The FReedom from Ischemic Events-New Dimensions for Survival (FRIENDS) registry: design of a prospective cohort study of patients with advanced peripheral artery disease.

BACKGROUND Advanced lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD), whether presenting as acute limb ischemia (ALI) or chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI), is associated with high rates of cardiovascular ischemic events, amputation, and death. Past research has focused on strategies of revascularization, but few data are available that prospectively evaluate the impact of key process of care factors (spanning pre-admission, acute hospitalization, and post-discharge) that might contribute to improving short and long-term health outcomes. METHODS/DESIGN The FRIENDS registry is designed to prospectively evaluate a range of patient and health system care delivery factors that might serve as future targets for efforts to improve limb and systemic outcomes for patients with ALI or CLI. This hypothesis-driven registry was designed to evaluate the contributions of: (i) pre-hospital limb ischemia symptom duration, (ii) use of leg revascularization strategies, and (iii) use of risk-reduction pharmacotherapies, as pre-specified factors that may affect amputation-free survival. Sequential patients would be included at an index "vascular specialist-defined" ALI or CLI episode, and patients excluded only for non-vascular etiologies of limb threat. Data including baseline demographics, functional status, co-morbidities, pre-hospital time segments, and use of medical therapies; hospital-based use of revascularization strategies, time segments, and pharmacotherapies; and rates of systemic ischemic events (e.g., myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization, and death) and limb ischemic events (e.g., hospitalization for revascularization or amputation) will be recorded during a minimum of one year follow-up. DISCUSSION The FRIENDS registry is designed to evaluate the potential impact of key factors that may contribute to adverse outcomes for patients with ALI or CLI. Definition of new "health system-based" therapeutic targets could then become the focus of future interventional clinical trials for individuals with advanced PAD.

Acute S100B in serum is associated with cognitive symptoms and memory performance 4 months after paediatric mild traumatic brain injury

OBJECTIVE This study explored whether acute serum marker S100B is related with post-concussive symptoms (PCS) and neuropsychological performance 4 months after paediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This prospective short-term longitudinal study investigated children (aged 6-16 years) with mTBI (n = 36, 16 males) and children with orthopaedic injuries (OI, n = 27, 18 males) as a control group. S100B in serum was measured during the acute phase and was correlated with parent-rated PCS and neuropsychological performance 4 months after the injury. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS The results revealed no between-group difference regarding acute S100B serum concentration. In children after mTBI, group-specific significant Spearman correlations were found between S100B and post-acute cognitive PCS (r = 0.54, p = 0.001) as well as S100B and verbal memory performance (r = -0.47, p = 0.006). In children after OI, there were insignificant positive relations between S100B and post-acute somatic PCS. In addition, insignificant positive correlations were found between neuropsychological outcome and S100B in children after OI. CONCLUSIONS S100B was not specific for mild brain injuries and may also be elevated after OI. The group-specific association between S100B and ongoing cognitive PCS in children after mTBI should motivate to examine further the role of S100B as a diagnostic biomarker in paediatric mTBI.

Efeito radioprotetor da L-Glutamina na parede da bexiga de ratos submetidos à irradiação pélvica

A radioterapia é frequentemente utilizada no tratamento de tumores da próstata, porém durante esse procedimento a bexiga sadia usualmente sofre efeitos colaterais. Através do uso de um modelo animal para irradiação pélvica, avaliamos se a suplementação nutricional com L-glutamina poderia prevenir possíveis danos na parede da bexiga, especialmente em suas camadas mais superficiais. Ratos Wistar adultos machos com idade entre 3 e 4 meses foram separados em grupos de 8 animais: grupo controle que não recebeu a irradiação; grupos somente irradiados que foram mortos 7 (R7) e 15 dias (R15) após a irradiação (dose única de 10 Gy na região pélvico-abdominal); grupos irradiados e suplementados com L-glutamina (0,65g/kg de peso por dia), que foram mortos 7 (RG7) ou 15 após a irradiação. Células e vasos sanguíneos da lâmina própria, bem como o urotélio, foram avaliados com métodos histológicos. No urotélio foram feitas análises da altura e densidade nuclear e na lâmina própria densidade celular, densidade vascular e o número de mastócitos. Os resultados mostraram que em R7, a altura e densidade nuclear do urotélio e a densidade celular da lâmina própria não foram alterados significativamente. Entretanto a densidade dos vasos sanguíneos foi reduzida em 48% (p<0,05) e essa alteração foi evitada pela glutamina (p <0,02). No grupo R15, a densidade celular do epitélio aumentou em 35% (p<0,02). A densidade celular da lâmina própria não apresentou diferença estatística entre os grupos. Os mastócitos na lâmina própria foram reduzidos em R7 e R15. Apesar de ainda reduzidos em RG7 em RG15 houve aumento no número desse tipo celular o que sugere uma ação positiva da glutamina. Células α-actina positivas na lâmina própria formam uma camada suburotelial e foram identificadas como miofibroblastos. A espessura dessa camada aumentou em R7, mas foi semelhante ao controle em RG7, enquanto alterações em R15 e RG15 foram menos evidentes. Esses resultados mostraram que a utilização da L-glutamina antes e após a radioterapia deve ser considerada para uso humano na proteção da bexiga contra os efeitos da radiação.

Inhibition of adaptive immune responses leads to a fatal clinical outcome in SIV-infected pigtailed macaques but not vervet African green monkeys.

African green monkeys (AGM) and other natural hosts for simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) do not develop an AIDS-like disease following SIV infection. To evaluate differences in the role of SIV-specific adaptive immune responses between natural and nonnatural hosts, we used SIV(agmVer90) to infect vervet AGM and pigtailed macaques (PTM). This infection results in robust viral replication in both vervet AGM and pigtailed macaques (PTM) but only induces AIDS in the latter species. We delayed the development of adaptive immune responses through combined administration of anti-CD8 and anti-CD20 lymphocyte-depleting antibodies during primary infection of PTM (n = 4) and AGM (n = 4), and compared these animals to historical controls infected with the same virus. Lymphocyte depletion resulted in a 1-log increase in primary viremia and a 4-log increase in post-acute viremia in PTM. Three of the four PTM had to be euthanized within 6 weeks of inoculation due to massive CMV reactivation and disease. In contrast, all four lymphocyte-depleted AGM remained healthy. The lymphocyte-depleted AGM showed only a trend toward a prolongation in peak viremia but the groups were indistinguishable during chronic infection. These data show that adaptive immune responses are critical for controlling disease progression in pathogenic SIV infection in PTM. However, the maintenance of a disease-free course of SIV infection in AGM likely depends on a number of mechanisms including non-adaptive immune mechanisms.

A Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde : um modelo multidimensional e multideterminado da funcionalidade em idosos assistidos na Rede

RESUMO: Os estudos sobre a funcionalidade da população idosa têm uma representação importante naquilo que é o atual conhecimento da demografia do mundo. Portugal posiciona-se e perspetiva-se como pertencendo aos países mais envelhecidos, possuindo uma rede de cuidados pós-agudos – a Rede Nacional de Cuidados Continuados Integrados (RNCCI)– que assiste uma parcela importante dessa população. Os aspetos conceptuais da funcionalidade de acordo com a OMS e operacionalizados pela Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade (CIF), não mereceram até agora suficiente aplicabilidade no nosso país, inviabilizando a possibilidade de oferecermos contributos para a sua operacionalização. Da mesma forma, também os Core Sets da Classificação não têm sido sujeitos a processos de validação que contemplem amostras portuguesas, mantendo-se desconhecimento da especificidade dos fatores contextuais na nossa população. O presente estudo tem como objetivos conhecer a evolução da funcionalidade dos idosos assistidos na RNCCI na região do Algarve nas unidades de convalescença e média duração, validar o Core Set Geriátrico da OMS e propor uma versão abreviada da sua modalidade abrangente, no contexto destes cuidados. A amostra constituída por 451 idosos, dos quais 62,1% eram mulheres, revelou na pré-morbilidade níveis favoráveis de funcionalidade, com exceção para as Atividades Domésticas. Contudo, os mais idosos (≥ 85 anos), os indivíduos sem escolaridade, as mulheres e os viúvos/solteiros apresentaram mais casos desfavoráveis quando comparados com os seus pares. Na evolução da funcionalidade observámos melhorias significativas em todos os domínios avaliados, com diferenças relativamente à idade e à escolaridade; apesar dos resultados positivos os mais idosos e os indivíduos sem escolaridade apresentaram níveis inferiores de evolução. No entanto, a funcionalidade alcançada revelou ficar com resultados significativamente inferiores na comparação com aquela que os indivíduos possuíam na pré-morbilidade. Os modelos de regressão revelaram que as Funções Mentais, a Perceção do Estado de Saúde e a atividade Usar o Telefone, foram as variáveis que melhor explicaram os outcomes da funcionalidade alcançada. A validação do Core Set Geriátrico foi possível na maioria das categorias, sendo que foi no componente das Funções do Corpo onde esse processo revelou maior fragilidade. As Funções Neuromusculoesqueléticas e Relacionadas com o Movimento foram aquelas que registaram em ambos os momentos avaliativos frequências mais elevadas de deficiência, enquanto no componente Atividades & Participação isso ocorreu na atividade Utilização dos Movimentos Finos da Mão. Os capítulos Apoios e Relacionamentos e Atitudes foram considerados os Fatores Ambientais mais Facilitadores mas também com maior impacto Barreira. A proposta para o Core Set Geriátrico Abreviado resultou das categorias independentes que explicaram os modelos da funcionalidade alcançada e cujo resultado engloba um conjunto de 27 categorias, com um enfoque importante no componente Atividades/Participação de onde se destacam os domínios da Mobilidade e dos Auto Cuidados. A funcionalidade dos indivíduos e das populações deve ser considerada uma variável incontornável da Saúde Pública, cuja avaliação deve refletir uma abordagem biopsicossocial, apoiada na Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade. A operacionalização da Classificação a partir dos Core Sets necessita de pesquisa mais aprofundada relativamente às caraterísticas psicométricas dos seus qualificadores e dos seus processos de validação.-----------ABSTRACT: The studies about the functioning of the elderly play an important role on what the present knowledge of the demography in the world is. Portugal figures high on the most aged countries, having a network of post-acute care - the National Network of Integrated Continuous Care (RNCCI) - which assists a large part of that population. The conceptual aspects of functioning according to WHO and operated by the International Classification of Functioning (ICF), have been insufficiently addressed concerning its adequate applicability in our country, hindering the contributions of its operation. In the same way, also the Core Sets of the Classification have not been subjected to validation procedures that include portuguese samples, keeping the unawareness of specificity of the contextual factors in our population. The objectives of the present study were to know the evolution of the functioning of the elderly assisted in the RNCCI in the Algarve region in units of convalescence and average duration, validate the WHO Geriatric Core Set and propose an abridged version of this comprehensive core set in this healthcare context. The sample was composed by 451 elderly people, of which 62.1% were women, they showed favourable levels in functioning in the pre-morbid state, except for Domestic Activities. However, the oldest (≥ 85 years), the individuals with no education, women and widowed/ unmarried showed more unfavourable cases when compared to their peers. In the evolution of functioning we observed significant improvements in all domains assessed, with diferences with respect to age and education. In spite of positive results, the oldest and the individuals with no education showed lower levels of evolution. However, the functioning achieved showed significantly lower results when compared to the those observed in pre-morbidity state. Regression models reveal that Mental Functions, the Perceived Health Status and the Use of the Phone activity, were the variables that better explain the functioning of the outcomes achieved. The validation of the Geriatric Core Set of ICF was possible in most categories, and Body Functions was the component where this process showed greatest weakness. Neuromusculoskeletal and Movement-Related Functions experienced in both evaluation times with higher rates of disability, while in the Activities & Participation component this occurred in the Fine Hand Use activity. The Support and Relationships and Attitudes chapters were considered the Environmental Factors most Facilitators but also with greater impact Barrier. The proposal for the Brief Geriatric Core Set has resulted from the independent categories that explained the regression models of functioning and includes a set of 27 categories, with na important emphasis on Activities & Participation component where we can highlight the areas of Mobility and Self Care domains. The functioning of individuals and populations should be considered as an unavoidable variable of Public Health, of which the assessment should reflect a biopsychosocial approach, based on the International Classification of Functioning. The operationalization of the Classification from the Core Sets requires further research regarding the psychometric characteristics of their qualifiers and their validation procedure.

Speech therapy after stroke: trial shows only that practice varies

Bowen and colleagues’ methods and conclusions raise concerns.1 At best, the trial evaluates the variability in current practice. In no way is it a robust test of treatment. Two communication impairments (aphasia and dysarthria) were included. In the post-acute stage spontaneous recovery is highly unpredictable, and changes in the profile of impairment during this time are common.2 Both impairments manifest in different forms,3 which may be more or less responsive to treatment. A third kind of impairment, apraxia of speech, was not excluded but was not targeted in therapy. All three impairments can and do co-occur. Whether randomised controlled trial designs can effectively cope with such complex disorders has been discussed elsewhere.4 Treatment was defined within terms of current practice but was unconstrained. Therefore, the treatment group would have received a variety of therapeutic approaches and protocols, some of which may indeed be ineffective. Only 53% of the contact time with a speech and language therapist was direct (one to one), the rest was impairment based therapy. In contrast, all of the visitors’ time was direct contact, usually in conversation. In both groups, the frequency and length of contact time varied. We already know that the transfer from impairment based therapy to functional communication can be limited and varies across individuals.5 However, it is not possible to conclude from this trial that one to one impairment based therapy should be replaced. For that, a well defined impairment therapy protocol must be directly compared with a similarly well defined functional communication therapy, with an attention control.

Isquemia silenciosa e arritmias ventriculares são preditores independentes de evenos no pós-infarto do miocárdio de baixo risco

pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) têm mostrado baixo valor preditivo positivo quando estudados isoladamente. A possibilidade da Eletrocardiografia Dinâmica de 24 horas (ECGD) fornecer dados referentes a isquemia silenciosa (IS), arritmias ventriculares e modulação autonômica do coração pelo estudo da variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC), levou o autor a empregar este método em pacientes acometidos de IAM com o objetivo de avaliar se estas três variáveis estariam relacionadas a presença de eventos desfavoráveis em evolução a médio prazo. Material e Métodos – Foram selecionados 91 pacientes acometidos de um primeiro IAM não-complicado e realizados exames de ECGD de 24 h por dois dias consecutivos, antes da alta hospitalar. Os parâmetros pesquisados nos exames foram: isquemia silenciosa, identificação e quantificação de arritmias ventriculares e determinação dos índices de VFC pelos métodos do domínio do tempo e do mapa de retorno tridimensional. Foram considerados como desfechos: re-infarto, angina instável, taquicardia ventricular sustentada e morte. Resultados – No seguimento médio de 27,7 meses (DP=15,45), 23 (25%) dos pacientes apresentaram eventos, sendo nove fatais. Os eventos foram mais freqüentes entre os pacientes que apresentaram extra-sístoles ventriculares ≥10/hora (p=0,01) e também naqueles com IS (p=0,02). Em modelo de análise multifatorial, a presença de dislipidemia elevou o valor preditivo positivo dessas variáveis. Nenhum dos índices de VFC esteve significativamente relacionado ao surgimento de eventos. Conclusões – Em pacientes pós-IAM de baixo risco, a presença de arritmias ventriculares freqüentes ou de isquemia silenciosa está relacionada a um prognóstico desfavorável. O estudo da VFC não mostrou utilidade na estratificação de risco destes pacientes.

Incidência, fatores de risco e consequências de defeitos congênitos em recém-nascidos e natimortos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Intracerebroventricularly delivered VEGF promotes contralesional corticorubral plasticity after focal cerebral ischemia via mechanisms involving anti-inflammatory actions

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has potent angiogenic and neuroprotective effects in the ischemic brain. Its effect on axonal plasticity and neurological recovery in the post-acute stroke phase was unknown. Using behavioral tests combined with anterograde tract tracing studies and with immunohistochemical and molecular biological experiments, we examined effects of a delayed i.c.v. delivery of recombinant human VEGF(165), starting 3 days after stroke, on functional neurological recovery, corticorubral plasticity and inflammatory brain responses in mice submitted to 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion. We herein show that the slowly progressive functional improvements of motor grip strength and coordination, which are induced by VEGF, are accompanied by enhanced sprouting of contralesional corticorubral fibres that branched off the pyramidal tract in order to cross the midline and innervate the ipsilesional parvocellular red nucleus. Infiltrates of CD45+ leukocytes were noticed in the ischemic striatum of vehicle-treated mice that closely corresponded to areas exhibiting Iba-1+ activated microglia. VEGF attenuated the CD45+ leukocyte infiltrates at 14 but not 30 days post ischemia and diminished the microglial activation. Notably, the VEGF-induced anti-inflammatory effect of VEGF was associated with a downregulation of a broad set of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in both brain hemispheres. These data suggest a link between VEGF's immunosuppressive and plasticity-promoting actions that may be important for successful brain remodeling. Accordingly, growth factors with anti-inflammatory action may be promising therapeutics in the post-acute stroke phase.

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition Promotes Neurological Recovery, Peri-Lesional Tissue Remodeling, and Contralesional Pyramidal Tract Plasticity after Focal Cerebral Ischemia

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors are widely used for secondary stroke prevention. Besides their lipid-lowering activity, pleiotropic effects on neuronal survival, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis have been described. In view of these observations, we were interested whether HMG-CoA reductase inhibition in the post-acute stroke phase promotes neurological recovery, peri-lesional, and contralesional neuronal plasticity. We examined effects of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin (0.2 or 2.0 mg/kg/day i.c.v.), administered starting 3 days after 30 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion for 30 days. Here, we show that rosuvastatin treatment significantly increased the grip strength and motor coordination of animals, promoted exploration behavior, and reduced anxiety. It was associated with structural remodeling of peri-lesional brain tissue, reflected by increased neuronal survival, enhanced capillary density, and reduced striatal and corpus callosum atrophy. Increased sprouting of contralesional pyramidal tract fibers crossing the midline in order to innervate the ipsilesional red nucleus was noticed in rosuvastatin compared with vehicle-treated mice, as shown by anterograde tract tracing experiments. Western blot analysis revealed that the abundance of HMG-CoA reductase was increased in the contralesional hemisphere at 14 and 28 days post-ischemia. Our data support the idea that HMG-CoA reductase inhibition promotes brain remodeling and plasticity far beyond the acute stroke phase, resulting in neurological recovery.

Imagen Corporal y Calidad de vida de mayores incluidos en un programa de Rehabilitación Cardiaca

La mayor parte delas personas que conviven con algún tipo de enfermedad, tienden a adoptar un mayor número de hábitos saludables, pudiendo crear nuevas maneras de ver la vida y a sí mismos. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la relación entre índices de calidad de vida y percepción de la imagen corporal de los pacientes incluidos en un programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular en Florianópolis-Brasil. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 24 sujetos varones con una edad de 62 ± 1,3 años, portadores de Enfermedad Arterial Coronaria. Para evaluar la calidad de vida, se utilizó el cuestionario Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) y para identificar el grado de descontento de la muestra con la imagen corporal, se aplicó el cuestionario de Stunkard y Sorensen (1993). El análisis de las pruebas fue hecho a través de un programa de estadísticas utilizando para tal fin, el software SPSS 11.0. El grado de asociación entre variables fue estudiado a partir del test de Kendall. Se verificó que cuanto mayor es el IMC y la silueta actual, mayor el grado de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal. Los síntomas emocionales también parecen estar correlacionados significativamente con un deseo de obtener una menor silueta corporal y con indicadores de menor calidad de vida (r= 0,474 y r= 0,735; p mayor 0,05). Los síntomas físicostambién se encuentran correlacionados de manera significativa con los síntomas emocionales. Estos resultados sugieren que las variables referentes a la calidad de vida poseen un peso significativo en la imagen corporal y la satisfacción con ésta, parece correlacionar con una menor cantidad de problemas emocionales y en un mejor afrontamiento de la enfermedad. Los programas de rehabilitación cardiovascular que implementan actividad física en los hábitos diarios se muestran adecuados como herramienta para la mejora de dichas dolencias en esta fase post aguda

Imagen Corporal y Calidad de vida de mayores incluidos en un programa de Rehabilitación Cardiaca

La mayor parte delas personas que conviven con algún tipo de enfermedad, tienden a adoptar un mayor número de hábitos saludables, pudiendo crear nuevas maneras de ver la vida y a sí mismos. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la relación entre índices de calidad de vida y percepción de la imagen corporal de los pacientes incluidos en un programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular en Florianópolis-Brasil. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 24 sujetos varones con una edad de 62 ± 1,3 años, portadores de Enfermedad Arterial Coronaria. Para evaluar la calidad de vida, se utilizó el cuestionario Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) y para identificar el grado de descontento de la muestra con la imagen corporal, se aplicó el cuestionario de Stunkard y Sorensen (1993). El análisis de las pruebas fue hecho a través de un programa de estadísticas utilizando para tal fin, el software SPSS 11.0. El grado de asociación entre variables fue estudiado a partir del test de Kendall. Se verificó que cuanto mayor es el IMC y la silueta actual, mayor el grado de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal. Los síntomas emocionales también parecen estar correlacionados significativamente con un deseo de obtener una menor silueta corporal y con indicadores de menor calidad de vida (r= 0,474 y r= 0,735; p mayor 0,05). Los síntomas físicostambién se encuentran correlacionados de manera significativa con los síntomas emocionales. Estos resultados sugieren que las variables referentes a la calidad de vida poseen un peso significativo en la imagen corporal y la satisfacción con ésta, parece correlacionar con una menor cantidad de problemas emocionales y en un mejor afrontamiento de la enfermedad. Los programas de rehabilitación cardiovascular que implementan actividad física en los hábitos diarios se muestran adecuados como herramienta para la mejora de dichas dolencias en esta fase post aguda

Imagen Corporal y Calidad de vida de mayores incluidos en un programa de Rehabilitación Cardiaca

La mayor parte delas personas que conviven con algún tipo de enfermedad, tienden a adoptar un mayor número de hábitos saludables, pudiendo crear nuevas maneras de ver la vida y a sí mismos. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la relación entre índices de calidad de vida y percepción de la imagen corporal de los pacientes incluidos en un programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular en Florianópolis-Brasil. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 24 sujetos varones con una edad de 62 ± 1,3 años, portadores de Enfermedad Arterial Coronaria. Para evaluar la calidad de vida, se utilizó el cuestionario Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ) y para identificar el grado de descontento de la muestra con la imagen corporal, se aplicó el cuestionario de Stunkard y Sorensen (1993). El análisis de las pruebas fue hecho a través de un programa de estadísticas utilizando para tal fin, el software SPSS 11.0. El grado de asociación entre variables fue estudiado a partir del test de Kendall. Se verificó que cuanto mayor es el IMC y la silueta actual, mayor el grado de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal. Los síntomas emocionales también parecen estar correlacionados significativamente con un deseo de obtener una menor silueta corporal y con indicadores de menor calidad de vida (r= 0,474 y r= 0,735; p mayor 0,05). Los síntomas físicostambién se encuentran correlacionados de manera significativa con los síntomas emocionales. Estos resultados sugieren que las variables referentes a la calidad de vida poseen un peso significativo en la imagen corporal y la satisfacción con ésta, parece correlacionar con una menor cantidad de problemas emocionales y en un mejor afrontamiento de la enfermedad. Los programas de rehabilitación cardiovascular que implementan actividad física en los hábitos diarios se muestran adecuados como herramienta para la mejora de dichas dolencias en esta fase post aguda

Referral to rehabilitation following traumatic brain injury: a model for understanding inequities in access

Identifying inequities in access to health care requires critical scrutiny of the patterns and processes of care decisions. This paper describes a conceptual model. derived from social problems theory. which is proposed as a useful framework for explaining patterns of post-acute care referral and in particular, individual variations in referral to rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The model is based on three main components: (1) characteristics of the individual with TBI, (2) activities of health care professionals and the processes of referral. and (3) the contexts of care. The central argument is that access to rehabilitation following TBI is a dynamic phenomenon concerning the interpretations and negotiations of health care professionals. which in turn are shaped by the organisational and broader health care contexts. The model developed in this paper provides opportunity to develop a complex analysis of post-acute care referral based on patient factors, contextual factors and decision-making processes. It is anticipated that this framework will have utility in other areas examining and understanding patterns of access to health care. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Diagnostic accuracy of and patient satisfaction with telemedicine for the follow-up of paediatric burns patients

Videoconferencing has become a routine technique for the post-acute burns care of children in Queensland. We compared the agreement between clinical assessments conducted via videoconference and assessments conducted in the conventional, face-to-face manner (FTF). A total of 35 children with a previous burn injury were studied. Twenty-five children received three consecutive assessments: first FTF by a consultant in the outpatient department, then by a second consultant who reviewed the patient via videoconference, and then by the second consultant in person. The second consultant also reviewed another 10 children twice. At each review, the following variables were measured: scar colour, scar thickening, contractures, range of motion, the patient's level of general activity, any breakdown of the graft site, and adequacy of the consultation. Agreement between the two consultants when seeing patients FTF was moderately high, with an overall concordance of 85%. When videoconferencing was used, the level of agreement was almost the same, at 84%. If one consultant reviewed patients FTF first and then via videoconference, the overall concordance was 98%; if the process was reversed, the overall concordance was 97%. This study confirms that the quality of information collected during a videoconference appointment is comparable to that collected during a traditional, FTF appointment for a follow-up burns consultation.