1000 resultados para Picea meyeri
Resumo:
The aim of this thesis was to study the basic relationships between thinning and fertilisation, tree growth rate and wood properties of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) throughout a stand rotation. The material consisted of a total of 109 trees from both long-term thinning (Heinola, 61°10'N, 26°01'E; Punkaharju, 61°49'N, 29°19'E) and fertilisation-thinning experiments (Parikkala, 61°36'N, 29°22'E; Suonenjoki, 62°45'N, 27°00'E) in Finland. Wood properties, i.e., radial increment, wood density, latewood proportion, tracheid length, cell wall thickness and lumen diameter, as well as relative lignin content, were measured in detail from the pith to the bark, as well as from the stem base towards the stem apex. Intensive thinning and fertilisation treatments of Norway spruce stands increased (8% 64%) the radial increment of studied trees at breast height (1.3 m). At the same time, a faster growth rate slightly decreased average wood density (2% 7%), tracheid length (0% 9%) and cell wall thickness (1% 17%). The faster growth resulted in only small changes (0% 9%) in lumen diameter and relative lignin content (1% 2%; lignin content was 25.4% 26%). However, the random variation in wood properties was large both between and within trees and annual rings. The results of this thesis indicate that the prevailing thinning and fertilisation treatments of Norway spruce stands in Fennoscandia may significantly enhance the radial increment of individual trees, and cause only small or no detrimental changes in wood and tracheid properties.
Resumo:
Tutkimus on osa Metsäklusteri Oy:n Future Biorefinery –tutkimusohjelmaa, jossa kartoitetaan mahdollisuuksia hyödyntää metsäteollisuuden raaka-aineita aiempaa tarkemmin ja uusissa tuotteissa. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää männyn (Pinus sylvestris L.) ja kuusen (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) juurten ja kantopuun rakenne ja ominaisuudet. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään löytyykö männyn ja kuusen juurista reaktiopuuta ja määritetään asetoniliukoisten uuteaineiden osuus kantoja juuripuussa. Tutkimusaineistona oli viisi eri-ikäistä mäntyä ja viisi eri-ikäistä kuusta. Juuri- ja kantoaineisto kerättiin Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen toimesta Parkanon seudulta (62.017°N, 23.017°E) hakkuun jälkeen. Maanalaisista juurista otettiin näytteet kolmelta eri etäisyydeltä juurenniskaan nähden. Kummankaan lajin juurista ei löytynyt varsinaista reaktiopuuta, mutta joissakin näytteissä havaittiin lievää reaktiopuuta. Lievää reaktiopuuta löytyi enemmän männyn kuin kuusen juurista, eikä sitä löytynyt lainkaan kaikkein ohuimmista, noin 2 cm paksuisista juurenosista. Männyn kannoissa uuteaineprosentti oli korkeampi kuin kuusen. Männyn juurissa uuteaineprosentti kasvoi edettäessä kohti juuren kärkeä. Kuusella uuteaineprosentti laski aluksi, mutta lähellä juuren kärkeä taas kasvoi. Kuoren uuteainepitoisuus oli molemmilla puulajeilla korkeampi kuin puuaineen. Tutkimusaineisto oli suppea, eikä tutkimuksessa pyritty tilastolliseen yleistettävyyteen. Laajemmasta aineistosta tehdylle tutkimukselle on tarvetta, sillä turvekankailta saatavan puun tarjonta on Suomessa kasvussa, mutta juurten uuteaine- ja reaktiopuututkimuksia on tehty vain kivennäismailta kerätyistä aineistoista.
Resumo:
Anthesis was studied at the canopy level in 10 Norway spruce stands from 9 localities in Finland from 1963 to 1974. Distributions of pollen catches were compared to the normal Gaussian distribution. The basis for the timing studies was the 50 per cent point of the anthesis-fitted normal distribution. Development up to this point was given in calendar days, in degree days (>5 °C) and in period units. The count of each parameter began on March 19 (included). Male flowering in Norway spruce stands was found to have more annual variation in quantity than in Scots pine stands studied earlier. Anthesis in spruce in northern Finland occurred at a later date than in the south. The heat sums needed for anthesis varied latitudinally less in spruce than in pine. The variation of pollen catches in spruce increased towards north-west as in the case of Scots pine. In the unprocessed data, calendar days were found to be the most accurate forecast of anthesis in Norway spruce both for a single year and for the majority of cases of stand averages over several years. Locally, the period unit could be a more accurate parameter for the stand average. However, on a calendar day basis, when annual deviations between expected and measured heat sums were converted to days, period units were narrowly superior to days. The geographical correlations respect to timing of flowering, calculated against distances measured along simulated post-glacial migration routes, were stronger than purely latitudinal correlations. Effects of the reinvasion of Norway spruce into Finland are thus still visible in spruce populations just as they were in Scots pine populations. The proportion of the average annual heat sum needed for spruce anthesis grew rapidly north of a latitude of ca. 63° and the heat sum needed for anthesis decreased only slighty towards the timberline. In light of flowering phenology, it seems probable that the northwesterly third of Finnish Norway spruce populations are incompletely adapted to the prevailing cold climate. A moderate warming of the climate would therefore be beneficial for Norway spruce. This accords roughly with the adaptive situation in Scots pine.
Resumo:
Root and butt rot is the most harmful fungal disease affecting Norway spruce in southern Finland. In approximately 90 % of cases the causal agent is Heterobasidion parviporum. Root and butt rot infections have not been reported in Finnish peatlands. However, the increase in logging operations in peatlands means there is a risk that the fungus will eventually spread to these areas. The aim of this study was to find out the impact of growing site on the resistance of Norway spruce to Heterobasidion parviporum infections. This was investigated by artificially inoculating H. parviporum to spruce trees in pristine mire, drained peatland and mineral soil and comparing the defence reactions. Additionally, the effect of genotype on resistance was studied by comparing the responses of spruce clones representing different geographic origins. The roots and stems of the trees to be sampled were wounded and inoculated with wood dowels pre-colonised by H. parviporum hyphae. The resulting necrosis around the point of inoculation was observed. It was presumed that increased length of necrosis indicates high susceptibility of the tree to the disease. The relationship between growth rate and host resistance was also studied. The results indicated that growing site does not have a statistically significant effect on host resistance. The average length of necrosis around the point of inoculation was 35 mm in pristine mire, 37 mm in drained peatland and 40 mm in mineral soil. It was observed that growth rate does not affect resistance, but that the genotype of the tree does have an effect. The most resistant spruce clone was the one with Russian origin. The results suggest that the spruce stands in peatlands are not more resistant to root and butt rot infections than those in mineral soil. These findings should be taken into consideration when logging peatland forests.
Resumo:
花粉是种子植物受精过程中雄性生殖细胞的载体,在有性生殖过程中起着非常重要的作用。花粉与柱头、花柱、子房等都有相互作用,起识别作用的是细胞壁蛋白,而花粉粒的壁有明显的两层:内壁和外壁。裸子植物花粉与被子植物相比具有萌发时间长、生长缓慢、授粉-受精时间长等特点。花粉的内壁与外壁在花粉萌发和生长过程中的功能仍然缺乏研究,但是迄今为止现有的分子生物学技术在获得裸子植物花粉壁突变体方面并没有发挥作用。本研究以裸子植物白皮松(Pinus bungeana)和青杄(Picea wilsonii)花粉为材料建立裸子植物花粉脱壁的体系,包 括脱外壁花粉和花粉原生质体的制备,即将花粉的两层壁逐层剥离,并在此基础上进行了细胞学研究。 本文首先建立了裸子植物脱外壁花粉的分离技术。实验表明低浓度的酶组合短暂酶解后,辅以机械研磨,可以释放出大量的脱外壁花粉。其中在这两种裸子植物中的处理稍有不同,白皮松的脱外壁花粉在含12%蔗糖,0.5%纤维素酶和0.3%离析酶的溶液,pH 5.8 ,孵育半小时,辅以一定力度机械研磨的方法获得,而青杄脱外壁花粉的条件是0.8%纤维素酶和0.5%离析酶、12%蔗糖的溶液,其它条件类似。 其次我们成功建立了一种快速、有效、可重复的分离白皮松和青杄花粉原生质体的系统,分离频率可高达70%。对白皮松而言,最好的分离条件是2% 纤维素酶、1.5%离析酶、15%蔗糖、pH 5.8,黑暗、24℃条件下轻微振荡、酶解6 小时。3%纤维素酶和2%离析酶组合比较适宜青杄花粉原生质体的分离,同时需要较低浓度的蔗糖溶液(12%)。青杄花粉原生质体要远大于白皮松花粉原生质体,前者直径为80µm,后者为40µm。强烈的FDA 荧光显示很好的活性。在制备的过程中,酶的浓度、酶的配比、酶解时间、渗透压调节剂、起始材料对分离率都有影响。 运用免疫荧光标记技术显示,脱外壁花粉的表面存在纤维素、果胶质、阿拉伯半乳聚糖蛋白(AGPs)和凝集素结合位点,其中纤维素在整个表面都有分布,但在萌发孔附近的荧光最强;白皮松脱外壁花粉表面有胼胝质的存在,主要位于靠近气囊的部位,而青杄脱外壁花粉表面未能检测到胼胝质;酸性果胶质在白皮松脱外壁花粉靠近萌发孔处的荧光稍弱于其它部位,而在青杄脱外壁花粉的表面近极端的荧光要强于远极端;白皮松脱外壁花粉表面有酯化果胶的沉积,而青杄脱外壁花粉表面缺失酯化果胶;白皮松和青杄两种植物脱外壁花粉表面均有阿拉伯半乳糖的分布,而白皮松脱外壁花粉的荧光要远强于青杄;白皮松和青杄脱外壁花粉表面有伴刀豆凝集素(Conconavalin agglutinin, Con A )和大豆凝集素(soybean agglutinin, SBA )结合位点的分布,而缺失麦胚凝集素(wheat germ agglutinin, WGA)结合位点。另外,傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR) 分析结果也同样支持上述结论。