L’étude de l’impact des protéines non structurales NS1 et NS2 du virus respiratoire syncitial sur la réponse immunitaire innée

Le virus respiratoire syncytial (RSV) est un virus à ARN de polarité négative. Les études démontrent que toute la population sera infectée par ce virus au moins deux fois avant l’âge de 3 ans. Le RSV peut provoquer plusieurs pathologies respiratoires telles que la bronchiolite aiguë et la pneumonie. Les infections sévères corrèlent avec le développement de l’asthme. Lors d’une infection virale, les particules du RSV sont détectées par le senseur RIG-I qui induit l’activation des facteurs de transcription NF-κB et IRF-3. Respectivement, les facteurs de transcription activeront les réponses inflammatoire et antivirale. Au coeur des pathologies induites par le RSV se trouve une réponse immunitaire mal adaptée. Plus précisément, par l’entremise de NF-κB, le RSV provoque une production exagérée de cytokines et chimiokines qui induisent une réponse inflammatoire démesurée provoquant du dommage tissulaire. Paradoxalement, le RSV est capable d’échapper à la réponse antivirale. Ces deux phénomènes sont contrôlés par l’entremise des protéines non structurales NS1 et NS2. Le mécanisme délimitant le mode d’action de NS1 et NS2 sur la réponse antivirale reste à être déterminé. Avec pour objectif d’élucider comment NS1 et NS2 inhibent la réponse antivirale, nous avons investigué le mécanisme de reconnaissance de l’hôte vis-à-vis de RSV. Nous démontrerons, pour la première fois, que le senseur cytosolique MDA5 est impliqué dans la réponse antivirale contre le RSV. Nous présenterons des résultats préliminaires qui suggèrent que le rôle de MDA5 est non redondant à RIG-I. À l’aide d’ARN interférant dirigé contre RIG-I et de transfection de MDA5, nous démontrerons que MDA5 ne contribue pas à la phosphorylation d’IRF-3, mais plutôt qu’elle régit la stabilité du facteur de transcription. Nous démontrerons aussi que, contrairement à l’hypothèse actuelle sur le fonctionnement de NS1 et NS2, l’inhibition de ces derniers ne provoque pas une augmentation de la cytokine antivirale IFN−β. Cependant, l’expression ectopique de NS1 et NS2 réduit l’activité du promoteur de l’IFN-β et de la protéine cytoplasmic antivirale ISG56 lorsqu’elle est mesurée par essai luciférase.

Produktion, skador och grenegenskaper hos 10-årig tall i ett kombinerat förbands- och avkommeförsök : Volume production, damages and branch properties in a 10-year old combined spacing and progeny trial of Scots pine

A Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) progeny trial was established in 1990, in the southwestern part of Sweden. The offspring was from 30 plus trees. The trial is located on abandoned agricultural land and has a single tree block design with a variation in spacing. The trial has been damaged by voles. At a tree age of ten years, growth, damages and branch properties were estimated. An analysis of variance on height, diameter and stem volume shows significant difference between spacing and progenies as well as interactions between these factors. As indicated by a better annual height increment and fewer and thinner branches at each whorl the densest spacing has the highest potential to produce quality logs.There were also differences between progenies in growth and quality traits. Some progenies combined good growth and branch characters with low mortality, straight stems and few damages. Other progenies had superior volume production.

Beiträge zur Vögelkunde in vollständigen Beschreibungen mehrerer neu entdeckter und vieler seltener, oder nicht gehörig beobachteter deutscher Vögel, mit funf [i.e. zehn] Kupfertafeln.

Plates numbered in two sequences of 1-5 each.

Des hocherleuchteten sel. Johann Arndts, General-Superintendentens des Fürstenthums Lüneburg, Fünff geistreiche Bücher vom wahren Christenthum : welche handeln von heilsamer Busse, hertzlicher Reue und Leid über die Sünde, und wahrem Glauben, auch heiligem Leben und Wandel der Wahren Christen, auch wie ein wahrer Christ Sünde, Tod, Teufel, Hölle, Welt, Creutz und alle Trübsal, durch den Glauben, Gebet, Gedult, Gottes Wort und himmlischen Trost überwinden sol : und dasselbe alles in Christo Jesu : welchen noch beygefüget drey andere kleine Bücher, welche zu des sel. Johann Arndts wahren Christenthum gehörig, als I. Die Wiederholung und Verantwortung der Lehre vom wahren Christenthum, II. Zwey Sendschreiben an gute Freunde, die Bücher des wahren Christenthums betreffend, III. Bedencken über Tauleri Teutsche Theologie, wie hoch solche zu halten ...

Includes index.

Endurance test-rig for diagnostics and prognostics of rolling element bearings

Detection of faults in roller element bearing is a topic widely discussed in the scientific field. Bearings diagnostics is usually performed by analyzing experimental signals, almost always vibration signals, measured during operation. A number of signal processing techniques have been proposed and applied to measured vibrations. The diagnostic effectiveness of the techniques depends on their capacities and on the environmental conditions (i.e. environmental noise). The current trend, especially from an industrial point of view, is to couple the prognostics to the diagnostics. The realization of a prognostic procedure require the definition of parameters able to describe the bearing condition during its operation. Monitoring the values of these parameters during time allows to define their trends depending on the progress of the wear. In this way, a relation between the variation of the selected parameters and the wear progress, useful for diagnostics and prognostics of bearings in real industrial applications, can be established. In this paper, a laboratory test-rig designed to perform endurance tests on roller element bearing is presented. Since the test-rig has operated for a short time, only some preliminary available results are discussed.

A test rig for the condition-based maintenance application on the traction chain of very high speed trains

The preventive maintenance of traction equipment for Very High Speed Trains (VHST) nowadays is becoming very expensive owing to the high complexity and quality of these components that require high reliability. An efficient maintenance approach like the Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) should be implemented to reduce the costs. For this purpose, an experimental full-scale test rig for the CBM of VHST traction equipment has been designed to investigate in detail failures in the main mechanical components of system, i.e. motor, bearings and gearbox. The paper describes the main characteristics of this unique test rig, able to reproduce accurately the train operating conditions, including the relative movements of the motor, the gearbox and the wheel axle. Gearbox, bearing seats and motor are equipped by accelerometers, thermocouples, torque meter and other sensors in different positions. The testing results give important information about the most suitable sensor position and type to be installed for each component and show the effectiveness of the techniques used for the signal analysis in order to identify faults of the gearbox and motor bearings.

Development of a turning mid turbine frame with embedded design-part I: Design and steady measurements

© 2014 by ASME. The paper presents a new setup for the two-stage two-spool facility located at the Institute for Thermal Turbomachinery and Machine Dynamics (ITTM) of Graz University of Technology. The rig was designed in order to simulate the flow behavior of a transonic turbine followed by a counter-rotating low pressure (LP) stage like the spools of a modern high bypass aeroengine. The meridional flow path of the machine is characterized by a diffusing S-shaped duct between the two rotors. The role of turning struts placed into the mid turbine frame is to lead the flow towards the LP rotor with appropriate swirl. Experimental and numerical investigations performed on the setup over the last years, which were used as baseline for this paper, showed that wide chord vanes induce large wakes and extended secondary flows at the LP rotor inlet flow. Moreover, unsteady interactions between the two turbines were observed downstream of the LP rotor. In order to increase the uniformity and to decrease the unsteady content of the flow at the inlet of the LP rotor, the mid turbine frame was redesigned with two zero-lifting splitters embedded into the strut passage. In this first part of the paper the design process of the splitters and its critical points are presented, while the time-averaged field is discussed by means of five-hole probe measurements and oil flow visualizations. The comparison between the baseline case and the embedded design configuration shows that the new design is able to reduce the flow gradients downstream of the turning struts, providing a more suitable inlet condition for the low pressure rotor. The improvement in the flow field uniformity is also observed downstream of the turbine and it is, consequently, reflected in an enhancement of the LP turbine performance. In the second part of this paper the influence of the embedded design on the time-resolved field is investigated.

Organic geochemistry of Upper Albian sediments from the Kirchrode I borehole

In the framework of a multidisciplinary research program, an organic geochemical study was carried out on a drill core which comprises a 245 m thick sequence of light-colored, Upper Albian marlstones that were deposited in the central part of the Lower Saxony basin (northern Germany). For part of the Upper Albian sequence, high-resolution measurements of carbonate contents reveal cycles which can be related to earth orbital forcing. Based on these data, sediment accumulation rates were calculated to be in the order of 15 g/m**2/yr. These high accumulation rates contrast with very low organic carbon contents and an extremely poor preservation of the autochthonous organic matter. Most of the sedimentary organic matter is of terrigenous origin and mainly derived from the erosion of older sedimentary rocks. Organic petrography reveals only a very small fraction of marine organic particles. Carbon/sulphur ratios, pristane/phytane ratios as well as the predominance of resedimented organic particles over autochthonous organic particles suggest that aerobic degradation processes rather than anaerobic processes (sulphate reduction) were responsible for the degradation of the organic matter. Furthermore, the scarcity of terrigenous organic particles (vitrinite) indicates that there was little vegetation on nearby land areas. To explain these analytical results, a depositional model was developed which could explain the scarcity of organic matter in the Upper Albian sediments. This model is based on downwelling of oxygen-rich, saline waters of Tethyan origin, which reduces the nutrient content of surface waters and thus primary bioproductivity while degradation of primary organic matter in the water column is enhanced at the same time. These conditions contrast to those which existed in Barremian and early Aptian times in this basin, when limited water exchange with adjacent oceans caused oxygen deficiency and the deposition of numerous organic carbon-rich black shales. The thick, organic matter-poor Upper Albian sequence of northern Germany also contrasts with comparatively thin, time-equivalent, deep-sea black shales from Italy. This discrepancy indicates that local and regional oceanographic factors (at least in this case) have a greater influence on organic matter deposition than global events.

Calculated surface water paleotemperatures for the lower Pliocene at DSDP Site 18-173 from the California continental slope (Table I)

The oxygen isotope record of the planktonic foraminifera Globigerina bulloides and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma from Pliocene and early Pleistocene sediments at both DSDP site 173 and the Centerville Beach section in California suggests a large influx of isotopically light water in this area during late Pliocene and early Pleistocene time. Salinity may have been reduced by as much as 2 to 4 ?. Surface sea water paleotemperatures for the lower Pliocene range from 9.5°C to 15.5°C. The oxygen isotope record of the benthonic genus Uvigerina shows little variation indicating environmental stability at depth. At DSDP site 173 the small variation in Uvigerina is due to variation in the oxygen isotopic composition of the oceans as glaciers waxed and waned. At the Centerville Beach section the oxygen isotopic composition of Uvigerina reflects the gradual shoaling of the Humboldt Basin. Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in G. bulloides and N. pachyderma are inversely correlated at the 95% confidence level. This may indicate that the oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of foraminifera are influenced by the same factors. On the other hand, the inverse correlation may be due to metabolic fractionation. No correlation was found between oxygen and carbon isotopic composition in Uvigerina.

Microfossil cyclicity in Late Albian sediments of Kirchrode I borehole

We studied the biological response to orbital forcing in marine Upper Albian sediments recovered from the 245 m-long Kirchrode I borehole in the Lower Saxony basin in northwestern Germany. Results from quantitative analysis of planktonic and benthic foraminifera, of calcareous nannofossils, and radiolaria were used for this study. Spectral analysis in the depth domain indicates for the high sedimentation rate part of the Upper Albian dominant periods with wavelengths of 10±13 m, 5±6 m, and 2±3 m, which we interpret to represent the biological response to orbital forcing in the Milankovitch frequency bands eccentricity, obliquity, and precession, respectively. In addition, a low amplitude 40±50 m cycle was found, which would represent the long-term eccentricity variation of roughly 400 ka. Microfossil cyclicity does not change significantly within the whole core indicating sedimentation rates of 11±12 cm/ka on an average, with variations between 3.5 and 13 ka. Microfossils show greater variability in their abundance changes than the physical and chemical parameters and also greater power in the higher-frequency bands (obliquity and precession). While most of the planktonic foraminifer species studied are dominated by variations in the obliquity, most benthic foraminifer species show an additional strong influence of precession. These differences in the cyclicity of the abundance changes are interpreted as reflecting a stronger influence of low latitude water in the deep waters of the Late Albian Lower Saxony basin than in the shallow waters. This basin was part of a wide, 'Boreal' epicontinental sea, which was connected to the Tethys to the south via the Polish strait and via the Paris basin, and which was connected with the North Atlantic and Arctic to the north. In analogy to results from analysis of data from the Late Neogene, strong effects of precession interpreted as being more characteristic for changes/influences triggered in the low latitudes and those of obliquity to be more characteristic for influences from the high latitudes. The presence of a relatively strong eccentricity cycle, not only in the compound parameters, but also in the abundance changes of single species during the Late Albian means that there must have been a non-linear response to orbital forcing and internal feedbacks.