Can eccentric arterial plaques alone cause flow stagnation points and favour thrombus incorporation?

We have used an experimental model of aorta stenosis, with a Plexiglas plug, simulating a stable atheromatous plaque that promotes local turbulence and thrombosis. With animal survival of more than 24 h, we followed the partial fibrinolysis of the thrombus as well as its posterior organization and incorporation to the arterial wall as a neointima for up to 30 days. The mushroom plug form permitted the development of recirculation and stasis areas around it, favouring this evolution. Despite noted limitations, this study demonstrates that thrombus incorporation can contribute to plaque extension, as it can promote recirculation and stasis areas.

Effect of image compression of digital lateral cephalograms on the reproducibility of cephalometric points

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of JPEG quality factors 100, 80 and 60 on the reproducibility of identification of cephalometric points on images of lateral cephalograms, compared with the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format. Methods: The sample was composed of 30 images of digital lateral cephalograms obtained from 30 individuals (15 males and 15 females) on a phosphor plate system in DICOM format. The images were converted to JPEG with quality factors 100, 80 and 60 with the aid of software, adding up to 90 images. The 120 images (DICOM, JPEG 100, 80 and 60) were blinded and 12 cephalometric points were identified on each image by three calibrated orthodontists, using the x-y coordinate system, on a cephalometric software. Results: The results revealed that identification of cephalometric points was highly reproducible, except for the point Orbitale (Or) on the x-axis. The different file formats did not present a statistically significant difference. Conclusions: JPEG images of lateral cephalograms with quality factors 100, 80 and 60 did not present alterations in the reproducibility of identification of cephalometric points compared with the DICOM format. Good reproducibility was achieved for the 12 points, except for point Or on the x-axis. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology (2009) 38, 393-400. doi: 10.1259/dmfr/40996636

Chest pain in the dental surgery: A brief review and practical points in diagnosis and management

If a dental patient develops chest pain it must always be managed promptly and properly, i.e., the practitioner immediately stops the procedure and, being aware of the patients's medical history, questions the patient regarding the nature of the pain to help determine the likely diagnosis. It will most likely be a manifestation of coronary artery disease (synonymous with ischaemic heart disease), i.e., angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction, most usually the former. Angina will usually resolve with proper intervention whereas up to about one-half of myocardial infarction cases will develop cardiac arrest, mostly in the first few hours, and this will be fatal in up to two-thirds of cases. As health care professions, dental practitioners have an inherent duty of care to be able to initiate appropriate care if such a medical emergency occurs.

The number of rational points of a class of Artin-Schreier curves

We determine the number of F-q-rational points of a class of Artin-Schreier curves by using recent results concerning evaluations of some exponential sums. In particular, we determine infinitely many new examples of maximal and minimal plane curves in the context of the Hasse-Weil bound. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA).

More on exact bicoverings of 12 points

The minimum number of incomplete blocks required to cover, exactly lambda times, all t-element subsets from a set V of cardinality v (v > t) is denoted by y(lambda, t; v). The value of g(2, 2; v) is known for v = 3, 4,..., 11. It was previously known that 14 less than or equal to g(2, 2; 12) less than or equal to 16. We prove that g(2, 2; 12) greater than or equal to 15.

The immediate effects of atlanto-occipital joint manipulation and suboccipital muscle inhibition technique on active mouth opening and pressure pain sensitivity over latent myofascial trigger points in the masticatory muscles

DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial.OB JECTIVE: To investigate the immediate effects on pressure pain thresholds over latent trigger points (TrPs) in the masseter and temporalis muscles and active mouth opening following atlanto-occipital joint thrust manipulation or a soft tissue manual intervention targeted to the suboccipital muscles. BACKGROUND : Previous studies have described hypoalgesic effects of neck manipulative interventions over TrPs in the cervical musculature. There is a lack of studies analyzing these mechanisms over TrPs of muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve. METHODS: One hundred twenty-two volunteers, 31 men and 91 women, between the ages of 18 and 30 years, with latent TrPs in the masseter muscle, were randomly divided into 3 groups: a manipulative group who received an atlanto-occipital joint thrust, a soft tissue group who received an inhibition technique over the suboccipital muscles, and a control group who did not receive an intervention. Pressure pain thresholds over latent TrPs in the masseter and temporalis muscles, and active mouth opening were assessed pretreatment and 2 minutes posttreatment by a blinded assessor. Mixed-model analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the effects of interventions on each outcome, with group as the between-subjects variable and time as the within-subjects variable. The primary analysis was the group-by-time interaction. RESULTS: The 2-by-3 mixed-model ANOVA revealed a significant group-by-time interaction for changes in pressure pain thresholds over masseter (P<.01) and temporalis (P =.003) muscle latent TrPs and also for active mouth opening (P<.001) in favor of the manipulative and soft tissue groups. Between-group effect sizes were small. CONCLUSIONS: The application of an atlanto-occipital thrust manipulation or soft tissue technique targeted to the suboccipital muscles led to an immediate increase in pressure pain thresholds over latent TrPs in the masseter and temporalis muscles and an increase in maximum active mouth opening. Nevertheless, the effects of both interventions were small and future studies are required to elucidate the clinical relevance of these changes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE : Therapy, level 1b. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(5):310-317. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3257. KEYWORDSDS: cervical manipulation, muscle trigger points, neck, TMJ, upper cervical.

Branching points in the low-temperature dipolar hard sphere fluid

In this contribution, we investigate the low-temperature, low-density behaviour of dipolar hard-sphere (DHS) particles, i.e., hard spheres with dipoles embedded in their centre. We aim at describing the DHS fluid in terms of a network of chains and rings (the fundamental clusters) held together by branching points (defects) of different nature. We first introduce a systematic way of classifying inter-cluster connections according to their topology, and then employ this classification to analyse the geometric and thermodynamic properties of each class of defects, as extracted from state-of-the-art equilibrium Monte Carlo simulations. By computing the average density and energetic cost of each defect class, we find that the relevant contribution to inter-cluster interactions is indeed provided by (rare) three-way junctions and by four-way junctions arising from parallel or anti-parallel locally linear aggregates. All other (numerous) defects are either intra-cluster or associated to low cluster-cluster interaction energies, suggesting that these defects do not play a significant part in the thermodynamic description of the self-assembly processes of dipolar hard spheres. (C) 2013 AIP Publishing LLC.

Self-assembly in chains, rings, and branches: a single component system with two critical points

Agências financiadoras: FCT - PEstOE/FIS/UI0618/2011; PTDC/FIS/098254/2008 ERC-PATCHYCOLLOIDS e MIUR-PRIN

Marcadores biológicos de tabagismo : determinação de cutoff points

VII - CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS Este estudo desenvolveu-se devido facto de tanto quanto nos é dado a conhecer não terem sido determinados cutoff points de diferenciação entre fumadores e não fumadores em Portugal. Segundo vários autores é importante que estes valores sejam determinados em cada país devido às suas particularidades de prevalência do tabagismo e exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco. Foram também estudadas as variáveis que estão associadas e que influenciam os níveis do COex, da COHb, da cotinina plasmática e da cotinina urinária. De forma a cumprir os objectivos definidos, utilizou-se uma amostra de 102 indivíduos (53 fumadores e 49 não fumadores), tendo sido o tipo de amostragem não probabilística de conveniência. A dimensão da amostra e o tipo de amostragem são duas das limitações do estudo, uma vez que esta amostra não é representativa da população fumadora e não fumadora portuguesa, o que impede de generalizar os resultados nela obtidos à totalidade da população. Outra limitação identificada é o facto de não se terem encontrado estudos nacionais de características semelhantes a esta investigação, o que faz com que não seja possível comparar os resultados obtidos com estudos que tivessem utilizado amostras idênticas. Por essa razão a discussão de resultados foi efectuada considerando estudos internacionais cujas suas amostras para além de serem de maior dimensão os seus indivíduos possuem características particulares (prevalência do tabagismo e exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco) que dificultam a comparação dos resultados. Nos estudos internacionais muitas vezes não são estudadas as variáveis caracterizadoras dos hábitos tabágicos, o que leva mais uma vez à impossibilidade de relacionar correctamente os nossos resultados com outros obtidos por diferentes autores. Devido ao interesse dos resultados obtidos, seria importante que este estudo, tivesse continuidade, mas com algumas modificações que foram impossíveis de realizar no contexto em que se desenvolveu esta investigação. De forma a generalizar os resultados seria ideal utilizar uma amostra representativa da população fumadora e não fumadora nacional, o que permitiria ficar a conhecer mais fidedignamente os cutoff points de diferenciação entre fumadores e não fumadores em Portugal. Esta informação seria de grande utilidade para caracterizar correctamente os hábitos tabágicos dos indivíduos, permitindo reconhecer em que casos é necessário intervir para cessar os hábitos tabágicos e ainda nas consultas de cessação tabágica para um apropriado follow-up dos sujeitos. Outro aspecto em que esta investigação poderia ser complementada, diz respeito às variáveis caracterizadoras dos hábitos tabágicos, isto porque de acordo com a análise de regressão linear multivariada, através do modelo proposto, uma grande percentagem da variabilidade dos marcadores biológicos de tabagismo ficou por explicar, assim sendo seria importante estudar também outras variáveis, e construir outro modelo que explicasse de forma ainda mais expressiva a variabilidade dos biomarcadores. Sugerem-se como outras variáveis a ser estudas aquelas que estão relacionadas com as características inalatórias de cada indivíduo (número, frequência, profundidade, duração e percentagem de cigarros consumido e desperdiçado). Também a exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco deveria ser melhor caracterizada, acrescentando às variáveis analisadas neste estudo, outras que caracterizassem de forma mais precisa o tipo de exposição a que os indivíduos podem estar sujeitos no seu dia a dia (domiciliária, laboral e ambiental). Idealmente deveriam conhecer-se o número de cigarros que são fumados na proximidade dos indivíduos, assim como saber quais as características dos espaços fechados sobretudo no que respeita às condições de ventilação. É importante que surjam trabalhos a nível nacional relacionados com os marcadores de tabagismo, porque o tabagismo representa um problema de saúde pública sobre o qual é necessário intervir. É importante caracterizar correctamente os biomarcadores de tabagismo de forma a determinar a real prevalência do tabagismo e avaliar medidas preventivas e políticas de saúde pública. Actualmente decorridos 3 anos da aprovação da Lei 32/2007 em que foram aprovadas as normas de protecção dos cidadãos da exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco, a avaliação dos marcadores biológicos pode desempenhar um papel preponderante para caracterizar o impacto da implicação da Lei, uma vez que estes reflectem a exposição activa e passiva ao fumo do tabaco.

On the impact of overlapping access points in detecting node encounters

Data traces, consisting of logs about the use of mobile and wireless networks, have been used to study the statistics of encounters between mobile nodes, in an attempt to predict the performance of opportunistic networks. Understanding the role and potential of mobile devices as relaying nodes in message dissemination and delivery depends on the knowledge about patterns and number of encounters among nodes. Data traces about the use of WiFi networks are widely available and can be used to extract large datasets of encounters between nodes. However, these logs only capture indirect encounters between nodes, and the resulting encounters datasets might not realistically represent the spatial and temporal behaviour of nodes. This paper addresses the impact of overlapping between the coverage areas of different Access Points of WiFi networks in extracting encounters datasets from the usage logs. Simulation and real-world experimental results show that indirect encounter traces extracted directly from these logs strongly underestimate the opportunities for direct node-to- node message exchange in opportunistic networks.