjustment trend, however there is a need to check the calibrated model parameters and subsequent equation validation

Validity of the running anaerobic sprint test for assessing anaerobic power and predicting short-distance performances

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Características aeróbias e anaeróbias de mesatenistas brasileiros treinados

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar, em mesatenistas bem treinados, as aptidões aeróbia e anaeróbia. Participaram do presente estudo oito mesatenistas brasileiros treinados do sexo masculino (18±2 anos). Os sujeitos foram submetidos a um teste incremental específico para determinação do consumo pico de oxigênio (VO2PICO), intensidade associada ao VO2PICO (iVO2PICO) e do ponto de compensação respiratório (PCR) e a dois testes de esforço repetitivo, sendo o teste de RAST e o índice anaeróbio alático (IAA), para determinação dos índices anaeróbios. O VO2PICO correspondeu a 50,5±4,4ml kg-1 min-1 , a iVO2PICO a 52,1±9,6 bolas min-1 e o PCR a 44,9±8,0 bolas min-1. No RAST, a potência pico (PP) e a potência média (PM) relativa corresponderam a 9,0±1,3W kg-1 e 7,0±0,9W kg-1, respectivamente, enquanto que o IAA foi 1,14±0,51 mM/m s-1 . Esses valores de VO2PICO e dos parâmetros anaeróbios quando comparados a valores de outros esportes com raquetes caracterizaram que mesatenistas brasileiros treinados apresentam potência aeróbia moderada e potência anaeróbia é baixa.

Associações entre, índices fisiológicos e fadiga neuromuscular com padrões de deslocamento e desempenho do chute de finalização no futsal

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)