Cultura popular y poesía narrativa medieval: contactos productivos

El presente artículo propone focalizar la pertinencia de la configuración teórica del concepto de literatura y cultura popular para el estudio de la poesía narrativa medieval en su pasaje del universo de la oralidad al de la escritura, y de la escritura manuscrita a la imprenta. Los ejemplos serán aportados a su vez por los géneros narrativos paradigmáticos medievales, la épica y el romancero, en el dominio lingüístico específico del castellano.

La lírica popular-tradicional argentina : Límites difusos

La sociedad argentina puede caracterizarse como "nueva", producto de proyectos poblacionales y migraciones internas y externas. Esta condición determinó que la cultura popular, y la poesía en particular, se manifestaran en distintas tradiciones superpuestas. Una tradición hispánica procedente del período colonial se asentó en el noroeste del país, área de población más antigua en la que fueron documentados romances y coplas tradicionales. Paralelamente, una tradición criolla heredera de la hispánica tuvo expresiones autóctonas en relación con los movimientos independentistas (romancero criollo, pero también décimas y coplas). Por último, una tradición europea se incorporó entre fines del siglo xix y principios del xx con el denominado aluvión inmigratorio. Esta última corriente impregnó todo lo anterior con nuevos temas procedentes especialmente de España, pero en contacto con diversas formas populares de otros países como Italia, Francia y Portugal. El propósito de este artículo es ofrecer un panorama de la superposición de estos distintos estratos culturales tal como se manifiesta en las coplas que se cantaron y se imprimieron en la primera mitad del Siglo xx

Cultura popular y poesía narrativa medieval: contactos productivos

El presente artículo propone focalizar la pertinencia de la configuración teórica del concepto de literatura y cultura popular para el estudio de la poesía narrativa medieval en su pasaje del universo de la oralidad al de la escritura, y de la escritura manuscrita a la imprenta. Los ejemplos serán aportados a su vez por los géneros narrativos paradigmáticos medievales, la épica y el romancero, en el dominio lingüístico específico del castellano.

La lírica popular-tradicional argentina : Límites difusos

La sociedad argentina puede caracterizarse como "nueva", producto de proyectos poblacionales y migraciones internas y externas. Esta condición determinó que la cultura popular, y la poesía en particular, se manifestaran en distintas tradiciones superpuestas. Una tradición hispánica procedente del período colonial se asentó en el noroeste del país, área de población más antigua en la que fueron documentados romances y coplas tradicionales. Paralelamente, una tradición criolla heredera de la hispánica tuvo expresiones autóctonas en relación con los movimientos independentistas (romancero criollo, pero también décimas y coplas). Por último, una tradición europea se incorporó entre fines del siglo xix y principios del xx con el denominado aluvión inmigratorio. Esta última corriente impregnó todo lo anterior con nuevos temas procedentes especialmente de España, pero en contacto con diversas formas populares de otros países como Italia, Francia y Portugal. El propósito de este artículo es ofrecer un panorama de la superposición de estos distintos estratos culturales tal como se manifiesta en las coplas que se cantaron y se imprimieron en la primera mitad del Siglo xx

Aproximación a la arquitectura popular en la Mancha Baja. El caso de Manzanares

La tesis se compone de una primera parte introductoria, en la que se recogen las distintas opiniones y definiciones de la arquitectura “popular”, el estado de la cuestión, comentando los artículos y publicaciones realizados sobre la Mancha. La segunda parte profundiza en aspectos generales previos al análisis edificatorio central de la tesis, con los siguientes capítulos: -Estudio de los condicionantes físicos, históricos, socio-económicos y culturales de la comarca de la Mancha Baja. Acotando el territorio. -Una visión general sobre la arquitectura tradicional de la provincia de Ciudad Real, por comarcas. -Un estudio de las distintas tipologías edificatorias tradicionales, con ejemplos en la comarca manchega. -El análisis de materiales constructivos, elementos y sistemas utilizados en las construcciones tradicionales en la Mancha Baja. La tercera parte, desde la premisa de la representación gráfica, apoyado en un anexo con dibujos de ciento treinta y siete edificios populares de Manzanares y comarca, estudia: El trazado urbano y las casas de Manzanares; desde los levantamientos de plantas, alzados y secciones, emplazamiento en la manzana y fotografías, se realiza una descripción completa, con noventa y seis ejemplos. Además de llegar a las conclusiones derivadas del análisis de estas edificaciones, los objetivos pretendidos con este estudio serían también: Realizar un primer trabajo aproximativo, desde la visión arquitectónica, de la arquitectura tradicional manchega. Recopilar toda la información existente que pueda relacionarse con la arquitectura popular en la comarca, y citar los escritos y publicaciones de referencia para posteriores estudios. Se estudia la geomorfología, el clima, el territorio, la economía, la sociología, etc…, para obtener una información clave, además de los materiales, técnicas constructivas y morfología de las edificaciones. Se destaca el apartado de los edificios preindustriales tradicionales, como molinos de viento, de agua, palomares, pósitos y bodegas con el análisis de varios ejemplos, por su importante presencia en las poblaciones. Por último se desarrolla un amplio bloque sobre bibliografía de arquitectura popular, la consultada y la general. La arquitectura popular de la mancha baja es tapial cubierto de teja árabe, cerrada al exterior, pero abierta a grandes patios, de planta baja y cámaras altas, con elementos auxiliares de protección y acceso, que revisten la aparente simplicidad volumétrica de estos complejos, viviendas-almacén. Con un complejo programa tanto agrícola como doméstico. De gran protección frente al clima, con escasa decoración, esquemas espaciales primitivos y con mayor envergadura estructural en las dependencias agropecuarias. Una arquitectura que mezcla el uso doméstico y el productivo, pero que al evolucionar aumenta su diferenciación. Edificios que mantienen las mismas cualidades estéticas, repitiendo formas y volúmenes, pero de peculiares configuraciones espaciales, se repiten los materiales y técnicas constructivas, así como elementos arquitectónicos con pocas variaciones, pero no existen dos conjuntos similares. No podemos utilizar un ejemplo como modelo de casa manchega. Evoluciona de la casa bloque, básica y primitiva, con ejemplos escasos en las poblaciones más deprimidas, a la casa compleja, donde se separan con claridad las dependencias agropecuarias de las vivideras. Evoluciona de una casa rural, con los mismos esquemas, ya se ubique en el campo o en núcleos de población, a la casa urbana, entre medianerías, en la que se puede encontrar una transformación paralela, desarrollándose programas domésticos, más especializados, mezclados con arquitecturas cultas, con programas que reflejan las nuevas necesidades de la sociedad urbana del siglo XX. ABSTRACT The thesis is composed of a first part that is collected as introducing different views and definitions of popular architecture, the state of affairs, commenting on articles and publications carried out at the Mancha. The second part explores general issues before the main urban analysis of the thesis, with the following chapters: -A study of the geographic, historical, socio-economic and cultural conditions of the region of the Mancha Baja. Delimiting the territory -A tour with an overview of the province of Ciudad Real by regions. -A study of the different traditional building types, with examples in the region from the Mancha. -The Analysis of building materials, components and systems used in traditional buildings in the Mancha Lower The third part studies from the premise of the drawing: The urban planning of the towns to study and houses of Manzanares, from the execution of plans, elevations and sections, sites in the blocks, old photographs, a full description is made, covering a wide range of examples, highlighting the “evolution during the twentieth century, in its last quarter, buildings of popular character “, which is the ultimate aim of the thesis. In addition to reaching the conclusions drawn from the analysis cards of these buildings, the objectives pursued with this study would be also: This paper is the realization of a first rough work from the architectural vision of traditional architecture from the Mancha. To Search a work method for approaching the popular architecture, other than those made so far by other studies of historians, engineers and sociologists, with the graphical representation and the buildings would be studied like living organisms that evolve over time. To collect all the current information that It can be able to connect itself with the popular architecture in the region, and cite the writings and publications of reference for future studies. Geomorphology, climate, topography of the place is studied to obtain a key information about materials, construction techniques and morphology of the buildings. A section is opened to study the case of traditional industrial buildings like windmills, flour mill, pigeon lofts, public granary, threshing floor and cellars with the analysis of several examples; its importance is highlighted in the urban plan of the town. Finally a large block of popular literature on architecture is developed, consulted for work is distinct from the general existing on the subject. The popular architecture from the Mancha is built of rammed earth and roofs inclined of Arabic tiles, the buildings are closed to the outside, but they are open around large courtyards, and ground floor and camera high, with additional elements of protection, they are opened to patios. The manor has a complex program on agricultural and domestic activity. Large climate protection, poor decoration, quite primitive in shaping living spaces, and more structural scale in storage and processing units of agriculture-related products, mainly wine, cereal and to a lesser extent oil. These architecture combines the domestic and productive use, but which will evolve and they are distinguishing, both enclosed spaces such as courtyards. The buildings keep the same aesthetic qualities because they repeat shapes and volumes, but they maintain their spatial configuration individually; the materials, building techniques and architectural elements are repeated with slight variations, but there aren´t two identical houses. This architecture evolved from the block, basic and primitive house, with few examples in the most deprived towns, to the complex house, where agricultural units are clearly separated of domestic rooms. It developed from a country house (with the same patterns) whether it is located in the countryside or in the towns, to an urban house, in which we can find a parallel transformation, developing domestic programs, more specialized, mixed with cultivated architectures, with programs that reflect the changing needs of urban society of the twentieth century.

O "ser português" e o "outro": Revisitar a história de Portugal no diálogo com a civilização chinesa - O caso Tomás Pereira

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Cultura - Especialidade em Culturas do Extremo Oriente

Esbós de les traduccions de l'Editorial Mentora i Llegiu-me: la literatura de consum

Edicions Mentora fou una breu aventura editorial en català a la Barcelona dels anys 1920. Tot i la seva curta existència, Mentora és un agraït objecte d’estudi per als historiadors de la traducció, atès que introduí, sovint amb la col·laboració d’escriptors notables de l’època com Josep Carner o Carles Soldevila, un tipus de novel·la estrangera adreçada a un ampli ventall de públic. Aquesta nova literatura popular, generalment de procedència francesa o anglosaxona, que es podria ja anomenar «de consum», es nodria de llibres d’aventures per a joves i de novel·les sentimentals per a un públic femení.

Nichesourcing The Uralic Languages For The Benefit Of Linguistic Research And Lingual Societies

The emerging technologies have recently challenged the libraries to reconsider their role as a mere mediator between the collections, researchers, and wider audiences (Sula, 2013), and libraries, especially the nationwide institutions like national libraries, haven’t always managed to face the challenge (Nygren et al., 2014). In the Digitization Project of Kindred Languages, the National Library of Finland has become a node that connects the partners to interplay and work for shared goals and objectives. In this paper, I will be drawing a picture of the crowdsourcing methods that have been established during the project to support both linguistic research and lingual diversity. The National Library of Finland has been executing the Digitization Project of Kindred Languages since 2012. The project seeks to digitize and publish approximately 1,200 monograph titles and more than 100 newspapers titles in various, and in some cases endangered Uralic languages. Once the digitization has been completed in 2015, the Fenno-Ugrica online collection will consist of 110,000 monograph pages and around 90,000 newspaper pages to which all users will have open access regardless of their place of residence. The majority of the digitized literature was originally published in the 1920s and 1930s in the Soviet Union, and it was the genesis and consolidation period of literary languages. This was the era when many Uralic languages were converted into media of popular education, enlightenment, and dissemination of information pertinent to the developing political agenda of the Soviet state. The ‘deluge’ of popular literature in the 1920s to 1930s suddenly challenged the lexical orthographic norms of the limited ecclesiastical publications from the 1880s onward. Newspapers were now written in orthographies and in word forms that the locals would understand. Textbooks were written to address the separate needs of both adults and children. New concepts were introduced in the language. This was the beginning of a renaissance and period of enlightenment (Rueter, 2013). The linguistically oriented population can also find writings to their delight, especially lexical items specific to a given publication, and orthographically documented specifics of phonetics. The project is financially supported by the Kone Foundation in Helsinki and is part of the Foundation’s Language Programme. One of the key objectives of the Kone Foundation Language Programme is to support a culture of openness and interaction in linguistic research, but also to promote citizen science as a tool for the participation of the language community in research. In addition to sharing this aspiration, our objective within the Language Programme is to make sure that old and new corpora in Uralic languages are made available for the open and interactive use of the academic community as well as the language societies. Wordlists are available in 17 languages, but without tokenization, lemmatization, and so on. This approach was verified with the scholars, and we consider the wordlists as raw data for linguists. Our data is used for creating the morphological analyzers and online dictionaries at the Helsinki and Tromsø Universities, for instance. In order to reach the targets, we will produce not only the digitized materials but also their development tools for supporting linguistic research and citizen science. The Digitization Project of Kindred Languages is thus linked with the research of language technology. The mission is to improve the usage and usability of digitized content. During the project, we have advanced methods that will refine the raw data for further use, especially in the linguistic research. How does the library meet the objectives, which appears to be beyond its traditional playground? The written materials from this period are a gold mine, so how could we retrieve these hidden treasures of languages out of the stack that contains more than 200,000 pages of literature in various Uralic languages? The problem is that the machined-encoded text (OCR) contains often too many mistakes to be used as such in research. The mistakes in OCRed texts must be corrected. For enhancing the OCRed texts, the National Library of Finland developed an open-source code OCR editor that enabled the editing of machine-encoded text for the benefit of linguistic research. This tool was necessary to implement, since these rare and peripheral prints did often include already perished characters, which are sadly neglected by the modern OCR software developers, but belong to the historical context of kindred languages and thus are an essential part of the linguistic heritage (van Hemel, 2014). Our crowdsourcing tool application is essentially an editor of Alto XML format. It consists of a back-end for managing users, permissions, and files, communicating through a REST API with a front-end interface—that is, the actual editor for correcting the OCRed text. The enhanced XML files can be retrieved from the Fenno-Ugrica collection for further purposes. Could the crowd do this work to support the academic research? The challenge in crowdsourcing lies in its nature. The targets in the traditional crowdsourcing have often been split into several microtasks that do not require any special skills from the anonymous people, a faceless crowd. This way of crowdsourcing may produce quantitative results, but from the research’s point of view, there is a danger that the needs of linguists are not necessarily met. Also, the remarkable downside is the lack of shared goal or the social affinity. There is no reward in the traditional methods of crowdsourcing (de Boer et al., 2012). Also, there has been criticism that digital humanities makes the humanities too data-driven and oriented towards quantitative methods, losing the values of critical qualitative methods (Fish, 2012). And on top of that, the downsides of the traditional crowdsourcing become more imminent when you leave the Anglophone world. Our potential crowd is geographically scattered in Russia. This crowd is linguistically heterogeneous, speaking 17 different languages. In many cases languages are close to extinction or longing for language revitalization, and the native speakers do not always have Internet access, so an open call for crowdsourcing would not have produced appeasing results for linguists. Thus, one has to identify carefully the potential niches to complete the needed tasks. When using the help of a crowd in a project that is aiming to support both linguistic research and survival of endangered languages, the approach has to be a different one. In nichesourcing, the tasks are distributed amongst a small crowd of citizen scientists (communities). Although communities provide smaller pools to draw resources, their specific richness in skill is suited for complex tasks with high-quality product expectations found in nichesourcing. Communities have a purpose and identity, and their regular interaction engenders social trust and reputation. These communities can correspond to research more precisely (de Boer et al., 2012). Instead of repetitive and rather trivial tasks, we are trying to utilize the knowledge and skills of citizen scientists to provide qualitative results. In nichesourcing, we hand in such assignments that would precisely fill the gaps in linguistic research. A typical task would be editing and collecting the words in such fields of vocabularies where the researchers do require more information. For instance, there is lack of Hill Mari words and terminology in anatomy. We have digitized the books in medicine, and we could try to track the words related to human organs by assigning the citizen scientists to edit and collect words with the OCR editor. From the nichesourcing’s perspective, it is essential that altruism play a central role when the language communities are involved. In nichesourcing, our goal is to reach a certain level of interplay, where the language communities would benefit from the results. For instance, the corrected words in Ingrian will be added to an online dictionary, which is made freely available for the public, so the society can benefit, too. This objective of interplay can be understood as an aspiration to support the endangered languages and the maintenance of lingual diversity, but also as a servant of ‘two masters’: research and society.

Zwischen Inszenierter Wirklichkeit und realem Traum : Rolle und Problematik des Erzählers in den phantastischen Prosawerken von Leo Perutz und Alexander Lernet-Holenia

Souvent laissée pour contre par les théoriciens, longtemps associée à la littérature populaire, la littérature fantastique a su depuis se tailler une place parmi les grands genres de la littérature. Depuis le milieu du XXe siècle, les chercheurs et le public découvrent ou redécouvrent un genre qui a toujours fait parti du paysage littéraire. Une œuvre majeure contribuera à la redécouverte scientifique du genre : Écrite en 1970 l’œuvre de Tzvetan Todorov Introduction à la littérature fantastique donne tant au néophyte qu’au chercheur un ouvrage qui trouve encore des échos aujourd’hui. Sa définition du fantastique, son approche du rôle du narrateur et du lecteur sont une référence, un point de départ et surtout un incontournable pour ceux et celles qui désirent comprendre et apprendre le fantastique. Dans ce mémoire, nous nous concentrerons particulièrement sur le rôle et la problématique du narrateur dans l’œuvre de deux représentants majeurs de la littérature fantastique de langue allemande du début du XXe siècle : Leo Perutz (1882-1957) et Alexander Lernet-Holenia (1897-1976). Le narrateur semble jouer un rôle prédominant dans la littérature fantastique. En effet, par son discours souvent présenté au « je », il semble créer une dynamique très particulière : il manipule son propre discours, il agit sur le lecteur en étant narrateur et personnage dans le récit, il crée une tension entre les différentes couches narratives par son état instable. Bref, il semble contribuer à l’apparition du fantastique dans le texte et également provoquer une certaine hésitation chez le lecteur. Le texte joue également un rôle : Leo Perutz produit un modèle de texte qui semble marquer aussi son collègue Alexander Lernet-Holenia. La structure presque mathématique des textes de Perutz rappelle que le fantastique peut jouer même à l’intérieur de paramètres rigides avec l’ordre et le chaos, les frontières entre le réel et le rêve. Nous étudierons des œuvres de Leo Perutz et d’Alexander Lernet-Holenia qui ont été publiées entre 1915 et 1937. Les théories qui serviront à appuyer mon travail sont tirées entre autre des études de Tzvetan Todorov et Uwe Durst sur la littérature fantastique et de Gérard Genette sur le narrateur.

Where did all these books come from? The Publishing Industry and American Intellectual Life

The American book publishing industry shapes the character of American intellectual life. While the newspaper and television industries have been accused of and investigated for bias and lowering America’s intellectual standards, book publishing has gone largely unexamined by scholars. The existing studies of the publishing industry have focused on finance, procedure and history. “There are few ‘theories’ of publishing – efforts to understand the ‘whys’ as well as the ‘hows.’ Few scholarly scientists have devoted significant scholarly attention to publishing” (Altbach and Hoshino, xiii). There are many possible reasons for this lacuna. First, there is a perception that books have always been around, that they are an “old” technology and therefore they don’t appear to have had as much of an impact on our society as television and other media (which were developed quickly and suddenly) seem to have had (Altbach and Hoshino, xiv). Also, despite books’ present and past popularity, television, radio, and now the internet reach more people more easily, and are therefore more topical points of study and observation. In studying the effects of mass media on everyday American life, television and the internet may be the most logical points of study. Regarding public intellectual life however, books play a much more important role. Public intellectual life has always been associated with independent thinkers publishing their work for the masses. For this reason, this I focus on trade publishing. Trade publishing produces fiction and non-fiction works for the general reading public, as opposed to technical manuals, textbooks, and other fiction and nonfiction books targeted to small and specific audiences. Although, quantitatively speaking, “the largest part of book publishing business is embodied in that great complex of companies and activities producing educational, business, scientific, technical, and reference books and materials,” (Tebbel 1987, 439) the trade industry publishes most of the books that most people read. It is the most public segment of the industry, and the most likely place to find public intellectualism. Trade publishing is not only the most public segment of the industry, but it is also the most susceptible to corruption and lowered intellectual standards. Unlike specialty publishing, which caters to a specific, known segment of society, trade publishers must compete with countless other publications, as well as with other forms of media, for the patronage of the general public. As John Tebbel (author of a widely referenced history of the publishing industry) puts it, “The textbook, scientific, or technical book is subjected to much more rigorous scrutiny by buyers and users, and in an intensively competitive market inferior products are quickly lost" (Tebbel 1987, xiv). Since the standards for trade publishing are not nearly as specific – trade books simply need to catch the attention of a significant number of readers, they don’t have to measure up to a given level of quality – the quality of trade books is much more variable. And yet, a successful trade publication can have a much greater impact on society than the most rigorously researched and edited textbook or scholarly study.

O cordel como fonte de informação: a vivacidade dos folhetos de cordeis no Rio Grande do Norte

GAUDENCIO, Sale Mario; BORBA, Maria do Socorro de Azevedo. O cordel como fonte de informaçao: a vivacidade dos folhetos de cordeis no Rio Grande do Norte. Biblioonline, Joao Pessoa, v.6, n. 1, p.82-92, 2010.

O chiste em Tutaméia: riso que (des)vela

The aim of this paper is to present the study of the laughter in Tutaméia, by João Guimarães Rosa, throughtout the four forewords and ten novels selected from the author s literary work. It is based on the psychoanalytical theory of Sigmund Freud and Jacques Lacan about the laughter (and delight in the humorous nuances) and the unconscious mind. By taking the laughter as the point of exploitation and understanding, the narration can be understood from an esthetical pattern established on the variety of orallity retained by the narrator and the cordel pamphlets (known as string literature ) and its bypassing on the classical literature and the popular literature revealing its own logical linguistic and conception apart from the official one. It is taken a comparative conception of life in the François Rabelais characters and some characters from Tutaméia having Melim-Meloso as a paradigm showing how one s life can be happy in spite of all adversities by using laughter as the antidote potion against human being s misery and pain to achieve sense of freedom and pleasure

Aspectos da literatura de cordel em A Pedra do Reino, de Ariano Suassuna

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Memória e migração presentes em narrativas orais de migrantes nordestinos na Amazônia paraense

O presente estudo analisa narrativas orais e histórias de vida de migrantes nordestinos que estabeleceram residência na chamada Amazônia Paraense, mais precisamente, na região denominada Bragantina, no município de Igarapé Açu. Para tanto, usamos categorias como Memória e Migração, bem como sua relação com Cultura e Cultura Popular e como estas se inserem na Literatura Popular ou Literatura Oral dessa região. Acreditamos que a oralidade muito tem contribuído para a solidificação da Cultura Popular e sua diversidade, porém isto não é considerado. Vale ressaltar que este trabalho apresenta-se como uma contribuição para o entendimento dessa enorme diversidade cultural existente na região a partir dos fluxos migratórios ocorridos. Coletamos narrativas de migrantes que moram no município de Igarapé Açu, na tentativa de compreender toda essa gama cultural e efervescente, que é própria de regiões onde a migração é forte. A memória também tem contribuído de forma significativa para os estudos relativos à oralidade, e seus traços culturais resultantes dela.

Por uma história do livro e da leitura no Pará: o caso da Guajarina, editora de folhetos de cordel (1922-1949)

A presente dissertação analisa a atuação da editora Guajarina na divulgação da literatura de cordel no Pará a partir de uma história do livro e da leitura, tendo como recorte o período de 1922 a 1949. Nesse sentido, procuramos explorar algumas questões relacionadas ao cordel que não se reduzem aos textos, tais como: a problematização da associação entre cordel, cultura popular e folclore; a produção e circulação dos folhetos; e as representações e estratégias dos poetas nas histórias de crimes. Desse modo, a análise da Guajarina e de seus folhetos nos permite entender alguns significados das múltiplas práticas de leitura da sociedade no contexto da primeira metade do século XX. Além dos folhetos, também são utilizadas fontes como jornais, revistas e coleções encadernadas de modinhas.