Final report on development and fabrication of high strength simulated rocket motor cases by cryogenic stretch forming process. Technical documentary report nr. AFML-TR-64-410.

"MM Project nr. 8-101."

Organizational maintenance manual (including repair parts and special tools lists) : 2.75-inch low spin, folding fin aircraft rockets, 66-mm light antitank weapon systems, 3.5-inch rockets, and M3A2E1 rocket motor (JATO).

"June 1973."

Direct support and general support maintenance manual (including repair parts and special tools list) for 2.75-inch low spin, folding fin aircraft rockets, 66-mm light antitank weapon systems, 3.5-inch rockets and M3A2E1 rocket motor (JATO).

"August 1974."

Organizational maintenance manual (including repair parts and special tools lists) : 2.75-inch low spin, folding fin aircraft rockets, 66-mm light antitank weapon systems, 3.5-inch rockets, and M3A2E1 rocket motor (JATO).

"June 1973."

固体火箭发动机柔性接头弹性件力学性能研究

针对固体火箭发动机柔性接头中的橡胶材料，研究了在进行这种橡胶结构有限元计算中橡胶材料的力学行为的表征。进行了单轴拉伸与简单剪切材料力学性能试验，根据不同材料模型对试验曲线进行了拟合，并用MSC／Marc软件模拟了超弹性材料的单轴拉伸与简单剪切变形过程。结果表明：采用单轴拉伸试验数据预测材料剪切性能会造成明显误差，而简单剪切试验得到的模型可以比较准确描述材料的拉伸和剪切变形，针对柔性接头这种以剪切变形为主的结构，应选取剪切试验数据；当应变大于150％时，不同材料模型与试验数据的选用范围对计算结果具有明显影响。

固体火箭发动机喷管气固两相流动的数值模拟

对颗粒相采用颗粒轨道模型,气相求解可压缩N-S方程组,计算方法采用显式Runge-Kutta时间推进法与有总变差衰减(TVD)性质的高精度MUSCL-Roe格式;自主开发了曲线坐标系下二维轴对称可压缩N-S方程组的解算器Solve2D,研究了固体火箭发动机喷管中颗粒相对流场的影响以及不同尺寸颗粒运动规律.结果表明:颗粒相对流场的影响主要表现在喷管喉部以及扩张段,和单相流场相比,沿轴线马赫数减小,且颗粒尺寸越小减少得越多;沿轴线气相温度升高,且颗粒尺寸越小温度升高越多;颗粒尺寸越小,无粒子区越小;颗粒越大与收缩段壁面碰撞越剧烈,无粒子区越大.

激光衰减法测量固体火箭发动机尾流粒子参数

为了测量某固体火箭发动机尾流粒子参数,设计了基于激光衰减法的实验系统,并在发动机试车中采取了消除尾流辐射干扰的措施.将实验结果与参考文献的激光衰减法测量结果进行了比较,结果一致,表明所获得光强衰减信号和测量结果是可信的.在发动机燃烧室压强为9.5 MPa时,利用激光衰减方法测量喷管出口的粒子尺度d32=0.9μm,实验数据误差为20%

Studio dell'effetto di Hump in un motore a solido in piccola scala con metodi di produzione di punzonatura e colaggio

L’oggetto di questo elaborato riguarda lo studio prestazionale di un Solid Rocket Motor mediante l’introduzione del fattore di “Hump”, che va a compensare il discostamento tra il profilo delle pressioni sperimentali e teoriche, cercando di legare tali variazioni a spiegazioni fisiche. In particolare andremo ad investigare, all’interno di due differenti tipologie di colata, quale sia l’effetto predominante all’interno del propellente che genera proprio tali discostamenti della pressione, e quindi della spinta, rispetto alla condizione ideale. Nell’elaborato verranno anzitutto presentate le diverse tipologie di propulsori, i loro singoli componenti, i parametri fondamentali che regolano la meccanica di questa tipologia di motori, le tipologie di grain esistenti e le loro caratteristiche. Successivamente descriveremo le BARIA (Bomb ARIAne), usate per i test del grain nella ditta AVIO s.p.a., e le tipologie di riempimento di questo motore, investigando i fenomeni fisici a cui sarà legato l’effetto di “Hump”. In seguito si descriverà il fattore di “Hump”, evidenziando, per le differenti tipologie di riempimento, i fenomeni fisici a cui sarà legato il discostamento tra le pressioni sperimentali e teoriche. Verranno poi descritti i programmi utilizzati, gli script in Matlab prodotti, al fine di ottenere le mappe relative all’orientazione ed alla concentrazione delle particelle, da introdurre nel simulatore. Infine verranno esposti i risultati ottenuti e confrontati con i dati sperimentali forniti dalla ditta AVIO s.p.a., le conclusioni e gli sviluppi futuri.

Integrating open source codes for solid modeling and automatic mesh generation in FEM applications

The applications of the Finite Element Method (FEM) for three-dimensional domains are already well documented in the framework of Computational Electromagnetics. However, despite the power and reliability of this technique for solving partial differential equations, there are only a few examples of open source codes available and dedicated to the solid modeling and automatic constrained tetrahedralization, which are the most time consuming steps in a typical three-dimensional FEM simulation. Besides, these open source codes are usually developed separately by distinct software teams, and even under conflicting specifications. In this paper, we describe an experiment of open source code integration for solid modeling and automatic mesh generation. The integration strategy and techniques are discussed, and examples and performance results are given, specially for complicated and irregular volumes which are not simply connected. © 2011 IEEE.

Processing and characterization of ablative composites used in rocket motors

The main objective of this research work was to obtain two formulations of ablative composites. These composites are also known as ablative structural composites, for applications in atmospherically severe conditions according to the high-temperature, hot gaseous products flow generated from the burning of solid propellants. The formulations were manufactured with phenolic resin reinforced with chopped carbon fiber. The composites were obtained by the hot compression molding technique. Another purpose of this work was to conduct the physical and chemical characterization of the matrix, the reinforcements and the composites. After the characterization, a nozzle divergent of each formulation was manufactured and its performance was evaluated through the rocket motor static firing test. According to the results found in this work, it was possible to observe through the characterization of the raw materials that phenolic resins showed peculiarities in their properties that differentiate one from the other, but did not exhibit significant differences in performance as a composite material for use in ablation conditions. Both composites showed good performance for use in thermal protection, confirmed by firing static tests (rocket motor). Composites made with phenolic resin and chopped carbon fiber showed that it is a material with excellent resistance to ablation process. This composite can be used to produce nozzle parts with complex geometry or shapes and low manufacturing cost.

Fast tessellated solid navigation in GEANT4

Navigation through tessellated solids in GEANT4 can degrade computational performance, especially if the tessellated solid is large and is comprised of many facets. Redefining a tessellated solid as a mesh of tetrahedra is common in other computational techniques such as finite element analysis as computations need only consider local tetrahedrons rather than the tessellated solid as a whole. Here within we describe a technique that allows for automatic tetrahedral meshing of tessellated solids in GEANT4 and the subsequent loading of these meshes as assembly volumes; loading nested tessellated solids and tetrahedral meshes is also examined. As the technique makes the geometry suitable for automatic optimisation using smartvoxels, navigation through a simple tessellated volume has been found to be more than two orders of magnitude faster than that through the equivalent tessellated solid. Speed increases of more than two orders of magnitude were also observed for a more complex tessellated solid with voids and concavities. The technique was benchmarked for geometry load time, simulation run time and memory usage. Source code enabling the described functionality in GEANT4 has been made freely available on the Internet.

应用于固体火箭发动机喷管出口羽流温度测量的光学辐射高温计

利用辐射光谱测量温度的原理,设计并制造了一种新型的非接触式光学辐射高温计.详细介绍该温度计的基本原理和标定方法,并将该温度计应用于火箭发动机喷管出口羽流的温度测量中,初步的实验结果和数值模拟结果相一致.

Caracterização de juntas soldadas em PAW e GTAW de chapas finas em aço maraging 300 submetidas a vários reparos

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Studio e ricostruzione delle distribuzioni granulometriche interne al grano in motori a propellente solido

The main purposes of this essay were to investigate in detail the burning rate anomaly phenomenon, also known as "Hump Effect", in solid rocket motors casted in mandrel and the mechanisms at the base of it, as well as the developing of a numeric code, in Matlab environment, in order to obtain a forecasting tool to generate concentration and orientation maps of the particles within the grain. The importance of these analysis is due to the fact that the forecasts of ballistics curves in new motors have to be improved in order to reduce the amount of experimental tests needed for the characterization of their ballistic behavior. This graduate work is divided into two parts. The first one is about bidimensional and tridimensional simulations on z9 motor casting process. The simulations have been carried out respectively with Fluent and Flow 3D. The second one is about the analysis of fluid dynamic data and the developing of numeric codes which give information about the concentration and orientation of particles within the grain based on fluid strain rate information which are extrapolated from CFD software.

Stabilisation of isocyanate cross linked polybutadiene binder

Isocyanate cross-linked hydroxy terminated polybutadiene is used as a binder for solid rocket propellant. Rocket motors containing this propellant require a storage life of at least 20 years. During storage it has been found that the important rubbery properties of the binder can be lost due to oxidative cross-linking of the polybutadiene chains. This could cause catastrophic failure when the rocket motor is required. At present the bis-hindered phenol Calco 2246 is used as a thermal oxidative stabiliser, but it's performance is only adequate. This has led to the search for a more efficient stabiliser system. To hasten the evaluation of new antioxidant systems the use of dynamic thermal analysis was investigated. Results showed that a tentative relationship existed between predictions by thermal analysis and the long term oven ageing for simple single antioxidant systems. But for more complex systems containing either autosynergistic or mixed antioxidants no relationship was observed suggesting that results for such an "accelerated" technique cannot be used for the purpose of extrapolation for long term performance. This was attributed to the short time and more aggressive condition used (hjgher temperature and oxygen rich atmosphere in thermal analysis) altering the mechanism of action of the antioxidants and not allowing time for co-operative effect of the combined antioxidant system to form. One potential problem for the binder system is the use of an diisocyanate as a cross-linking agent. This reacts with the hydroxyl hydrogen on the polymer as well as other active hydrogens such as those contained in a number of antioxidants, affecting both cross-linking and antioxidant effectiveness. Studies in this work showed that only antioxidants containing amine moieties have a significant affect on binder preparation, with the phenolic antioxidants not reacting. This is due to the greater nucleophilicity of the amines. Investigation of a range of antioxidant systems, including potentially homo, hetero and autosynergistic systems, has highlighted a number of systems which show considerably greater effectiveness than the currently used antioxidant Calco 2246. The only single antioxidant which showed improvement was the partially unhindered phenol y-Tocopherol. Of the mixed systems combinations of the sulphur containing antioxidants e.g. DLTP with higher levels of chain-breaking antioxidants, especially Calco 2246, were the most promising. Also the homosynergistic mix of an aromatic amine and a phenol was seen to be very effective but the results were inconsistent. This inconsistency could be explained by the method of sample preparation used. It was shown that the efficiency of a number of antioxidant.s could be dramatically improved by the use of ultrasound during the mixing stage of preparation. The reason for this increase in performance is unclear but in the case of the homosynergistic amine/phenol mix both more efficient mixing and/or the production of a novel mechanism of action are suggested