918 resultados para Quitosana modificada


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A anastomose sistêmico-pulmonar é um excelente procedimento paliativo para crianças e recém-nascidos portadores de cardiopatias congênitas cianóticas com diminuição da circulação pulmonar. Neste artigo, as aproximações “Streamline Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin – SUPG” foram utilizadas na simulação de escoamento de sangue em uma anastomose sistêmico pulmonar. A Anastomose estudada neste artigo é conhecido como Blalock-Taussig modificada no qual um enxerto de tubo sintético (prótese) é interposto entre a artéria subclávia esquerda e a artéria pulmonar com o objetivo de desviar parte do fluxo sistêmico ao pulmonar. A metodologia de elementos finitos utilizada, conhecida como método SUPG, supera as dificuldades enfrentadas pelo método de Galerkin clássico em altos números de Reynolds, que são compatibilizar os subespaços de velocidade e pressão – satisfazendo deste modo a condição denominada de Babuška-Brezzi e evitar oscilações espúrias devido à natureza assimétrica da aceleração advectiva de equação de momentum – adicionando termos malha-dependentes para a formulação de Galerkin clássica. Estes termos adicionais são construídos para aumentar a estabilidade da formulação de Galerkin original sem prejudicar sua consistência. Um modelo tridimensional parametrizado, utilizando o elemento lagrangeano trilinear, foi criado a partir de medições obtidas durante procedimento cirúrgico para avaliar os efeitos dos parametros geométricos envolvidos na cirurgia (diâmetro e ângulo do enxerto e a pulsatilidade do escoamento) Os resultados apresentam que o ângulo da anastomose proximal tem sensível influência na quantidade de fluxo desviada pelo enxerto e enorme influência na porcentagem de fluxo direcionado para cada um dos pulmões. Quanto ao diâmetro do enxerto conclui-se que este é o regulador principal da porcentagem de fluxo desviada. A partir das simulações realizadas determinou-se correlações para o fator de atrito e porcentagem de fluxo sangüíneo desviado pelo enxerto.

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Nanovesículas lipossômicas constituem promissoras estruturas auto-organizadas hábeis para encapsular e transportar diferentes substâncias, como os fármacos, e foram produzidas neste trabalho pelo método da evaporação em fase reversa. Fosfatidilcolina de alta pureza foi utilizada na produção das estruturas. Paralelamente procedeu-se a purificação de fosfatidilcolina por cromatografia em coluna a partir da lecitina de soja fornecida pela indústria de óleo de soja local. O processo foi monitorado por cromatografia em camada delgada e a caracterização foi feita por RMN do 1H e do 31P. O resultado mostrou que fosfatidilcolina pode ser purificada facilmente pela cromatografia em coluna, mas a sua degradação deve ser evitada por processos eficientes de conservação. Quitosana foi obtida pela desacetilação por hidrólise alcalina da quitina comercial. O grau de desacetilação resultante foi caracterizado por infra-vermelho e a massa molar média, assim como outros parâmetros do polímero em solução como raio de giro e segundo coeficiente virial, foram determinados pela técnica de espalhamento de luz estático. O polímero de caráter catiônico quitosana foi empregado na produção de nanovesículas lipossômicas para revestimento das estruturas, visando o aumento da estabilidade física das mesmas. A preparação de lipossomas pela evaporação em fase reversa constitui um processo em etapas, onde os diferentes estágios levam à formação de três sistemas vesiculares de distintas organizações estruturais: micelas reversas, organogel e lipossomas. As técnicas de viscosimetria, turbidimetria, ultra-violeta visível, espalhamento de luz estático e dinâmico e espalhamento de raios-X a baixo ângulo permitiram ampla caracterização destas estruturas com e sem quitosana. Dados como raio hidrodinâmico e ponto de percolação das micelas reversas, espessura lamelar do organogel, intensidade de espalhamento de luz, raio hidrodinâmico, raio de giro e espessura lamelar dos lipossomas foram obtidos. Além disso, o solvente orgânico éter etílico, clássico para este método de preparação foi substituído pelo acetato de etila sem prejuízo na formação das estruturas e com a vantagem do seu menor impacto ambiental. Lipossomas revestidos externa e internamente com quitosana formando um compósito foram obtidos com sucesso e apresentaram uma estabilidade física em solução aquosa maior do que lipossomas convencionais ou não revestidos.

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Introdução: A motilidade esofágica ineficaz (MEI) é um distúrbio motor que acomete o corpo esofágico, recentemente descrito. Caracteriza-se, manometricamente, pela presença de ondas de baixa amplitude e/ou ondas não transmitidas ao longo do esôfago em 30% ou mais das deglutições com água. Nos pacientes com doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE), a MEI associa-se à maior ocorrência de refluxo na posição supina. Entretanto, o seu impacto na qualidade de vida é desconhecido. Questionários de qualidade de vida, genéricos ou específicos, têm sido valiosos instrumentos para mensurar a qualidade de vida pela ótica do paciente. Objetivos: 1. mensurar o impacto da MEI nos sintomas da DRGE, confirmada por pHmetria prolongada, medidos por uma escala de qualidade de vida específica para a DRGE; 2. validar para a língua portuguesa a escala de qualidade de vida para a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (EQV-DRGE) de Velanovich; 3. determinar a prevalência da MEI em pacientes com DRGE confirmada pela pHmetria prolongada. Pacientes e Métodos: A ausência de instrumentos para medir a qualidade de vida, especificamente na DRGE, em língua portuguesa nos levou a traduzir e validar a escala de qualidade de vida de Velanovich em pacientes com DRGE confirmada por pHmetria esofágica prolongada. Nessa escala, é obtido um escore específico para cada sintoma (pirose, regurgitação, disfagia e odinofagia) assim como um escore global entre 0 e 50; quanto menor for o escore melhor será a qualidade de vida relacionada aos sintomas da DRGE. Após essa validação, aplicou-se esse instrumento, prospectivamente, em pacientes avaliados no Laboratório de Fisiologia Digestiva por um período de dois anos (agosto/99 e agosto/01). Os pacientes foram submetidos, consecutivamente, à anamnese, à EQV-DRGE, à manometria e à pHmetria prolongada. Estudaram-se, nesse grupo de pacientes, a associação entre a presença de MEI e o escore da EQV-DRGE. Resultados: A versão em português da escala de qualidade de vida pareceu-nos de fácil compreensão pelos pacientes, estimando-se um acréscimo entre 5 e 10 minutos para o seu preenchimento por paciente. Inicialmente, 219 indivíduos foram admitidos ao protocolo. O grupo efetivamente estudado, após aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, consistiu em 124 pacientes com refluxo ácido patológico confirmado, com média de idade de 48 anos, predomínio do sexo feminino (65%) e presença de MEI em 40 (32,3%). Os escores das perguntas específicas “Você sente azia quando está deitado?”, “Você sente dificuldade para engolir?” e o escore global foram significativamente mais elevados no grupo de indivíduos com MEI quando comparados com o grupo sem MEI (respectivamente: P=0,019 , P=0,006 e P=0,038). Conclusões: 1) a motilidade esofágica ineficaz influencia negativamente a qualidade de vida de pacientes com DRGE medida pela EQV-DRGE, piorando significativamente os sintomas “disfagia” e “pirose em posição supina”; 2) a EQV-DRGE traduzida para a língua portuguesa apresenta evidências de validade para ser utilizada em pacientes portadores da doença; 3) a motilidade esofágica ineficaz é um distúrbio motor prevalente na DRGE confirmada pela pHmetria prolongada.

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This study proposes to do a study on the mathematical modeling of permeation of films based on chitosan. To conduct the study were obtained membranes with various compositions: a virtually pure membrane-based chitosan; one of chitosan associated with poly (ethylene oxide (PEO). The membranes of pure chitosan were treated with plasma in atmospheres of oxygen, argon and methane. The various types of films were characterized as to its permeation regarding sufamerazina sodium. In the process of mathematical modeling were compared the standard method of obtaining the coefficient of permeation recital straight down the slope of the plot obtained by extinction / time with a the integration process of numerical permeability rate will be calculated from the spectroscopy UV

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Chitosan membranes have been modified by plasma, utilizing the following gases: nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), argon (Ar), oxygen (O2) and hydrogen. The modified membranes by plasma were compared to the unmodified ones. The membranes were characterized by absorption assay, contact angle, atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also, permeability assay of sodium sulfamerazine from such membranes were carried out. Through the absorption assay and contact angle it was possible to obtain information of the wettability of the membranes and what changes the plasma treatment can promote in relation to it. The plasma treatment using oxygen promoted increase of the wetability and swelling while the samples treated with methane decrease of the wetability and swelling. Through the Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) it was possible to identify which species were present in the plasma during the treatment. And through the AFM analysis it was possible to observe the changes nanotopography occurred on the surface of the samples. Permeability assay were archived for all treated membranes and compared to no treated ones. Due to that assay it was possible verify which the plasma treatment increased the permeability spectrum of the membranes which has varied from 1,4548 *10-5cm2.min-1 to 2,7713*10-5cm2.min-1. Chitosan membranes with permeability varied are importance in systems drug delivery, to liberate a wide variety of drugs

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Primary cementing is one of the main operations in well drilling responsible for the mechanical stability and zonal isolation during the production of oil. However, the cement sheath is constantly under mechanical stresses and temperature variations caused by the recovery of heavy oil. In order to minimize fracture and wear of the cement sheath, new admixtures are developed to improve the properties of Portland cement slurries and avoid environmental contamination caused by leaking gas and oil. Polymers with the ability to form polymeric films are candidates to improve the properties of hardened cement slurries, especially their fracture energy. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of the addition of a chitosan suspension on cement slurries in order to improve the properties of the cement and increase its performance on heavy oil recovery. Chitosan was dissolved in acetic ac id (0.25 M and 2 M) and added to the formulation of the slurries in different concentrations. SEM analyses confirmed the formation of polymeric films in the cementitious matrix. Strength tests showed higher fracture energy compared to slurries without the addition of chitosan. The formation of the polymeric films also reduced the permeability of the slurry. Therefore, chitosan suspensions can be potentially used as cementing admixtures for heavy oil well applications

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Chitosan is being studied for use as dressing due their biological properties. Aiming to expand the use in biomedical applications, chitosan membranes were modified by plasma using the following gases: nitrogen (N2), methane (CH4), argon (Ar), oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2). The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle, surface energy and water absorption test. Biological Tests were also performed, such as: test sterilization and proliferation of fibroblasts (3T3 line). Through SEM we observed morphological changes occurring during the plasma treatment, the formation of micro and nano-sized valleys. MFA was used to analyze different roughness parameters (Ra, Rp, Rz) and surface topography. It was found that the treated samples had an increase in surface roughness and sharp peaks. Methane plasma treatment decreased the hydrophilicity of the membranes and also the rate of water absorption, while the other treatments turned the membranes hydrophilic. The sterilization was effective in all treatment times with the following gases: Ar, N2 and H2. With respect to proliferation, all treatments showed an improvement in cell proliferation increased in a range 150% to 250% compared to untreated membrane. The highlights were the treatments with Ar 60 min, O2 60 min, CH4 15 min. Observing the results of the analyzes performed in this study, it appears that there is no single parameter that influences cell proliferation, but rather a set of ideal conditions that favor cell proliferation

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Bacterial cellulose (BC) has a wide range of potential applications, namely as temporary substitute skin in the treatment of skin wounds, such as burns, ulcers and grafts. Surface properties determine the functional response of cells, an important factor for the successful development of biomaterials. This work evaluates the influence of bacterial cellulose surface treatment by plasma (BCP) on the cellular behavior and its genotoxicity potential. The modified surface was produced by plasma discharge in N2 and O2 atmosphere, and the roughness produced by ion bombardment characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cell adhesion, viability and proliferation on BCP were analysed using crystal violet staining and the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium (MTT) method. Genotoxicity was evaluated using the comet and cytokinesis block micronucleus assay. The results show that the plasma treatment changed surface roughness, producing an ideal cell attachment, evidenced by more elongated cell morphology and improved proliferation. The excellent biocompatibility of BCP was confirmed by genotoxicity tests, which showed no significant DNA damage. The BCP has therefore great potential as a new artificial implant

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This study compared the evolution of posture, tone and neonatal reflexes in preterm infants without clinical or neurological complications before and after the age of term using the scale of Saint-Anne Dargassies. To reach the age of the term, was applied Scales Amiel-Barrier-Shnider changed and the Prechtl, traditionally used in the evaluation of term newborns, looking for possible changes to the term, while also evaluating the sensitivity of these scales. We studied 20 non-complicated preterm infants, both sexes aged 32-36 weeks, born in Januário Cicco Maternity School, from August 2006 to August 2007. Was applied to the scale of Saint-Anne Dargassies every two weeks until reach the term, and the range of Amiel-Barrier-Shnider changed and the Prechtl, after reaching 39 and 41 weeks. The evaluation result of articular angles was subjected to the test of Friedman ANOVA, significant differences between the three measurements of the scale of Saint-Anne Dargassies only for angles heel-to-ear to term. Neonatal reflexes changed in the period of prematurity were the cardinal points reflexes, Moro reflexes, cross extensions reflex and the automatic walking reflexes. The posture was the parameter which remained unchanged in the three scales. Considering a significance level of 5% by applying Cochran Q Test, it was found that the scale of Saint-Anne Dargassies is more sensitive to detect suspects. With this methodology and the results it was possible to prepare a manuscript: The neurological examination of non-complicated preterm newborns using the Sanit-Anne Dargssies Scale from birth to term: normal or altered? In which we describe that despite the good clinical condition, the RNP show changes in tone and neonatal reflexes. These data are important because though non-complicated RNP need further attention its maturation process, enabling us to detect and intervene early. With these results we can build a scale simplified neurological assessment made with items found most altered during the application of three scales. The development of this project has a multidisciplinary approach, because it involved Paediatric Neurologist, Physiotherapist and Neonatologist, as recommended by PPGCSA

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality of yellow melon inodorus Valenciano Amarelo (CAC) fresh cut submitted to two cut types and with application postharvest of calcium chloride. After preparation cubes and slices melon were immersed in solution with different calcium chloride (CaCl2) concentrations for two minutes, afterwards they were conditioned in trays of expanded polystyrene (EPS), covered by plastic film of low density polyethylene (PEBD), stored in cold camera to 5 degrees C +/- 1 and analyzed for 8 days. They were evaluated pH, firmness, tritable acidity (AT), soluble solids (SS) sugar reducer and ratio. The pH values varied from 5.27 to 5.68. The sugars reducers content and the ratio were superior in the slices compared to the cubes. The melon slices maintained larger firmness values compared to the cubes and in general there was reduction in the values of this parameter along the storage period for all treatments. Concentrations of 1.0 and 1.5% of CaCl2, result in larger values of firmness. The storage temperature and modified passive atmosphere they contributed to quality maintenance of MP melon. Concentrations of up to 1.0% of CaCl2 they could be recommended to maintain the melon quality MP melon yellow inodorus (CAC).

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The active modified atmosphere effect was evaluated in the quality of squash fresh-cut (MP).. The squash pieces were conditioned in plastic packings and submitted the gases application in the following concentrations: 0.03% CO2 and 21% O-2 (controls T1); 5% CO2 and 4% O-2 (T2); 6% CO2 and 4% O-2 (T3); 7% CO2 and 4% O-2 (T4); 8% CO2 and 4% O-2 (T5). In T6 it was made vacuum application in the packing. The packings containing the squash were stored in to the temperature of 10 degrees C and relative humidity of 75% for 12 days. The evaluated analyses were weigth loss, total acidity (AT), pH, soluble solids (SS), ratio, firmness, color, antioxidant activity for DPPH and carotenoids content. The weigth loss was gradual and low until the ninth day of storage. The values of AT increased along the experimental period being superior for T1 and T2. The increase of SS during the storage of the fresh-cut squash went smaller for T3 and T4. The brightness stayed during the storage being superior for T5, already the color components red and yellow decreased along the experimental period.

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Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito da aplicação de herbicidas em pós-emergência sobre a eficiência fotoquímica de duas cultivares de soja (M-SOY 7908 RR e M-SOY 8001). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação de herbicidas isolados e em misturas: lactofen, glyphosate, lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr, chlorimuron-ethyl + bentazon, glyphosate + imazethapyr, lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr e lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr/haloxyfop-methyl. Além disso, foram mantidas duas testemunhas sem aplicação de herbicida. As avaliações foram realizadas aos 4; 11; 18; 25 e 32 dias após aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA) no primeiro ano, e aos 6, 14, 21, 28 e 35 DAA, no segundo. A cultivar M-SOY 8001 foi suscetível à aplicação dos herbicidas, principalmente às misturas contendo lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl e lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr + haloxifop-methyl, os quais provocaram redução no rendimento quântico máximo do PSII (Fv/Fm). As duas cultivares apresentaram suscetibilidade aos herbicidas quando tratados com lactofen aplicado isolado e nas misturas lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl, chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr, lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr e lactofen + chlorimuron-ethyl + imazethapyr + haloxifop-methyl com redução nos teores de clorofila, estimados pelo Medidor Portátil de Clorofilas. Os danos foram reversíveis, desaparecendo gradativamente com a idade das plantas.

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In Brazil, several species of scorpions are known to cause accidents which can lead to death, which are mainly belonging to the genus Tityus. The scorpion Tityus serrulatus is the main responsible for more severe cases. Anti-scorpion serums are routinely produced by various institutions, despite their effectiveness, quality and action depends on how quickly treatment is started. Studies have been developed in the search for appropriate technologies to encapsulate and release recombinant or natives proteins capable of inducing antibody production. In this context, chitosan copolymer which can be obtained from the partial deacetylation of chitin or in some microorganisms and it is biocompatible and biodegradable has been widely used for this purpose. This study aimed to search for a system release from chitosan nanoparticles for peptide / protein of the venom of the scorpion T. serrulatus, able to provide a new model of immunization in animals, in order to obtain a potential novel polyclonal serum, anti-venom T. serrulatus. The chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation with polyanion tripolyphosphate (TPP). After standardizing the concentrations of TPP and chitosan was evaluated the efficiency of incorporation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and scorpion venom, showed particle size compatible with the intended purpose. The particles showed adequate size around 200nm. The crosslinking was confirmed by absorption spectroscopy in the infrared. After verified the high encapsulation efficiency (EE) for acid bicinconínico method (BCA) protein assay and the particle size distribution, the success of the technique was proven and the potential for in vivo application of nanoparticles. The experimental animals were vaccinated and the antibodies measured by ELISA