Les Clubs de « Manches de ligne » et du Dr Geoffrion : sociabilités gaies, discours publics et répression dans la région de Montréal, 1860-1910

Ce mémoire documente l’émergence d’une sous-culture gaie masculine dans la région montréalaise entre 1860 et 1910 et s’intéresse aux discours et à la répression envers les hommes ayant des comportements homosexuels ou d’inversion de genre. Par l’analyse de sources journalistiques, judiciaires et juridiques, il déconstruit une série de préjugés, notamment à l’égard des sources, présumées pauvres; du discours public sur les comportements homosexuels, supposé inexistant; et des hommes qui avaient ces comportements, que plusieurs imaginent invisibles et isolés les uns des autres. Il montre au contraire que des archives variées révèlent une vie « gaie » et le déploiement d’une opinion publique à son égard. Ainsi, l’analyse d’un important corpus d’articles de journaux et une étude de cas portant sur deux des plus anciens clubs homosexuels connus au Québec, démantelés en 1892 et en 1908, confirment l’existence de réseaux de sociabilités « gaies » dans la région montréalaise, dès le XIXe siècle. Ce faisant, il dévoile l’existence de pratiques caractéristiques des sous-cultures gaies telles que l’usage d’un vocabulaire spécifique ou l’adoption de manières efféminées par certains hommes que l’on qualifierait aujourd’hui d’homosexuels.

A influência da liderança consultiva nas relações de confiança e comprometimento no Bope/RJ

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de compreender a influência de uma liderança consultiva nas relações de confiança e comprometimento dentro de uma unidade de operações especiais, mais especificamente no Batalhão de Operações Especiais da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Apresentamos os resultados de um estudo que se utilizou de métodos quantitativos e qualitativos, com entrevistas em profundidade, questionários estruturados e semiabertos. Os resultados apontam para uma relação direta entre um estilo de liderança consultivo e a confiança pessoal e profissional no líder.

A competência essencial do BOPE: uma análise exploratória

Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo identificar os fatores críticos determinantes para a construção da competência essencial do BOPE, o Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, uma equipe de alto desempenho com forte autonomia atuando em cenários de alta incerteza. Apresentamos os resultados de um estudo realizado nesta unidade. Conduzimos a pesquisa utilizando métodos qualitativos, com historiografia oral, através de entrevistas em profundidade. Nossos resultados apontam para fatores como liderança, seleção, treinamento, confiança mútua e baixo distanciamento de poder, como críticos e explicativos na construção da competência essencial do BOPE.

Estudo sobre a cooperação informal em uma equipe de operações especiais: aprofundando a análise da confiança e seus antecedentes no BOPE

O objetivo deste trabalho foi aprofundar a compreensão do modelo de coordenação informal no Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - BOPE/RJ, uma unidade policial de operações especiais. Numa primeira etapa, conduzimos uma análise bibliográfica e documental sobre a confiança e seus antecedentes, tomando como base estudos anteriores realizados nesta unidade. Posteriormente, realizamos uma análise quantitativa, utilizando um banco de dados existente, fruto de esforços de pesquisa anteriores quando foi aplicado um questionário para os policiais desta unidade. Ao final de nossas análises, confirmamos a existência de uma relação direta e negativa entre distância de poder e confiança profissional no líder, ou seja, quanto maior a distância de poder, menor é a confiança profissional no líder. Comprovamos também que, quanto maior a percepção de acessibilidade, confiabilidade e transparência da informação compartilhada com os membros de uma equipe, maior é a confiança pessoal no líder. Além disso, quanto maior a percepção de compartilhamento e delegação de autoridade no processo de decisão do BOPE/RJ maior a confiança pessoal no líder.

Formas de violencia policial en la provincia de Buenos Aires a comienzos de la década de 1960

Este artículo estudia la violencia policial en su desempeño cotidiano alrededor de 1960. Se procuran reconocer los aspectos fundamentales de la misma, que pasaron a formar parte del accionar operativo de la policía y que incorporaron, a escala institucional, las coacciones ilegales como metodología para la 'resolución' de casos. Los mandatos políticos orientados a una determinada idea de 'orden social' y las demandas sociales por 'seguridad y orden' no estuvieron ajenos a la convalidación de las formas de violencia policial. Las fuentes consultadas también arrojan luz sobre los 'debates' al interior de la fuerza policial acerca de su rol como auxiliar de un poder militar represivo y totalitario frente a una sociedad cuyos crecientes reclamos políticos y sociales la convertirían en el 'enemigo interno'. El trabajo concluye en el año 1962, que puede ser visto como un punto de maduración en el cual la policía bonaerense aplicó su experiencia operativa acumulada en el orden cotidiano, a la represión y eliminación de la protesta social y la disidencia política

Formas de violencia policial en la provincia de Buenos Aires a comienzos de la década de 1960

Este artículo estudia la violencia policial en su desempeño cotidiano alrededor de 1960. Se procuran reconocer los aspectos fundamentales de la misma, que pasaron a formar parte del accionar operativo de la policía y que incorporaron, a escala institucional, las coacciones ilegales como metodología para la 'resolución' de casos. Los mandatos políticos orientados a una determinada idea de 'orden social' y las demandas sociales por 'seguridad y orden' no estuvieron ajenos a la convalidación de las formas de violencia policial. Las fuentes consultadas también arrojan luz sobre los 'debates' al interior de la fuerza policial acerca de su rol como auxiliar de un poder militar represivo y totalitario frente a una sociedad cuyos crecientes reclamos políticos y sociales la convertirían en el 'enemigo interno'. El trabajo concluye en el año 1962, que puede ser visto como un punto de maduración en el cual la policía bonaerense aplicó su experiencia operativa acumulada en el orden cotidiano, a la represión y eliminación de la protesta social y la disidencia política

Formas de violencia policial en la provincia de Buenos Aires a comienzos de la década de 1960

Este artículo estudia la violencia policial en su desempeño cotidiano alrededor de 1960. Se procuran reconocer los aspectos fundamentales de la misma, que pasaron a formar parte del accionar operativo de la policía y que incorporaron, a escala institucional, las coacciones ilegales como metodología para la 'resolución' de casos. Los mandatos políticos orientados a una determinada idea de 'orden social' y las demandas sociales por 'seguridad y orden' no estuvieron ajenos a la convalidación de las formas de violencia policial. Las fuentes consultadas también arrojan luz sobre los 'debates' al interior de la fuerza policial acerca de su rol como auxiliar de un poder militar represivo y totalitario frente a una sociedad cuyos crecientes reclamos políticos y sociales la convertirían en el 'enemigo interno'. El trabajo concluye en el año 1962, que puede ser visto como un punto de maduración en el cual la policía bonaerense aplicó su experiencia operativa acumulada en el orden cotidiano, a la represión y eliminación de la protesta social y la disidencia política

Quem estabelece prioridades? Um estudo sobre a natureza do trabalho de investigação na polícia federal

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Departamento de Sociologia, 2015.

Costing police custody operations

Presents a simulation study of the costing of police custody operations at a UK police force. The custody operation incorporates the arrest, booking-in, interview, detention and court appearance activities. The Activity Based Costing (ABC) approach is used as a framework to show how costs are generated by the three “drivers” of cost, activity and resource. These relate to the design efficiency of the process, the timing and mix of demand on the process and the cost of resources used to undertake the process respectively. The use of discrete-event simulation allows the incorporation of dynamic (time-dependent) and stochastic (variability) elements in the cost analysis. This enables both the amount and timing of the use of capacity and the generation of cost to be established. The concept of committed and flexible resources directs management decisions to the redeployment of unused capacity or alternatively the identification of additional capacity requirements.

The impact of police speed enforcement practices on self-reported speeding: An exploration of the effects of visibility and mobility

Research has highlighted the relationship between vehicle speed and increased crash risk and severity. Evidence suggests that police speed enforcement, in particular speed camera operations, can be an effective tool for reducing traffic crashes. A quantitative survey of Queensland drivers (n = 852) was conducted to investigate the impact of police speed enforcement methods on self-reported speeding behaviour. Results indicate that visible enforcement was associated with significantly greater self-reported compliance than covert operations irrespective of the mobility of the approach, and the effects on behaviour were longer lasting. The mobility of operations appeared to be moderated the visibility of the approach. Specifically, increased mobility was associated with increase reported compliant behaviour, but only for covert operations, and increased longevity of reported compliant behaviour, but only for overt operations. The perceived effectiveness of various speed enforcement approaches are also analysed across a range of driving scenarios. Results are discussed in light of the small effect sizes. Recommendations for policy and future research are presented.

The relationship between drivers’ perceptions toward police speed enforcement and self-reported speeding behaviour

Exceeding the speed limit and driving too fast for the conditions are regularly cited as significant contributing factors in traffic crashes, particularly fatal and serious injury crashes. Despite an extensive body of research highlighting the relationship between increased vehicle speeds and crash risk and severity, speeding remains a pervasive behaviour on Australian roads. The development of effective countermeasures designed to reduce the prevalence of speeding behaviour requires that this behaviour is well understood. The primary aim of this program of research was to develop a better understanding of the influence of drivers’ perceptions and attitudes toward police speed enforcement on speeding behaviour. Study 1 employed focus group discussions with 39 licensed drivers to explore the influence of perceptions relating to specific characteristics of speed enforcement policies and practices on drivers’ attitudes towards speed enforcement. Three primary factors were identified as being most influential: site selection; visibility; and automaticity (i.e., whether the enforcement approach is automated/camera-based or manually operated). Perceptions regarding these enforcement characteristics were found to influence attitudes regarding the perceived legitimacy and transparency of speed enforcement. Moreover, misperceptions regarding speed enforcement policies and practices appeared to also have a substantial impact on attitudes toward speed enforcement, typically in a negative direction. These findings have important implications for road safety given that prior research has suggested that the effectiveness of speed enforcement approaches may be reduced if efforts are perceived by drivers as being illegitimate, such that they do little to encourage voluntary compliance. Study 1 also examined the impact of speed enforcement approaches varying in the degree of visibility and automaticity on self-reported willingness to comply with speed limits. These discussions suggested that all of the examined speed enforcement approaches (see Section 1.5 for more details) generally showed potential to reduce vehicle speeds and encourage compliance with posted speed limits. Nonetheless, participant responses suggested a greater willingness to comply with approaches operated in a highly visible manner, irrespective of the corresponding level of automaticity of the approach. While less visible approaches were typically associated with poorer rates of driver acceptance (e.g., perceived as “sneaky” and “unfair”), participants reported that such approaches would likely encourage long-term and network-wide impacts on their own speeding behaviour, as a function of the increased unpredictability of operations and increased direct (specific deterrence) and vicarious (general deterrence) experiences with punishment. Participants in Study 1 suggested that automated approaches, particularly when operated in a highly visible manner, do little to encourage compliance with speed limits except in the immediate vicinity of the enforcement location. While speed cameras have been criticised on such grounds in the past, such approaches can still have substantial road safety benefits if implemented in high-risk settings. Moreover, site-learning effects associated with automated approaches can also be argued to be a beneficial by-product of enforcement, such that behavioural modifications are achieved even in the absence of actual enforcement. Conversely, manually operated approaches were reported to be associated with more network-wide impacts on behaviour. In addition, the reported acceptance of such methods was high, due to the increased swiftness of punishment, ability for additional illegal driving behaviours to be policed and the salutary influence associated with increased face-to-face contact with authority. Study 2 involved a quantitative survey conducted with 718 licensed Queensland drivers from metropolitan and regional areas. The survey sought to further examine the influence of the visibility and automaticity of operations on self-reported likelihood and duration of compliance. Overall, the results from Study 2 corroborated those of Study 1. All examined approaches were again found to encourage compliance with speed limits, such that all approaches could be considered to be “effective”. Nonetheless, significantly greater self-reported likelihood and duration of compliance was associated with visibly operated approaches, irrespective of the corresponding automaticity of the approach. In addition, the impact of automaticity was influenced by visibility; such that significantly greater self-reported likelihood of compliance was associated with manually operated approaches, but only when they are operated in a less visible fashion. Conversely, manually operated approaches were associated with significantly greater durations of self-reported compliance, but only when they are operated in a highly visible manner. Taken together, the findings from Studies 1 and 2 suggest that enforcement efforts, irrespective of their visibility or automaticity, generally encourage compliance with speed limits. However, the duration of these effects on behaviour upon removal of the enforcement efforts remains questionable and represents an area where current speed enforcement practices could possibly be improved. Overall, it appears that identifying the optimal mix of enforcement operations, implementing them at a sufficient intensity and increasing the unpredictability of enforcement efforts (e.g., greater use of less visible approaches, random scheduling) are critical elements of success. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were also performed in Study 2 to investigate the punishment-related and attitudinal constructs that influence self-reported frequency of speeding behaviour. The research was based on the theoretical framework of expanded deterrence theory, augmented with three particular attitudinal constructs. Specifically, previous research examining the influence of attitudes on speeding behaviour has typically focussed on attitudes toward speeding behaviour in general only. This research sought to more comprehensively explore the influence of attitudes by also individually measuring and analysing attitudes toward speed enforcement and attitudes toward the appropriateness of speed limits on speeding behaviour. Consistent with previous research, a number of classical and expanded deterrence theory variables were found to significantly predict self-reported frequency of speeding behaviour. Significantly greater speeding behaviour was typically reported by those participants who perceived punishment associated with speeding to be less certain, who reported more frequent use of punishment avoidance strategies and who reported greater direct experiences with punishment. A number of interesting differences in the significant predictors among males and females, as well as younger and older drivers, were reported. Specifically, classical deterrence theory variables appeared most influential on the speeding behaviour of males and younger drivers, while expanded deterrence theory constructs appeared more influential for females. These findings have important implications for the development and implementation of speeding countermeasures. Of the attitudinal factors, significantly greater self-reported frequency of speeding behaviour was reported among participants who held more favourable attitudes toward speeding and who perceived speed limits to be set inappropriately low. Disappointingly, attitudes toward speed enforcement were found to have little influence on reported speeding behaviour, over and above the other deterrence theory and attitudinal constructs. Indeed, the relationship between attitudes toward speed enforcement and self-reported speeding behaviour was completely accounted for by attitudes toward speeding. Nonetheless, the complexity of attitudes toward speed enforcement are not yet fully understood and future research should more comprehensively explore the measurement of this construct. Finally, given the wealth of evidence (both in general and emerging from this program of research) highlighting the association between punishment avoidance and speeding behaviour, Study 2 also sought to investigate the factors that influence the self-reported propensity to use punishment avoidance strategies. A standard multiple regression analysis was conducted for exploratory purposes only. The results revealed that punishment-related and attitudinal factors significantly predicted approximately one fifth of the variance in the dependent variable. The perceived ability to avoid punishment, vicarious punishment experience, vicarious punishment avoidance and attitudes toward speeding were all significant predictors. Future research should examine these relationships more thoroughly and identify additional influential factors. In summary, the current program of research has a number of implications for road safety and speed enforcement policy and practice decision-making. The research highlights a number of potential avenues for the improvement of public education regarding enforcement efforts and provides a number of insights into punishment avoidance behaviours. In addition, the research adds strength to the argument that enforcement approaches should not only demonstrate effectiveness in achieving key road safety objectives, such as reduced vehicle speeds and associated crashes, but also strive to be transparent and legitimate, such that voluntary compliance is encouraged. A number of potential strategies are discussed (e.g., point-to-point speed cameras, intelligent speed adaptation. The correct mix and intensity of enforcement approaches appears critical for achieving optimum effectiveness from enforcement efforts, as well as enhancements in the unpredictability of operations and swiftness of punishment. Achievement of these goals should increase both the general and specific deterrent effects associated with enforcement through an increased perceived risk of detection and a more balanced exposure to punishment and punishment avoidance experiences.

Reducing alcohol-related driving on China's roads : Traffic police officers' perceptions and practice

Alcohol-related driving is a longstanding, serious problem in China (Li, Xie, Nie, & Zhang, 2012). On 1st May, 2011 a national law was introduced to criminalize drunk driving, and imposed serious penalties including jail for driving with a blood alcohol level of above 80mg/100ml. This pilot study, undertaken a year after introduction of the law, sought traffic police officers’ perceptions of drink driving and the practice of breath alcohol testing (BAT) in a large city in Guangdong Province, southern China. A questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews were used to gain an in-depth understanding of issues relevant to alcohol-related driving. Fifty-five traffic police officers were recruited for the survey and six traffic police officers with a variety of working experience including roadside alcohol breath testing, traffic crash investigation and police resourcing were interviewed individually. The officers were recruited by the first author with the assistance of the staff from Guangdong Institute of Public Health, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interview participants reported three primary reasons why people drink and drive: 1) being prepared to take the chance of not being apprehended by police; 2) the strong traditional Chinese drinking culture; and 3) insufficient public awareness about the harmfulness of drink driving. Problems associated with the process of breath alcohol testing (BAT) were described and fit broadly into two categories: resourcing and avoiding detection. It was reported that there were insufficient traffic police officers to conduct routine traffic policing, including alcohol testing. Police BAT equipment was considered sufficient for routine traffic situations but not highway traffic operations. Local media and posters are used by the Public Security Bureau which is responsible for education about safe driving but participants thought that the education campaigns are limited in scope. Participants also described detection avoidance strategies used by drivers including: changing route; ignoring a police instruction to stop; staying inside the vehicle with windows and doors locked to avoid being tested; intentionally not performing breath tests correctly; and arguing with officers. This pilot study provided important insights from traffic police in one Chinese city which suggest there may be potential unintended effects of introducing more severe penalties including a range of strategies reportedly used by drivers to avoid detection. Recommendations for future research include a larger study to confirm these findings and examine the training and education of drivers; the focus and reach of publicity; and possible resource needs to support police enforcement.

Policing in Context : An Introduction to Police Work in Australia

Policing in Context is a well structured introductory text that gives students the practical information they need to grasp the diverse roles, duties, powers and problems of policing in Australia. This book approaches policing in three key sections, creating a natural flow of information. The first section sets up the basic knowledge needed for understanding the history, context and structure of policing in Australia. The second section provides a description of the core skills, tasks and operations of police work. In the final section, chapters cover and reflect on contemporary and emerging issues.

Heavy vehicle safety in Oman: Police interviews and heavy vehicle driver survey and focus groups. Third Report of the Heavy Vehicle Safety Research in Oman Project for The Research Council of Oman.

Over the past six months the project has undertaken three key, separate, data collection rounds. Each of these rounds focused on essentially different issues within the broader common construct of heavy vehicle road safety. This document will initially report on a series of two key qualitative data collections rounds. Firstly it will detail findings and report on discussions held in focus groups with 43 heavy vehicle drivers. The second qualitative study involved a series of interviews undertaken with 19 police officers from various levels of command and operations within the Royal Oman Police. The final data collection round reported on in this document is a roadside survey questionnaire undertaken with 400 heavy vehicle drivers.

The planning and control of operations involving the use of lethal force

This is an analysis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on the obligation on States to plan and control the use of potentially lethal force by their police and military personnel. It illustrates the Court's attachment to the strict or careful scrutiny test and suggests how the Court might want to develop its jurisprudence in the future.