The relationship between prekindergarten social and emotional development and academic success among Hispanic children from low-income families

Social and emotional development has been considered an important factor in child development which has been placed at the end of the learning spectrum due to high stakes testing. Social and emotional development consists of the relationships an individual has with others, the level of self-control, and the motivation and perseverance a person has during an activity (Bandura, 1989). This study examined the relationship between Hispanic children’s prekindergarten social and emotional development and their academic success. Hispanic children from a large southeastern city whose parents were receiving subsidized child-care were followed from their prekindergarten year through third grade (N=1,978). Several hierarchical regressions were run to determine the relationship between children’s social and emotional development, during their prekindergarten year using the DECA (Devereaux Early Childhood Assessment), and the their academic success, as measured by kindergarten through third grade end of the year reading and mathematics academic grades, second grade SAT (Stanford Achievement Test) scores, and third grade FCAT (Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test) and NRT (Norm Referenced Test) scores. Hierarchical regressions were conducted for each grade and subject in order to control for demographics and prior achievement. The results of this study revealed that for Hispanic children from low-income families, the best predictor for academic success was the children’s prior academic achievement. Social and emotional development showed no significant predictive value for the third grade criterion variables as well as end of the year academic grades in second grade and kindergarten reading. Evidence did suggest that for first grade end of the year academic grades and kindergarten math, social and emotional development had a small predictive value. Further research must be conducted as to why social and emotional development, after controlling for demographics and previous academic achievement, bears such a small predictive value when it is clear that many professionals feel it is the most important factor for school readiness.

The role of contingency and gaze direction in the emergence of social referencing

The current study assessed the importance of infant detection of contingency and head and eye gaze direction in the emergence of social referencing. Five- to six-month-old infants' detection of affect-object relations and subsequent manual preferences for objects paired with positive expressions were assessed. In particular, the role of contingency between toys' movements and an actress's emotional expressions as well as the role of gaze direction toward the toys' location were examined. Infants were habituated to alternating films of two toys each paired with an actress's affective expression (happy and fearful) under contingent or noncontingent and gaze congruent or gaze incongruent conditions. Results indicated that gaze congruence and contingency between toys' movements and a person's affective expressions were important for infant perception of affect-object relations. Furthermore, infant perception of the relation between affective expressions and toys translated to their manual preferences for the 3-dimensional toys. Infants who received contingent affective responses to the movements of the toys spent more time touching the toy that was previously paired with the positive expression. These findings demonstrate the role of contingency and gaze direction in the emergence of social referencing in the first half year of life.^

The impact of social comparison processes on hoped-for possible selves, self-regulatory processes, and mental health outcomes in young adults

In exploring the role of social influences in the development of the self, the current study evaluated whether young adults use social comparisons in developing their hoped-for possible selves and, if so, whether their developmental process correlates with self-regulatory processes and positive mental health outcomes. The current study found the following: (1) the domains of hoped-for possible selves among young adults were related to the gender of the social comparison target, (2) the direction of young adults' social comparison processes (upward or downward) did not significantly influence self-regulatory processes (self-efficacy and outcome expectancy) toward achieving their hoped-for possible selves, (3) strong masculine gender identification related to greater outcome expectancy, while strong feminine gender identification related to both greater self-efficacy and outcome expectancy, and (4) self-efficacy related to less state anxiety, trait anxiety, and depression, while outcome expectancy related only to less trait anxiety. Males and females were found to use traditional gender role identification in forming their hoped-for possible selves.

Late adolescents in transition: Social networks, parent relations, and well -being

A two-year longitudinal study was conducted to investigate late adolescents in transition. An initial investigation with senior high school students assessed students prior to leaving home for college and after college entrance. Of the original 131 participants recontacted two years after their graduation, 78 returned surveys. The study (a) explored changes in social network structure and function, (b) determined whether late adolescent-parent-peer relations change over time, and (c) identified prospectively the impact of social support, adolescent-parent-peer relations, and attachment security on well-being and feelings about the transition after high school. Students attending college locally reported an increase in total network support at Time 2. Regardless of location, more support from friends was received after the transition from high school, whereas family support did not vary across time. Parent relations were closer after the transition and were predictive of various well-being measures and feelings about the transition from high school. ^

Operant and respondent procedures to establish social stimuli as reinforcers in children with autism

According to the DSM-IV- TR (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), one of the core deficits in autism is in the impairment of social interaction. Some have suggested that underlying these deficits is the reality that individuals with autism do not find social stimuli to be as reinforcing as other types of stimuli (Dawson, 2008). An interesting and growing body of literature supports the notion that symptoms in autism may be caused by a general reduction in social motivation (Chevallier et al., 2012). A review of the literature suggests that social orienting and social motivation are low in individuals with autism, and including social motivation as a target for therapeutic intervention should be pursued (Helt et al., 2008). Through our understanding of learning processes, researchers in behavior analysis and related fields have been able to use conditioning procedures to change the function of neutral or ineffective stimuli, including tokens (Ayllon & Azrin, 1968), facial expressions (Gewirtz & Pelaez-Nogueras, 1992) and praise (Dozier et al., 2012). The current study aimed to use operant and respondent procedures to condition social stimuli that were empirically shown to not be reinforcing prior to conditioning. Further, this study aimed to compare the two procedures in their effectiveness to condition social stimuli to function as reinforcers, and in their maintenance of effects over time. Using a multiple-baseline, multi-element design, one social stimulus was conditioned under each procedure to compare the different response rates following conditioning. Finally, the study sought to determine if conditioning social stimuli to function as reinforcers had any effect on the social functioning of young children with autism. Six children diagnosed with autism between the ages of 18 months and 3 years participated. Results show that the respondent procedure (pairing) resulted in more robust and enduring effects than the operant procedure (Sd procedure). Results of a social communication assessment (ESCS, Mundy et al., 2003) before and after conditioning demonstrate gains in all areas of social communication, particularly in the areas of initiating and responding to joint attention.^

Associations prospectives entre l'environnement des repas en famille et le développement bio-psycho-social d'enfants d'âge scolaire

Contexte. Depuis quelques années, plusieurs études se sont intéressées aux effets protecteurs des repas en famille sur divers aspects du développement des enfants et des adolescents. Objectif. Identifier les associations prospectives entre l'environnement des repas en famille à 6 ans et le développement bio-psycho-social à 10 ans. Méthode. Les participants sont 1 085 filles et 1 138 garçons faisant partie de l'Étude Longitudinale du Développement des Enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ), qui a sélectionné un échantillon aléatoire et stratifié en utilisant le registre des naissances du Québec. Dans ce devis prospectif-longitudinal, les parents ont fourni une mesure sur l'environnement de leurs repas en famille à l'âge de 6 ans. Quatre années plus tard, les parents ont également fourni des mesures sur le niveau de condition physique de leur enfant ainsi que sa fréquence de consommation de boissons gazeuses; les enseignants ont mesuré la réussite en lecture et en mathématiques; les enfants ont auto-rapporté leurs niveaux d’agressivité physique globale, d’opposition, du trouble du comportement non agressif et d’agressivité réactive. Des analyses de régressions multiples ont été réalisées. Résultats. Un environnement plus sain lors des repas en famille à 6 ans a prédit les bénéfices suivants à 10 ans : une augmentation de la condition physique (β = 0,24; 95 % intervalle de confiance [IC], 0,12 à 0,36) ainsi qu'une diminution de la consommation de boissons gazeuses (β = -0,43; 95 % IC, -0,62 à -0,23), de l'agressivité physique globale (β = -0,38; 95 % IC, -0,58 à -0,18), de l'opposition (β = -0,72; 95 % IC, -1 à -0,4), du trouble du comportement non agressif (β = -0,33; 95 % IC, -0,50 à -0,17) et de l'agressivité réactive (β = -0,70; 95 % IC, -0,98 à -0,42). Contrairement à nos attentes, l'environnement des repas en famille n'était pas significativement relié au rendement scolaire. Conclusion. Les repas familiaux ont une forte influence à long terme sur le développement de l'enfant, par rapport à sa santé physique et à son ajustement social. Par conséquent, ils pourraient nourrir une campagne informative intéressante qui porterait sur la promotion de la santé mentale et physique des jeunes à travers ce rituel social.

Romantic relationships and adjustment in early adulthood: The role of cross-sex experience in the context of social norms and support

Attachment and interpersonal theory suggest a sequential pattern of relationships beginning in the earliest stage of development and progressing to social and eventually romantic relationships. Theoretically, cross-sex experiences have an important role in the progression of interpersonal relationships. Despite the prevalence of these theories about the nature of romantic relationship development, the linkage of cross-sex experience (CSE) to romantic relationships has not been established. Indeed, it is an intuitive assumption, especially within Western society and these theories do not consider socio-cultural factors that may influence CSE and relationship satisfaction. This study addresses the varying contextual factors that may contribute to relationship satisfaction and adjustment, aside from CSE, and is divided into two parts. Study 1, addresses CSE, relationship satisfaction, and adjustment in a unique population, ultra-Orthodox Jews. Among this population, social or romantic CSE is limited and sexes are effectively segregated. Study 2, expanded the study to a larger sample of U.S. college students, to assess the linkage of CSE to romantic relationship satisfaction in a more typical Western population. It included social norm and support variables to address the contextual nature of relationship development and satisfaction. Results demonstrated clear differences in the relation between CSE and relationship satisfaction in the two samples. In the first sample CSE was unrelated to relationship satisfaction; nevertheless, relationship satisfaction was associated with adjustment as it is for more typical populations with greater CSE. These results suggested the importance of specifying how social norms and social support relate to CSE, relationship satisfaction and adjustment. The results from the second sample were consistent with the theoretical framework upon which the social/romantic literature is based. CSE was directly connected to relationship satisfaction. As anticipated, CSE, relationship satisfaction, and adjustment also varied as a function of social norms and support. These findings further validate the influence of socio-cultural factors on relationship satisfaction and adjustment. This study contributes to the romantic relationship literature and broadens our understanding of the complex nature of interpersonal and romantic relationships.^

Associations prospectives entre l'environnement des repas en famille et le développement bio-psycho-social d'enfants d'âge scolaire

Contexte. Depuis quelques années, plusieurs études se sont intéressées aux effets protecteurs des repas en famille sur divers aspects du développement des enfants et des adolescents. Objectif. Identifier les associations prospectives entre l'environnement des repas en famille à 6 ans et le développement bio-psycho-social à 10 ans. Méthode. Les participants sont 1 085 filles et 1 138 garçons faisant partie de l'Étude Longitudinale du Développement des Enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ), qui a sélectionné un échantillon aléatoire et stratifié en utilisant le registre des naissances du Québec. Dans ce devis prospectif-longitudinal, les parents ont fourni une mesure sur l'environnement de leurs repas en famille à l'âge de 6 ans. Quatre années plus tard, les parents ont également fourni des mesures sur le niveau de condition physique de leur enfant ainsi que sa fréquence de consommation de boissons gazeuses; les enseignants ont mesuré la réussite en lecture et en mathématiques; les enfants ont auto-rapporté leurs niveaux d’agressivité physique globale, d’opposition, du trouble du comportement non agressif et d’agressivité réactive. Des analyses de régressions multiples ont été réalisées. Résultats. Un environnement plus sain lors des repas en famille à 6 ans a prédit les bénéfices suivants à 10 ans : une augmentation de la condition physique (β = 0,24; 95 % intervalle de confiance [IC], 0,12 à 0,36) ainsi qu'une diminution de la consommation de boissons gazeuses (β = -0,43; 95 % IC, -0,62 à -0,23), de l'agressivité physique globale (β = -0,38; 95 % IC, -0,58 à -0,18), de l'opposition (β = -0,72; 95 % IC, -1 à -0,4), du trouble du comportement non agressif (β = -0,33; 95 % IC, -0,50 à -0,17) et de l'agressivité réactive (β = -0,70; 95 % IC, -0,98 à -0,42). Contrairement à nos attentes, l'environnement des repas en famille n'était pas significativement relié au rendement scolaire. Conclusion. Les repas familiaux ont une forte influence à long terme sur le développement de l'enfant, par rapport à sa santé physique et à son ajustement social. Par conséquent, ils pourraient nourrir une campagne informative intéressante qui porterait sur la promotion de la santé mentale et physique des jeunes à travers ce rituel social.

Changes in Beer Labels and their Meaning : A Holistic Approach to the Semiosic Process

The purpose of this study is to find a framework for a holistic approach to, and form a conceptual toolbox for, investigating changes in signs and in their interpretation. Charles S. Peirce s theory of signs in a communicative perspective is taken as a basis for the framework. The concern directing the study is the problem of a missing framework in analysing signs of visual artefacts from a holistic perspective as well as that of the missing conceptual tools. To discover the possibility of such a holistic approach to semiosic processes and to form a conceptual toolbox the following issues are discussed: i) how the many Objects with two aspects involved in Peirce s definition of sign-action, promote multiple semiosis arising from the same sign by the same Interpretant depending on the domination of the Objects; ii) in which way can the relation of the individual and society or group be made more apparent in the construction of the self since this construction is intertwined with the process of meaning-creation and interpretation; iii) how to account for the fundamental role of emotions in semiosis, and the relation of emotions with the often neglected topic of embodiment; iv) how to take into account the dynamic, mediating and processual nature of sign-action in analysing and understanding the changes in signs and in the interpretation of signs. An interdisciplinary approach is chosen for this dissertation. Concepts that developed within social psychology, developmental psychology, neurosciences and semiotics, are discussed. The common aspect of the approaches is that they in one way or another concentrate on mediation provided by signs in explaining human activity and cognition. The holistic approach and conceptual toolbox found are employed in a case study. This consists of an analysis of beer brands including a comparison of brands from two different cultures. It becomes clear that different theories and approaches have mutual affinities and do complement each other. In addition, the affinities in different disciplines somewhat provide credence to the various views. From the combined approach described, it becomes apparent that by the semiosic process, the emerging semiotic self intertwined with the Umwelt, including emotions, can be described. Seeing the interpretation and meaning-making through semiosis allows for the analysis of groups, taking into account the embodied and emotional component. It is concluded that emotions have a crucial role in all human activity, including so-called reflective thinking, and that emotions and embodiment should be consciously taken into account in analysing signs, the interpretation, and in changes of signs and interpretations from both the social and individual level. The analysis of the beer labels expresses well the intertwined nature of the relationship between signs, individual consumers and society. Many direct influences from society on the label design are found, and also some indirect attitude changes that become apparent from magazines, company reports, etc. In addition, the analysis brings up the issues of the unifying tendency of the visual artefacts of different cultures, but also demonstrates that the visual artefacts are able to hold the local signs and meanings, and sometimes are able to represent the local meanings although the signs have changed in the unifying process.

The Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC) conceptual model to promote mental health for adolescents with ASD

Despite an increased risk of mental health problems in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), there is limited research on effective prevention approaches for this population. Funded by the Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism, a theoretically and empirically supported school-based preventative model has been developed to alter the negative trajectory and promote wellbeing and positive mental health in adolescents with ASD. This conceptual paper provides the rationale, theoretical, empirical and methodological framework of a multilayered intervention targeting the school, parents, and adolescents on the spectrum. Two important interrelated protective factors have been identified in community adolescent samples, namely the sense of belonging (connectedness) to school, and the capacity for self and affect regulation in the face of stress (i.e., resilience). We describe how a confluence of theories from social psychology, developmental psychology and family systems theory, along with empirical evidence (including emerging neurobiological evidence) supports the interrelationships between these protective factors and many indices of wellbeing. However, the characteristics of ASD (including social and communication difficulties, and frequently difficulties with changes and transitions, and diminished optimism and self-esteem) impair access to these vital protective factors. The paper describes how evidenced-based interventions at the school level for promoting inclusive schools (using the Index for Inclusion), and interventions for adolescents and parents to promote resilience and belonging (using the Resourceful Adolescent Program (RAP)), are adapted and integrated for adolescents with ASD. This multisite proof of concept study will confirm whether this multilevel school-based intervention is promising, feasible and sustainable.

Construção da maternidade contemporânea e a participação em um grupo de suporte online no Facebook

Este estudo buscou contribuições da psicologia do desenvolvimento, pela perspectiva da psicologia evolucionista e sociocultural, para compreender a construção da maternidade contemporânea com uso do Facebook como suporte online. No último século ocorreram muitas transformações no papel social da mulher, o mercado de trabalho a incorporou, o nível de escolaridade aumentou, a taxa de natalidade caiu. Entretanto, a diminuição no número de filhos não reduziu o trabalho materno. Em contextos urbanos de grandes cidades, as famílias estendidas são menos frequentes. Em contraste, o uso de redes sociais, tipo Facebook, aumenta. O percentual de brasileiras (30-39 anos) que utiliza a internet supera 50%. Hipotetizou-se que redes sociais online podem complementar o apoio demandado pelas mães. Desse modo, entendendo que mulheres precisam de apoio para cuidar das crianças e que o mundo atual está interconectado através da internet, buscou-se abordar a maternidade contemporânea em sociedade urbana e a internet no contexto do suporte online à parentalidade. Foram feitos dois estudos com amostra de um grupo de suporte online para gestantes/mães no Facebook: 1) Análise de postagens coletadas (30 meses), objetivando compreender discurso materno e principais temas abordados; 2) Investigação da percepção sobre rede de apoio geral e online, como o apoio online pode ser conseguido, o que interessa às mães neste tipo de apoio e perfil sociodemográfico. O Estudo 1, analisou conteúdo de 2.510 postagens apontando dois grupos de categorias: psicológicas (45%) e não-psicológicas (55%). No primeiro, o discurso enquadra-se na teoria da constelação da maternidade de Daniel Stern: 1) vida crescimento (50%); 2) relacionar-se primário (8%); 3) matriz de apoio (40%); 4) reorganização da identidade (2%). O segundo indicou quatro categorias: 5) negócios/divulgação (54%); 6) desenvolvimento gestacional/parto (9%); 7) pós-parto (5%); 8) indicações/pedidos práticos (32%). O Estudo 2 apontou que as participantes têm idade média de 31,86 anos, 88,6% possui graduação completa, a maioria mora com companheiro, exerce atividade profissional remunerada e tem renda familiar mensal superior a 10 salários mínimos (48%). Os principais interesses estão nos temas relacionados à saúde e cuidados com bebê. A maioria indica que lê as postagens com mais frequência do que expõem suas dúvidas. Grande parte percebe o grupo online como uma ajuda importante no exercício da sua maternidade. A escala de apoio social (presencial) apresenta escores maiores do que a escala de apoio social online com diferença em todas as dimensões. A escala de apoio social online aponta que as dimensões apoio informacional e emocional apresentam escores maiores, revelando que a troca de informações e o encorajamento em momentos difíceis da vida parecem ser os mais relevantes, apontando, principalmente, que há diferença significativa entre a dimensão emocional e as demais dimensões da escala. Resumindo, o grupo de suporte online se mostrou uma importante ferramenta para compartilhar informações entre mulheres que estão passando pelo mesmo momento do ciclo vital, e o suporte online um instrumento relevante ao suporte à parentalidade, prestando-se a um serviço que não poderia ser imaginado décadas atrás. Novos estudos poderão aprofundar e ampliar os resultados desta investigação

Novelty and Habituation: the Driving Forces in Early Stage Learning for Developmental Robotics

Meng, Q., & Lee, M. (2005). Novelty and Habituation: the Driving Forces in Early Stage Learning for Developmental Robotics. Wermter, S., Palm, G., & Elshaw, M. (Eds.), In: Biomimetic Neural Learning for Intelligent Robots: Intelligent Systems, Cognitive Robotics, and Neuroscience. (pp. 315-332). (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Novelty and Habituation: the Driving Forces in Early Stage Learning for Developmental Robotics

Q. Meng and M. H. Lee, Novelty and Habituation: the Driving Forces in Early Stage Learning for Developmental Robotics, AI-Workshop on NeuroBotics, University of Ulm, Germany. September 2004.

Developmental and individual differences in novelty and error detection in 10-year-old children and young adults /

Event-related potentials were recorded from 10-year-old children and young adults in order to examine the developmental dififerences in two frontal lobe functions: detection of novel stimuli during an auditory novelty oddball task, and error detection during a visual flanker task. All participants showed a parietally-maximal P3 in response to auditory stimuli. In children, novel stimuli generated higher P3 amplitudes at the frontal site compared with target stimuli, whereas target stimuli generated higher P3 amplitudes at the parietal site compared with novel stimuli. Adults, however, had higher P3 amplitude to novel tones compared with target tones at each site. Children also had greater P3 amplitude at more parietal sites than adults during the novelty oddball and flanker tasks. Furthermore, children and adults did not show a significant reduction in P3 amplitude from the first to second novel stimulus presentation. No age differences were found with respect to P3 latency to novel and target stimuli. These findings suggest that the detection of novel and target stimuli is mature in 10-year-olds. Error trials typically elicit a negative ERP deflection (the ERN) with a frontal-central scalp distribution that may reflect response monitoring. There is also evidence of a positive ERP peak (the Pe) with a posterior scalp distribution which may reflect subjective recognition of a response. Both children and adults showed an ERN and Pe maximal at frontal-central sites. Children committed more errors, had smaller ERN across sites, and had a larger Pe at the parietal site than adults. This suggests that response monitoring is still immature in 10-year-olds whereas recognition of and emotional responses to errors may be similar in children and adults.