Measuring the forces involved in polyvalent adhesion of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to mannose-presenting surfaces

Mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis have become an increasingly important subject as pathogens have become increasingly resistant to current antibiotics. The adhesion of microorganisms to the surface of host tissue is often a first step in pathogenesis and is a plausible target for new antiinfective agents. Examination of bacterial adhesion has been difficult both because it is polyvalent and because bacterial adhesins often recognize more than one type of cell-surface molecule. This paper describes an experimental procedure that measures the forces of adhesion resulting from the interaction of uropathogenic Escherichia coli to molecularly well defined models of cellular surfaces. This procedure uses self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to model the surface of epithelial cells and optical tweezers to manipulate the bacteria. Optical tweezers orient the bacteria relative to the surface and, thus, limit the number of points of attachment (that is, the valency of attachment). Using this combination, it was possible to quantify the force required to break a single interaction between pilus and mannose groups linked to the SAM. These results demonstrate the deconvolution and characterization of complicated events in microbial adhesion in terms of specific molecular interactions. They also suggest that the combination of optical tweezers and appropriately functionalized SAMs is a uniquely synergistic system with which to study polyvalent adhesion of bacteria to biologically relevant surfaces and with which to screen for inhibitors of this adhesion.

Penobscot County, Maine, 1859 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Topographical map of the county of Penobscot Maine, from surveys under the direction of H.F. Walling; field work under the direction of L.H. Eaton. It was published by Lee & Marsh in 1859, Scale 1:80,000. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images, representing the northeast portion of the four sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator projection (UTM Zone 19N, meters, NAD1983). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, public buildings, schools, churches, cemeteries, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, mines, etc.), private buildings with names of property owners, town boundaries, and more. Relief shown by hachures. It includes many cadastral insets of individual county towns and villages. It also includes illustrations, business directories, and tables of statistics and distances.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of New England from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Report on the census of Porto Rico, 1899.

Published also in Spanish.

Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico, 1899 /

"Teniente coronel J. P. Sanger, inspector-general, director. Henry Gannett, Walter F. Willcox, peritos en estadística. Traducido del inglés por Frank L. Joannini."

Smithsonian scientific series.

"A promise kept" (4p.) 23 cm. loose in vol. 1.

Commentaries on the law of statutory crimes; including the written laws and their interpretation in general. What is special to the criminal law, and the specific statutory offences as to both law and procedure.

Mode of access: Internet.

Bibliography of the Philippine islands ...

pt. I. A list of books (with references to periodicals) on the Philippine Islands in the Library of Congress, by A. P. C. Griffin ... with chronological list of maps in the Library of Congress, by P. Lee Phillips.--pt. II. Biblioteca filipina ó sea catálogo razonado de todos los impresos, tanto insulares como extranjeros ... por T. H. Pardo de Tavera.

Seneca's morals by way of abstract : to which is added, a discourse, under the title of An after thought /

Of benefits -- Of a happy life -- Of anger -- Epistles -- Postscript -- An after-thought.

A catalogue of the Washington collection in the Boston Athenæum;

A considerable portion of the books left to Geo. C. Washington. Sold by him to Henry Stevens in 1847 or 1848, and by the latter to the Boston Athenæum in 1849.

Men of the time.

Johannsen Collection.

Aunt Jane's hero.

Mode of access: Internet.

[A collection of stories and miscellaneous articles translated into Danish from English and other languages, including some articles written originally in Danish.]

Title supplied.

The true position of Rev. Theodore Parker : being a review of Rev. R.C. Waterston's letter in the fourth quarterly report of the Benevolent Fraternity of Churches.

Attributed to Sargent in NUC pre-1956 imprints.

The Columbian miscellany : containing a variety of important, instructive, and entertaining matter, chiefly selected out of the Philadelphian magazines, published in London, in the years 1788 and 1789, calculated to promote true religion and virtue /

"A list of subscribers" p. 404-408.

Arithmetic : in which the principles of operating by numbers are analytically explained, and synthetically applied : ... designed for the us of schools and academies in the United States /

At head of title: Adams's new arithmetic.