The effect of acute exercise and psychosocial stress on fine motor skills and testosterone concentration in the saliva of high school students

Little is known about the influence of different stressors on fine motor skills, the concentration of testosterone (T), and their interaction in adolescents. Therefore, 62 high school students aged 14–15 years were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (exercise, psychosocial stress) and a control group. Exercise stress was induced at 65–75% of the maximum heart rate by running for 15 minutes (n = 24). Psychosocial stress was generated by an intelligence test (HAWIK- IV), which was uncontrollable and characterized by social-evaluative-threat to the students (n=21). The control group followed was part of a regular school lesson with the same duration (n = 28). Saliva was collected after a normal school lesson (pre-test) as well as after the intervention/control period (post-test) and was analyzed for testosterone. Fine motor skills were assessed pre- and post-intervention using a manual dexterity test (Flower Trail) from the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2. A repeated measure ANCOVA including gender as a covariate revealed a significant group by test interaction, indicating an increase in manual dexterity only for the psychosocial stress group. Correlation analysis of all students shows that the change of testosterone from pre- to post-test was directly linked (r = 2.31, p = .01) to the changes in manual dexterity performance. Participants showing high increases in testosterone from pre- to post-test made fewer mistakes in the fine motor skills task. Findings suggest that manual dexterity increases when psychosocial stress is induced and that improvement of manual dexterity performance corresponds with the increase of testosterone.

New tools for cognitive and motor rehabilitation: development and clinical validation

Nervous system disorders are associated with cognitive and motor deficits, and are responsible for the highest disability rates and global burden of disease. Their recovery paths are vulnerable and dependent on the effective combination of plastic brain tissue properties, with complex, lengthy and expensive neurorehabilitation programs. This work explores two lines of research, envisioning sustainable solutions to improve treatment of cognitive and motor deficits. Both projects were developed in parallel and shared a new sensible approach, where low-cost technologies were integrated with common clinical operative procedures. The aim was to achieve more intensive treatments under specialized monitoring, improve clinical decision-making and increase access to healthcare. The first project (articles I – III) concerned the development and evaluation of a web-based cognitive training platform (COGWEB), suitable for intensive use, either at home or at institutions, and across a wide spectrum of ages and diseases that impair cognitive functioning. It was tested for usability in a memory clinic setting and implemented in a collaborative network, comprising 41 centers and 60 professionals. An adherence and intensity study revealed a compliance of 82.8% at six months and an average of six hours/week of continued online cognitive training activities. The second project (articles IV – VI) was designed to create and validate an intelligent rehabilitation device to administer proprioceptive stimuli on the hemiparetic side of stroke patients while performing ambulatory movement characterization (SWORD). Targeted vibratory stimulation was found to be well tolerated and an automatic motor characterization system retrieved results comparable to the first items of the Wolf Motor Function Test. The global system was tested in a randomized placebo controlled trial to assess its impact on a common motor rehabilitation task in a relevant clinical environment (early post-stroke). The number of correct movements on a hand-to-mouth task was increased by an average of 7.2/minute while the probability to perform an error decreased from 1:3 to 1:9. Neurorehabilitation and neuroplasticity are shifting to more neuroscience driven approaches. Simultaneously, their final utility for patients and society is largely dependent on the development of more effective technologies that facilitate the dissemination of knowledge produced during the process. The results attained through this work represent a step forward in that direction. Their impact on the quality of rehabilitation services and public health is discussed according to clinical, technological and organizational perspectives. Such a process of thinking and oriented speculation has led to the debate of subsequent hypotheses, already being explored in novel research paths.

Neuromuscular imbalances in the track sprinter

Athletic coaching can involve observation of a motor control task and then proposing guidance to an athlete about how the task performance can be developed. Coaches can identify the technique elements that seem to hinder performance and then provide instruction. Recently, a variety of training methods were proposed to enhance sprint performance, however a number of authors have identified these methods as characterised by low scientific evaluation or support (Brown & Vescovi, 2012; Jones, Bezodis, & Thompson, 2009). This article will outline a scientifically robust neuromuscular theory underlying poor movement techniques that may be visible when coaches observe sprint performance. The goal of this article is to inform the sprint coach of a method to identify and correct suboptimal biomechanics to enhance athletic performance.

Prédictions sportives chez des athlètes de basketball: perception d’efficacité personnelle et illusion de contrôle

Les athlètes sont nombreux à parier sur les sports et leurs connaissances en sport pourraient les amener à s’y sentir compétents. Les théories similaires de la perception d’efficacité personnelle (PEP) et de l’illusion de contrôle offrent des pistes de réflexion sur cette impression de compétence. Comme la PEP peut se généraliser entre tâches similaires, la PEP des athlètes à une tâche sportive pourrait se généraliser, sous forme d’illusions de contrôle, vers la PEP à des prédictions sportives. L’objectif principal du mémoire est de vérifier si la PEP à une tâche de basketball se généralise vers des prédictions. Un objectif secondaire est de vérifier le lien entre la PEP aux prédictions sportives et l’illusion de contrôle. Vingt-trois basketteurs de niveau collégial ou universitaire sont répartis aléatoirement en deux conditions : PEP augmentée et diminuée. Lors d’une tâche de basketball, les athlètes doivent statuer le nombre de paniers qu’ils croient réussir et tenter de l’atteindre. Pour manipuler la PEP, il est mentionné aux athlètes qu’ils ont deux minutes pour accomplir la tâche, mais ont plus ou moins 15 % de ce temps. Ils effectuent ensuite des prédictions sur le basketball et sur un autre sport. Les résultats révèlent l’augmentation et la diminution significative de la PEP à la tâche de basketball, sans généralisation aux prédictions, puisque les athlètes des deux conditions rapportent une PEP élevée aux prédictions sur le basketball et modérée sur l’autre sport. Aussi, le lien PEP − illusion de contrôle n’est pas significatif. Les résultats illustrent toutefois que les athlètes présentent une PEP et une illusion de contrôle plus élevées aux prédictions sur le basketball que sur l’autre sport. Il semble que les basketteurs se sentent plus compétents pour prédire des événements de basketball qu’un autre sport, et ce, indépendamment de leur PEP à une tâche motrice de basketball.

Étude multimodale de la consolidation d’habiletés motrices à ‎l’aide de l’IRMf et de l’EEG

La consolidation est le processus qui transforme une nouvelle trace mnésique labile en ‎une autre plus stable et plus solide. Une des tâches utilisées en laboratoire pour ‎l’exploration de la consolidation motrice dans ses dimensions comportementale et ‎cérébrale est la tâche d’apprentissage de séquences motrices. Celle-ci consiste à ‎reproduire une même série de mouvements des doigts, apprise de manière implicite ou ‎explicite, tout en mesurant l’amélioration dans l’exécution. Les études récentes ont ‎montré que, dans le cas de l’apprentissage explicite de cette tâche, la consolidation de la ‎trace mnésique associée à cette nouvelle habileté dépendrait du sommeil, et plus ‎particulièrement des fuseaux en sommeil lent. Et bien que deux types de fuseaux aient ‎été décrits (lents et rapides), le rôle de chacun d’eux dans la consolidation d’une ‎séquence motrice est encore mal exploré. En effet, seule une étude s’est intéressée à ce ‎rôle, montrant alors une implication des fuseaux rapides dans ce processus mnésique ‎suite à une nuit artificiellement altérée. D’autre part, les études utilisant l’imagerie ‎fonctionnelle (IRMf et PET scan) menées par différentes équipes dont la notre, ont ‎montré des changements au niveau de l’activité du système cortico-striatal suite à la ‎consolidation motrice. Cependant, aucune corrélation n’a été faite à ce jour entre ces ‎changements et les caractéristiques des fuseaux du sommeil survenant au cours de la nuit ‎suivant un apprentissage moteur. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient donc: 1) de ‎déterminer, à travers des enregistrements polysomnographiques et des analyses ‎corrélationnelles, les caractéristiques des deux types de fuseaux (i.e. lents et rapides) ‎associées à la consolidation d’une séquence motrice suite à une nuit de sommeil non ‎altérée, et 2) d’explorer, à travers des analyses corrélationnelles entre les données ‎polysomnographiques et le signal BOLD (« Blood Oxygenated Level Dependent »), ‎acquis à l’aide de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf), ‎l’association entre les fuseaux du sommeil et les activations cérébrales suite à la ‎consolidation de la séquence motrice. Les résultats de notre première étude ont montré ‎une implication des fuseaux rapides, et non des fuseaux lents, dans la consolidation ‎d’une séquence motrice apprise de manière explicite après une nuit de sommeil non ‎altérée, corroborant ainsi les résultats des études antérieures utilisant des nuits de ‎sommeil altérées. En effet, les analyses statistiques ont mis en évidence une ‎augmentation significative de la densité des fuseaux rapides durant la nuit suivant ‎l’apprentissage moteur par comparaison à la nuit contrôle. De plus, cette augmentation ‎corrélait avec les gains spontanés de performance suivant la nuit. Par ailleurs, les ‎résultats de notre seconde étude ont mis en évidence des corrélations significatives entre ‎l’amplitude des fuseaux de la nuit expérimentale d’une part et les gains spontanés de ‎performance ainsi que les changements du signal BOLD au niveau du système cortico-‎striatal d’autre part. Nos résultats suggèrent donc un lien fonctionnel entre les fuseaux ‎du sommeil, les gains de performance ainsi que les changements neuronaux au niveau ‎du système cortico-striatal liés à la consolidation d’une séquence motrice explicite. Par ‎ailleurs, ils supportent l’implication des fuseaux rapides dans ce type de consolidation ; ‎ceux-ci aideraient à l’activation des circuits neuronaux impliqués dans ce processus ‎mnésique et amélioreraient par la même occasion la consolidation motrice liée au ‎sommeil.‎

Variabilité individuelle de l'allocation fonctionnelle des régions cérébrales perceptives dans l'autisme

Introduction : Une augmentation de la plasticité cérébrale est susceptible d’être impliquée dans la réallocation des régions corticales et dans les nombreuses altérations microstructurelles observées en autisme. Considérant les nombreux résultats démontrant un surfonctionnement perceptif et un fonctionnement moteur atypique en autisme, l’augmentation de la plasticité cérébrale suggère une plus grande variabilité individuelle de l’allocation fonctionnelle chez cette population, plus spécifiquement dans les régions perceptives et motrices. Méthode : Afin de tester cette hypothèse, 23 participants autistes de haut-niveau et 22 non-autistes appariés pour l’âge, le quotient intellectuel, les résultats au test des Matrices de Raven et la latéralité, ont réalisé une tâche d’imitation visuo-motrice dans un appareil d’imagerie par résonnance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf). Pour chaque participant, les coordonnées du pic d’activation le plus élevé ont été extraites des aires motrices primaires (Aire de Brodmann 4 (BA4)) et supplémentaires (BA6), du cortex visuo-moteur pariétal supérieur (BA7) ainsi que des aires visuelles primaires (BA17) et associatives (BA18+19) des deux hémisphères. L’étendue des activations, mesurée en fonction du nombre de voxels activés, et la différence d’intensité des activations, calculée en fonction du changement moyen d’intensité du signal ont également été considérées. Pour chaque région d’intérêt et hémisphère, la distance entre la localisation de l’activation maximale de chaque participant par rapport à celle de la moyenne de son groupe a servi de variable d’intérêt. Les moyennes de ces distances individuelles obtenues pour chaque groupe et chacune des régions d’intérêt ont ensuite été soumises à une ANOVA à mesures répétées afin de déterminer s’il existait des différences de variabilité dans la localisation des activations entre les groupes. Enfin, l’activation fonctionnelle générale à l’intérieur de chaque groupe et entre les groupes a également été étudiée. Résultats : Les résultats démontrent qu’une augmentation de la variabilité individuelle en terme de localisation des activations s’est produite à l’intérieur des deux groupes dans les aires associatives motrices et visuelles comparativement aux aires primaires associées. Néanmoins, malgré le fait que cette augmentation de variabilité dans les aires associatives soit partagée, une comparaison directe de celle-ci entre les groupes a démontré que les autistes présentaient une plus grande variabilité de la localisation des activations fonctionnelles dans le cortex visuo-moteur pariétal supérieur (BA7) et les aires associatives visuelles (BA18+19) de l’hémisphère gauche. Conclusion : Des stratégies différentes et possiblement uniques pour chaque individu semblent être observées en autisme. L’augmentation de la variabilité individuelle de la localisation des activations fonctionnelles retrouvée chez les autistes dans les aires associatives, où l’on observe également davantage de variabilité chez les non-autistes, suggère qu’une augmentation et/ou une altération des mécanismes de plasticité est impliquée dans l’autisme.

The effect of learning condition on perceptual anticipation, awareness, and visual search

The efficacy of explicit and implicit learning paradigms was examined during the very early stages of learning the perceptual-motor anticipation task of predicting ball direction from temporally occluded footage of soccer penalty kicks. In addition, the effect of instructional condition on point-of-gaze during learning was examined. A significant improvement in horizontal prediction accuracy was observed in the explicit learning group; however, similar improvement was evident in a placebo group who watched footage of soccer matches. Only the explicit learning intervention resulted in changes in eye movement behaviour and increased awareness of relevant postural cues. Results are discussed in terms of methodological and practical issues regarding the employment of implicit perceptual training interventions. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Kinematic and kinetic improvements associated with action observation facilitated learning of the power clean in Australian footballers

This study investigated the effectiveness of action observation (AO) on facilitating learning of the power clean technique (kinematics) compared with traditional strength coaching methods and whether improvements in performance (kinetics) were associated with an improvement in lifting technique. Fifteen subjects (age, 20.9 ± 2.3 years) with no experience in performing the power clean exercise attended 12 training and testing sessions over a 4-week period. Subjects were assigned to 2 matched groups, based on preintervention power clean performance and performed 3 sets of 5 repetitions of the power clean exercise at each training session. Subjects in the traditional coaching group (TC; n = 7) received the standard coaching feedback (verbal cues and physical practice), whereas subjects in the AO group (n = 8) received similar verbal coaching cues and physical practice but also observed a video of a skilled model before performing each set. Kinematic data were collected from video recordings of subjects who were fitted with joint center markings during testing, whereas kinetic data were collected from a weightlifting analyzer attached to the barbell. Subjects were tested before intervention, at the end of weeks 2 and 3, and at after intervention at the end of week 4. Faster improvements (3%) were observed in power clean technique with AO-facilitated learning in the first week and performance improvements (mean peak power of the subject's 15 repetitions) over time were significant (p < 0.001). In addition, performance improvement was significantly associated (R = 0.215) with technique improvements. In conclusion, AO combined with verbal coaching and physical practice of the power clean exercise resulted in significantly faster technique improvements and improvement in performance compared with traditional coaching methods.

Developmental improvements in reaching correction efficiency are associated with an increased ability to represent action mentally

We investigated the purported association between developmental changes in the efficiency of online reaching corrections and improved action representation. Younger children (6-7years), older children (8-12years), adolescents (13-17years), and young adults (18-24years) completed a double-step reaching paradigm and a motor imagery task. Results showed similar nonlinear performance improvements across both tasks, typified by substantial changes in efficiency after 6 or 7years followed by incremental improvements. Regression showed that imagery ability significantly predicted reaching efficiency and that this association stayed constant across age. Findings provide the first empirical evidence that more efficient online control through development is predicted, partly, by improved action representation.

A influência da restrição motora na tarefa A não B e as implicações da memória motora no alcance manual de crianças

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Dissociable patterns of neural activity during response inhibition in depressed adolescents with and without suicidal behavior

Objectives - Impaired attentional control and behavioral control are implicated in adult suicidal behavior. Little is known about the functional integrity of neural circuitry supporting these processes in suicidal behavior in adolescence. Method - Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used in 15 adolescent suicide attempters with a history of major depressive disorder (ATTs), 15 adolescents with a history of depressive disorder but no suicide attempt (NATs), and 14 healthy controls (HCs) during the performance of a well-validated go-no-go response inhibition and motor control task that measures attentional and behavioral control and has been shown to activate prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortical circuitries. Questionnaires assessed symptoms and standardized interviews characterized suicide attempts. Results - A 3 group by 2 condition (go-no-go response inhibition versus go motor control blocks) block-design whole-brain analysis (p < .05, corrected) showed that NATs showed greater activity than ATTs in the right anterior cingulate gyrus (p = .008), and that NATs, but not ATTs, showed significantly greater activity than HCs in the left insula (p = .004) to go-no-go response inhibition blocks. Conclusions - Although ATTs did not show differential patterns of neural activity from HCs during the go-no-go response inhibition blocks, ATTs and NATs showed differential activation of the right anterior cingulate gyrus during response inhibition. These findings indicate that suicide attempts during adolescence are not associated with abnormal activity in response inhibition neural circuitry. The differential patterns of activity in response inhibition neural circuitry in ATTs and NATs, however, suggest different neural mechanisms for suicide attempt versus major depressive disorder in general in adolescence that should be a focus of further study.

Pediatric CNS pathophysiology

Research in pediatric central nervous system pathophysiology is focused around three primary goals: identification of neurodevelopmental disorders, understanding the differences in brain development which underlie these disorders, and improving treatment for these young children. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a complex set of disorders which are characterized by difficulties in language and social interactions. These behavioral measures are highly variable and a number of underlying causes can generate similar behavioral effects. Therefore, it is important to identify neurophysiological markers to better identify and characterize these disorders. Recent ASD findings using MEG show atypical latency and amplitude responses and poor cortical connectivity in children with ASDs across the cognitive spectrum from basic auditory processing, multisensory integration, to face and semantic processing. These results further support the view that ASDs are a complex neurologically-based disorder. On the other hand, the cause of Down syndrome is well understood as originating from a partial or full replication of chromosome 21. However, the cognitive and neurological consequences of this chromosomal abnormality are not yet well understood. Using a simple observation and motor execution task, poor functional connectivity in sensory-motor areas, particularly in the gamma band range, has been identified in children with Down syndrome and is consistent with behavioral deficits in the sensory-motor realm. Additional studies are needed to better understand whether targeted identification of these abnormalities can facilitate treatment in this disorder. Finally, while epilepsy can be reliably diagnosed, seizure control is still limited in many cases where the seizure onset zone is not readily apparent. Advances in pre-surgical evaluation and intra-operative co-registration will be described. These studies describing pediatric CNS pathophysiology will be discussed. © Springer-Verlag 2010.

Fast Robust Pattern Classification Algorithms for Real Time Neuro-Motor Prosthetic Applications

In this paper, we give a brief review of pattern classification algorithms based on discriminant analysis. We then apply these algorithms to classify movement direction based on multivariate local field potentials recorded from a microelectrode array in the primary motor cortex of a monkey performing a reaching task. We obtain prediction accuracies between 55% and 90% using different methods which are significantly above the chance level of 12.5%.