Multipole surface-plasmon modes on simple metals

The average multipole surface-plasmon energy for simple metals, as well as that of ordinary surface and bulk plasmons, is obtained using energy-weighted moments of the electronic response to sufficiently general external perturbations. A local approximation of exchange and correlation effects is used within a jellium model. Band-structure effects are incorporated through an effective electronic mass. Taking advantage of the transparency of the method, we analyze under what circumstances such modes might be observable. It is shown that due to an interplay between Coulomb and kinetic energies, the multipole modes become unobservable for increasing values of the transferred momentum (q) parallel to the surface. The value of q at which the multipole mode becomes unobservable is much smaller than the cutoff value for Landau damping. The effect of the electronic surface diffuseness is also analyzed. We compare our results with previous density-functional calculations and with recent experimental data for Na, K, and Cs.

Label-free detection of tobramycin in serum by transmission-localized surface plasmon resonance.

In order to improve the efficacy and safety of treatments, drug dosage needs to be adjusted to the actual needs of each patient in a truly personalized medicine approach. Key for widespread dosage adjustment is the availability of point-of-care devices able to measure plasma drug concentration in a simple, automated, and cost-effective fashion. In the present work, we introduce and test a portable, palm-sized transmission-localized surface plasmon resonance (T-LSPR) setup, comprised of off-the-shelf components and coupled with DNA-based aptamers specific to the antibiotic tobramycin (467 Da). The core of the T-LSPR setup are aptamer-functionalized gold nanoislands (NIs) deposited on a glass slide covered with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), which acts as a biosensor. The gold NIs exhibit localized plasmon resonance in the visible range matching the sensitivity of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor employed as a light detector. The combination of gold NIs on the FTO substrate, causing NIs size and pattern irregularity, might reduce the overall sensitivity but confers extremely high stability in high-ionic solutions, allowing it to withstand numerous regeneration cycles without sensing losses. With this rather simple T-LSPR setup, we show real-time label-free detection of tobramycin in buffer, measuring concentrations down to 0.5 μM. We determined an affinity constant of the aptamer-tobramycin pair consistent with the value obtained using a commercial propagating-wave based SPR. Moreover, our label-free system can detect tobramycin in filtered undiluted blood serum, measuring concentrations down to 10 μM with a theoretical detection limit of 3.4 μM. While the association signal of tobramycin onto the aptamer is masked by the serum injection, the quantification of the captured tobramycin is possible during the dissociation phase and leads to a linear calibration curve for the concentrations over the tested range (10-80 μM). The plasmon shift following surface binding is calculated in terms of both plasmon peak location and hue, with the latter allowing faster data elaboration and real-time display of the results. The presented T-LSPR system shows for the first time label-free direct detection and quantification of a small molecule in the complex matrix of filtered undiluted blood serum. Its uncomplicated construction and compact size, together with the remarkable performances, represent a leap forward toward effective point-of-care devices for therapeutic drug concentration monitoring.

SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF PROTOCATECHUIC ALDEHYDE AND PROTOCATECHUIC ACID USING THE LOCALIZED SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE PEAK OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND CHEMOMETRIC METHODS

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method is proposed for the simultaneous determination of protocatechuic acid and protocatechuic aldehyde. The method is based on the difference in the kinetic rates of the reactions of analytes with [Ag(NH3)2]+ in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone to produce silver nanoparticles. The data obtained were processed by chemometric methods using principal component analysis artificial neural network and partial least squares. Excellent linearity was obtained in the concentration ranges of 1.23-58.56 µg mL-1 and 0.08-30.39 µg mL-1 for PAC and PAH, respectively. The limits of detection for PAC and PAH were 0.039 and 0.025 µg mL-1, respectively.

Monocouches peptidiques auto-assemblées et applications dans le domaine des biocapteurs de résonance de plasmon de surfaces

Ces travaux visent à étendre les applications de la résonance de plasmons de surface (SPR) L’objectif est d’offrir des outils diagnostics plus rapides, efficaces et simple d’utilisation pour diagnostiquer ou effectuer le suivi de conditions cliniques. Pour se faire, un nouveau type d’instrumentation SPR basé sur l’utilisation d’un prisme d’inversion (dove) a permis d’atteindre une limite de détection (LOD) de 10-6 unité d’indice de réfraction (RIU), une valeur comparable aux instruments commerciaux complexes tout en demeurant peu dispendieux, robuste et simple d’utilisation. Les travaux présentés dans cet ouvrage visent, dans un second temps, à réduire les interactions nonspécifiques (NSB) entre la surface des biocapteurs SPR et les composants de la matrice biologique complexe telles que: l’urine, le lysat cellulaire, le sérum et le sang. Ces dernières induisent des réponses empêchant l’utilisation de biocapteurs SPR en milieux complexes. Les acides aminés (AA) offrent une grande variété de propriétés physico-chimiques permettant la mise au point de monocouches auto-assemblées (SAM) aux propriétés diverses. Initialement, 19 des 20 acides aminés naturels ont été attachés à l’acide 3-mercaptopropionique (3-MPA) formant des SAMs peptidomimétiques. La quantité d’interactions nonspécifiques engendrées par ces différentes surfaces a été mesurée en exposant ces surfaces au sérum sanguin bovin complet variant de 400 ng/cm² jusqu’à 800 ng/cm². La détection à l’aide de ces surfaces de la β-lactamase (une enzyme responsable de la résistance aux antibiotiques au niveau μM) a démontré la possibilité d’employer ces surfaces pour bâtir des biocapteurs SPR. Des peptides de longueur allant de 2 à 5 résidus attachés à 3-MPA ont été synthétisés sur support solide. Cette étude a démontré que l’augmentation de la longueur des peptides formés d’AA résistants aux NBS accroit leur résistance jusqu’à 5 résidus. Le composé le plus performant de ce type (3-MPA-(Ser)5-OH) a permis d’atteindre 180 ng/cm². Cette valeur est similaire à celle des meilleures surfaces disponibles commercialement, notamment les surfaces de polyethylène glycol (PEG) à 100 ng/cm². Des surfaces de 3-MPA-(Ser)5-OH ont permis l’étalonnage de la β-lactamase et sa quantification directe dans un lysat cellulaire. La LOD pour ces biocapteurs est de 10 nM. Une troisième génération de surfaces peptidiques binaires a permis la réduction de la NSB jusqu’à un niveau de 23±10 ng/cm² une valeur comparable aux meilleures surfaces disponibles. Ces surfaces ont permis l’étalonnage d’un indicateur potentiel du cancer la metalloprotéinase-3 de matrice (MMP-3). Les surfaces formées de peptides binaires (3-MPA-H3D2-OH) ont permis la quantification directe de la MMP-3 dans le sérum sanguin complet. Une quatrième génération de surfaces peptidiques a permis de réduire davantage le niveau de NSB jusqu’à une valeur de 12 ± 11 ng/cm². Ces surfaces ont été modifiées en y attachant une terminaison de type acide nitriloacétique (NTA) afin d’y attacher des biomolécules marquées par six résidus histidines terminaux. Ces surfaces ont permis le développement d’une méthode rapide de balayage des ligands ciblant le « cluster of differenciation-36 » (CD36). L’étude d’électroformation des monocouches de peptide a permis de déterminer les conditions de formation optimales d’une couche de 3-MPA-HHHDD-OH permettant ainsi la formation de monocouches résistantes au NSB en moins de 6 minutes en appliquant un potentiel de formation de 200mV vs Ag/AgCl.

Detection of methotrexate using surface plasmon resonance biosensors for chemotherapy monitoring

Le méthotrexate (MTX), un agent anti-cancéreux fréquemment utilisé en chimiothérapie, requiert généralement un suivi thérapeutique de la médication (Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, TDM) pour surveiller son niveau sanguin chez le patient afin de maximiser son efficacité tout en limitant ses effets secondaires. Malgré la fenêtre thérapeutique étroite entre l’efficacité et la toxicité, le MTX reste, à ce jour, un des agents anti-cancéreux les plus utilisés au monde. Les techniques analytiques existantes pour le TDM du MTX sont coûteuses, requièrent temps et efforts, sans nécessairement fournir promptement les résultats dans le délai requis. Afin d’accélérer le processus de dosage du MTX en TDM, une stratégie a été proposée basée sur un essai compétitif caractérisé principalement par le couplage plasmonique d’une surface métallique et de nanoparticules d’or. Plus précisément, l’essai quantitatif exploite la réaction de compétition entre le MTX et une nanoparticule d’or fonctionnalisée avec l’acide folique (FA-AuNP) ayant une affinité pour un récepteur moléculaire, la réductase humaine de dihydrofolate (hDHFR), une enzyme associée aux maladies prolifératives. Le MTX libre mixé avec les FA-AuNP, entre en compétition pour les sites de liaison de hDHFR immobilisés sur une surface active en SPR ou libres en solution. Par la suite, les FA-AuNP liées au hDHFR fournissent une amplification du signal qui est inversement proportionnelle à la concentration de MTX. La résonance des plasmons de surface (SPR) est généralement utilisée comme une technique spectroscopique pour l’interrogation des interactions biomoléculaires. Les instruments SPR commerciaux sont généralement retrouvés dans les grands laboratoires d’analyse. Ils sont également encombrants, coûteux et manquent de sélectivité dans les analyses en matrice complexe. De plus, ceux-ci n’ont pas encore démontré de l’adaptabilité en milieu clinique. Par ailleurs, les analyses SPR des petites molécules comme les médicaments n’ont pas été explorés de manière intensive dû au défi posé par le manque de la sensibilité de la technique pour cette classe de molécules. Les développements récents en science des matériaux et chimie de surfaces exploitant l’intégration des nanoparticules d’or pour l’amplification de la réponse SPR et la chimie de surface peptidique ont démontré le potentiel de franchir les limites posées par le manque de sensibilité et l’adsorption non-spécifique pour les analyses directes dans les milieux biologiques. Ces nouveaux concepts de la technologie SPR seront incorporés à un système SPR miniaturisé et compact pour exécuter des analyses rapides, fiables et sensibles pour le suivi du niveau du MTX dans le sérum de patients durant les traitements de chimiothérapie. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer différentes stratégies pour améliorer l’analyse des médicaments dans les milieux complexes par les biocapteurs SPR et de mettre en perspective le potentiel des biocapteurs SPR comme un outil utile pour le TDM dans le laboratoire clinique ou au chevet du patient. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, un essai compétitif colorimétrique basé sur la résonance des plasmons de surface localisée (LSPR) pour le MTX fut établi avec des nanoparticules d’or marquées avec du FA. Ensuite, cet essai compétitif colorimétrique en solution fut adapté à une plateforme SPR. Pour les deux essais développés, la sensibilité, sélectivité, limite de détection, l’optimisation de la gamme dynamique et l’analyse du MTX dans les milieux complexes ont été inspectés. De plus, le prototype de la plateforme SPR miniaturisée fut validé par sa performance équivalente aux systèmes SPR existants ainsi que son utilité pour analyser les échantillons cliniques des patients sous chimiothérapie du MTX. Les concentrations de MTX obtenues par le prototype furent comparées avec des techniques standards, soit un essai immunologique basé sur la polarisation en fluorescence (FPIA) et la chromatographie liquide couplée avec de la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LC-MS/MS) pour valider l’utilité du prototype comme un outil clinique pour les tests rapides de quantification du MTX. En dernier lieu, le déploiement du prototype à un laboratoire de biochimie dans un hôpital démontre l’énorme potentiel des biocapteurs SPR pour utilisation en milieux clinique.

Size-dependent surface plasmon resonance in silver silica nanocomposites

Silver silica nanocomposites were obtained by the sol–gel technique using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) as precursors. The silver nitrate concentration was varied for obtaining composites with different nanoparticle sizes. The structural and microstructural properties were determined by x-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) studies were done for determining the chemical states of silver in the silica matrix. For the lowest AgNO3 concentration, monodispersed and spherical Ag crystallites, with an average diameter of 5 nm, were obtained. Grain growth and an increase in size distribution was observed for higher concentrations. The occurrence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands and their evolution in the size range 5–10 nm is studied. For decreasing nanoparticle size, a redshift and broadening of the plasmon-related absorption peak was observed. The observed redshift and broadening of the SPR band was explained using modified Mie scattering theory

The Surface Plasmon Resonance of Supported Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Characterization, Laser Tailoring, and SERS Application

This work deals with the optical properties of supported noble metal nanoparticles, which are dominated by the so-called Mie resonance and are strongly dependent on the particles’ morphology. For this reason, characterization and control of the dimension of these systems are desired in order to optimize their applications. Gold and silver nanoparticles have been produced on dielectric supports like quartz glass, sapphire and rutile, by the technique of vapor deposition under ultra-high vacuum conditions. During the preparation, coalescence is observed as an important mechanism of cluster growth. The particles have been studied in situ by optical transmission spectroscopy and ex situ by atomic force microscopy. It is shown that the morphology of the aggregates can be regarded as oblate spheroids. A theoretical treatment of their optical properties, based on the quasistatic approximation, and its combination with results obtained by atomic force microscopy give a detailed characterization of the nanoparticles. This method has been compared with transmission electron microscopy and the results are in excellent agreement. Tailoring of the clusters’ dimensions by irradiation with nanosecond-pulsed laser light has been investigated. Selected particles are heated within the ensemble by excitation of the Mie resonance under irradiation with a tunable laser source. Laser-induced coalescence prevents strongly tailoring of the particle size. Nevertheless, control of the particle shape is possible. Laser-tailored ensembles have been tested as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), leading to an improvement of the results. Moreover, they constitute reproducible, robust and tunable SERS-substrates with a high potential for specific applications, in the present case focused on environmental protection. Thereby, these SERS-substrates are ideally suited for routine measurements.

Mass spectroscopic characterization of the coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus nucleoprotein and elucidation of the role of phosphorylation in RNA binding by using surface plasmon resonance

Phosphorylation of the coronavirus nucleoprotein (N protein) has been predicted to play a role in RNA binding. To investigate this hypothesis, we examined the kinetics of RNA binding between nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated infectious bronchitis virus N protein with nonviral and viral RNA by surface plasmon resonance (Biacore). Mass spectroscopic analysis of N protein identified phosphorylation sites that were proximal to RNA binding domains. Kinetic analysis, by surface plasmon resonance, indicated that nonphospborylated N protein bound with the same affinity to viral RNA as phosphorylated N protein. However, phosphorylated N protein bound to viral RNA with a higher binding affinity than nonviral RNA, suggesting that phosphorylation of N protein determined the recognition of virus RNA. The data also indicated that a known N protein binding site (involved in transcriptional regulation) consisting of a conserved core sequence present near the 5' end of the genome (in the leader sequence) functioned by promoting high association rates of N protein binding. Further analysis of the leader sequence indicated that the core element was not the only binding site for N protein and that other regions functioned to promote high-affinity binding.

Thermodynamic and kinetic properties of interpolymer complexes assessed by isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance

Interpolymer complexes (IPCs) formed between complimentary polymers in solution have shown a wide range of applications from drug delivery to biosensors. This work describes the combined use of isothermal titration calorimetry and surface plasmon resonance to investigate the thermodynamic and kinetic processes during hydrogen-bonded interpolymer complexation. Varied polymers that are commonly used in layer-by-layer coatings and pharmaceutical preparations were selected to span a range of chemical functionalities including some known IPCs previously characterized by other techniques, and other polymer combinations with unknown outcomes. This work is the first to comprehensively detail the thermodynamic and kinetic data of hydrogen bonded IPCs, aiding understanding and detailed characterization of the complexes. The applicability of the two techniques in determining thermodynamic, gravimetric and kinetic properties of IPCs is considered.

Investigation of interfacial processes at tetraruthenated zinc porphyrin films using electrochemical surface plasmon resonance and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance

In the present work we describe the investigation of interfacial and superficial processes on tetraruthenated zinc porphyrin (ZnTRP) films immobilized on gold electrode surface. In situ and real time measurements employing electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (ESPR)and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) have given new insights into the electrochemical oxidation of ferrocyanide and phenolic compounds (acetaminophen, dopamine, and catechol) on ZnTRP modified electrodes. The decrease of diode like behavior in the presence of such phenolic species in contrast with ferrocyanide was clearly assigned to the inclusion of those species in the porphyrin film, creating new conduction pathways connecting the gold electrode surface with the film/solution interface. In fact, there are evidences that they can intercalate in the film (catechol > dopamine > acetaminophen), whereas ferrocyanide is completely excluded. Accordingly, the molecular size may play a fundamental role in such a process. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Probing the binding of tetraplatinum(pyridyl)porphyrin complexes to DNA by means of surface plasmon resonance

Tetrapyridylporphyrins containing four chloro(2,2`-bipyridine)platinum(II) complexes attached at the meta (3-H(2)TPtPyP) and para (4-H(2)TPtPyP) positions of the peripheral pyridine ligands were synthesized and their interaction with DNA investigated. The compounds were isolated in the solid state and characterized by means of spectroscopic and analytical techniques. According to molecular simulations, the two isomers exhibit contrasting structural characteristics, consistent with a saddle shape configuration for 3-H(2)TPtPyP and a planar geometry for 4-H(2)TPtPyP. Surface plasmon resonance studies were carried out on the interaction of the complexes with calf thymus DNA, revealing a preferential binding of 3-H(2)TPtPyP, presumably at the DNA major grooves. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Analysis of the serological variability of Lettuce mosaic virus using monoclonal antibodies and surface plasmon resonance technology

A panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used to study the immunological variability of Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), a member of the genus Potyvirus, and to perform a first epitope characterization of this virus. Based on their specificity of recognition against a panel of 15 LMV isolates, the mAbs could be clustered in seven reactivity groups. Surface plasmon resonance analysis indicated the presence, on the LMV particles, of at least five independent recognition/ binding regions, correlating with the seven mAbs reactivity groups. The results demonstrate that LMV shows significant serological variability and shed light on the LMV epitope structure. The various mAbs should prove a new and efficient tool for LIVIV diagnostic and field epidemiology studies.