Party Size and Constituency Representation: Evidence from the 19th-Century U.S. House of Representatives

Research on congressional parties assumes, but has not directly shown, that party size affects individual members' calculations. Drawing on a key case from the nineteenth-century House the secession-driven Republican hegemony of 1861 this article explores the hypothesis that party voting not only declines but also becomes more strongly linked to constituency factors as relative party size increases. The analysis reveals that the jump in party size coincides with (1) a decrease in party voting among individual continuing members, (2) a strengthening association between some constituency factors and party voting, and (3) patterns of decline in individual party voting that are explained in part by constituency measures.

Documentation of Vernagtferner from the 17th century

Five paintings and sketches of the advances of the Vernagtferner in the 17th century are presented, four of which have recently been re-discovered in the Tyrolean archives. The view of the glacier in the year 1601 is the oldest known picture of an alpine glacier up to now. The pictures are discussed together with the written informations with regard to the extent of the glacier advances and the out bursts of the ice dammed lakes.

Technical evolution of 3d modular construction from the nineteenth century to world war II

3D Modular construction is poorly known and scarcely published in technical literature. In spite of that there are an increasing number of manufacturers offering their products in different countries. This method has largely evolved from early examples such as the American Gold Rush prefabrication in the nineteenth century, the Sears precut homes or Voisin´s prototypes for modular homes, to the end of the first half of the twentieth century. In this period a non negligible number of attempts in 3D modular construction have been carried out, ranging from theoretical proposals to several hundred or thousand units produced. Selected examples of modular architecture will be analyses in order to illustrate its technical evolution, concerning materials, structure, transportation and on site assembly. Success and failure factors of the different systems will be discussed. Conclusions about building criteria shown in them and their applicability in current architecture will be drawn.

The Pacific, its past and future, and the policy of the great powers from the eighteenth century,

Mode of access: Internet.

One hundred and seventy-six historic and artistic book-bindings dating from the fifteenth century to the present time pictured by etchings, artotypes, and lithographs after the originals selected from the library of Robert Hoe ...

"The edition consists of two hundred copies only, all printed upon imperial Japanese paper."

An account of a copy from the 15th century of a map of the world engraved on metal,

Mode of access: Internet.

The Pacific, its past and future and the policy of the great powers from the eighteenth century /

Bibliographical footnotes.

French painters of the XVIIIth century,

Mode of access: Internet.

The history of fiction: being a critical account of the most celebrated prose works of fiction, from the earliest Greek romances to the novels of the present age.

First edition. NCBEL, III, 1279.

The penitential discipline of the primitive church for the first four hundred years after Christ, together with its declension from the fifth century downwards to its present state, impartially represented.

Bibliographical footnotes.

Clubs and club life in London; with anecdotes of its famous coffee houses, hostelries, and taverns, from the seventeenth century to the present time,

Title vignette.