Reactivity of µ-Peroxo-Bridged Dimeric Vanadate in Bromoperoxidation

Diglycyl triperoxodivanadate [V2O2(O2)3(Gly H)2(H2O)2], a synthetic compound with μ-peroxo-bridge derived from H2O2and vanadate, oxidized bromide to a bromination-competent intermediate in phosphate buffer and physiological pH. This is in contrast to the requirement of acid medium with H2O2as the oxidant. Addition of its solid to bromide solution instantly produced a 262-nm-absorbing compound that converted phenol red (a trap) to its 592-nm-absorbing bromo-derivative. The high bromination activity was lost on dissolving this compound in water and the solution showed the presence of peroxovanadates (mono and di) and vanadates (V1and oligomeric V10) in51V-NMR spectrum. Of these, diperoxovanadate and vanadate together supported slow bromination activity by a second set of reactions including bromide-assisted reductive formation of vanadyl. Bromination activity dependent on vanadyl was sensitive to oxidation by excess H2O2and to complexation by EDTA, whereas that of triperoxodivanadate was relatively insensitive. Vanadyl and diperoxovanadate are capable of forming a μ-peroxo-bridged complex that is essentially similar to the synthetic vanadate dimer used in the present experiments. It appears that a μ-peroxo-intermediate is the proximal oxidant of bromide in vanadium-catalyzed bromoperoxidation.

Avaliação in vitro de duas resinas macias para reembasamento de próteses modificadas pela incorporação de clorexidina

Resinas macias para reembasamento de próteses são largamente utilizadas após cirurgias para estabilizarem a prótese e condicionarem o tecido, aguardando a completa cicatrização. É importante que o material não seja facilmente colonizado por biofilme oral e se possível, evite a contaminação do sítio cirúrgico. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da incorporação de clorexidina às resinas acrílicas macias para o reembasamento de próteses totais, através de análises de liberação, citotoxicidade e efeito inibitório de um biofilme de C. albicans. Foram confeccionados corpos de provas (CDPs) com as resinas Trusoft e Coe-soft, com incorporação de 0%, 0,5%, 1,0% e 2,0% de clorexidina, totalizando 8 grupos. A liberação de clorexidina foi avaliada através da mensuração da mudança na densidade óptica da solução de armazenamento, na qual ficaram imersos os CDPs, por espectrometria UV, a cada 48 horas, durante 40 dias. A citotoxicidade celular foi avaliada em fibroblastos (linhagem L929), que ficaram 24 horas em contato com meio de cultura no qual os CDPs ficaram previamente imersos, pela técnica de absorção de corante vermelho neutro após 24, 48 e 72 horas e semanalmente até o 28 dia. E, por fim, a atividade antifúngica contra a C. albicans (ATCC 10231) foi avaliada de duas maneiras: (1) teste de difusão em ágar, no qual os CDPs foram colocados em placas de BHI previamente inoculadas com C. albicans, com medição do halo de inibição após 48 horas de incubação a 37C; (2) a avaliação da inibição da formação de um biofilme de C. albicans sobre a superfície dos CDPs pela quantificação por metil tetrazólio (MTT) a cada 48 horas, durante 22 dias, com leitura feita em espectrofotômetro de UV. Os dados obtidos foram inseridos no programa SigmaStat (versão 3.1, USA) para realizar as análises estatísticas. As diferenças estatísticas foram determinadas por análises de variâncias do tipo ANOVA e todos os procedimentos para comparações múltiplas pareadas foram feitos utilizando-se o método Holm-Sidak, com nível de significância global igual a 0,05. A clorexidina adicionada às resinas testadas foi capaz de ser liberada para o meio de armazenagem, proporcionalmente à quantidade de clorexidina incorporada, porém com diferentes cinéticas de liberação entre as resinas, visto que a Trusoft libera até 71% do total de clorexidina liberada nas primeiras 48 horas e a Coe-soft, até 44%. Ambas as resinas com incorporação de clorexidina apresentaram efeito citotóxico adicional, se comparadas às resinas sem clorexidina, porém para a Coe-soft não houve diferença estatística dos valores, apenas para a Trusoft (p<0,001). Ocorreu formação de halo de inibição proporcionalmente às concentrações de resinas adicionadas, com maiores halos para a resina Trusoft (p<0,001), e sem formação de halo para as resinas sem clorexidina; a inibição da formação de biofilme, realizada somente com a resina Coe-soft, mostrou total inibição durante 8, 12 e 16 dias, para a incorporação de 0,5%, 1,0% e 2,0% respectivamente, sendo uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001) em relação à resina sem incorporação de clorexidina, que não apresentou inibição do biofilme.

Wavelength-tuneable liquid crystal lasers from the visible to the near-infrared

The study of band-edge lasing from dye-doped chiral nematic liquid crystals has thus far been largely restricted to visible wavelengths. In this paper, a wide range of commercially available laser dyes are examined for their suitability as infrared emitters within a chiral nematic host. Problems such as poor solubility and reduced quantum efficiencies are overcome, and successful band-edge lasing is demonstrated within the range of 735-850 nm, using the dyes LD800, HITC-P and DOTC-P. This paper also reports on progress towards widely tuneable liquid crystal lasers, capable of emission in the region 460- 850 nm. Key to this is the use of common pump source, capable of simultaneously exciting all of the dyes (both infrared and visible) that are present within the system. Towards this aim, we successfully demonstrate near-infrared lasing (800 nm) facilitated by Förster energy transfer between the visible dye DCM, and the infra-red dye LD800, enabling pump wavelengths anywhere between 420 and 532 nm to be used. These results demonstrate that small and low-cost tuneable visible to near-infrared laser sources are achievable, using a single common pump source. Such devices are envisaged to have wide-ranging applications including medical imaging (including optical coherence tomography), point-of-care optical medical diagnostics (such as flow cytometry), telecommunications, and optical signatures for security coatings. © 2011 Copyright Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).

Wavelength-tuneable liquid crystal lasers from the visible to the near-infrared

The study of band-edge lasing from dye-doped chiral nematic liquid crystals has thus far been largely restricted to visible wavelengths. In this paper, a wide range of commercially available laser dyes are examined for their suitability as infrared emitters within a chiral nematic host. Problems such as poor solubility and reduced quantum efficiencies are overcome, and successful band-edge lasing is demonstrated within the range of 735-850 nm, using the dyes LD800, HITC-P and DOTC-P. This paper also reports on progress towards widely tuneable liquid crystal lasers, capable of emission in the region 460- 850 nm. Key to this is the use of common pump source, capable of simultaneously exciting all of the dyes (both infrared and visible) that are present within the system. Towards this aim, we successfully demonstrate near-infrared lasing (800 nm) facilitated by Förster energy transfer between the visible dye DCM, and the infra-red dye LD800, enabling pump wavelengths anywhere between 420 and 532 nm to be used. These results demonstrate that small and low-cost tuneable visible to near-infrared laser sources are achievable, using a single common pump source. Such devices are envisaged to have wide-ranging applications including medical imaging (including optical coherence tomography), point-of-care optical medical diagnostics (such as flow cytometry), telecommunications, and optical signatures for security coatings. © 2011 Copyright Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).

Enhanced amplified spontaneous emission by assistant Forster energy transfer in DCJTB-C545T-Alq(3) coguest-host system

Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) characteristics of a red fluorescent dye 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) were significantly improved by assistant Forster energy transfer. The coguest-host system was composed of an electron transport organic molecule tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq(3)) as host and a green fluorescent dye (10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H,11H-[1]benzopyrano[6,7,8-ij]quinolizin-11-one) (C545T) as assistant dopant codoped with the guest red dye DCJTB as emitter in a matrix of polystyrene (PS).

High efficiency white organic light-emitting diodes based on double recombination zones

A multilayer white organic light-emitting diode (OLED) with high efficiency was present. The luminescent layer was composed of a red dye 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyle-6-(1,1,7,7-tetra-methyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) doped into NN-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N-diphenyl-1,1-biphenyl-4-4-diamine (NPB) layer and a blue-emitting 9,10-bis-(beta-naphthyl)-anthrene (DNA) layer. Red and blue emission, respectively, from DCJTB:NPB and DNA can be obtained by effectively controlling the thicknesses of DCJTB:NPB and DNA layers, thus a stable white light emission was achieved. The device turned on at 3.5 V, and the maximum luminance reached 16000 cd/m(2) at 21 V. The maximum current efficiency and power efficiency were 13.6 cd/A and 5.5 lm/W, respectively.

Effect of plasticizer-polymer compatibility on the response characteristics of optical thin CO2 and O-2 sensing films

A homologous family of dialkyl phthalates has been used to investigate the effect of plasticizer/polymer compatibility on the response characteristics of transparent, plastic, thin optical gas sensing films for CO2 and oxygen. Plasticizer/polymer compatibilities were determined through the value of the difference in solubility parameter, i.e. Delta delta, for the plasticizer and polymer with a Delta delta value of zero indicating high compatibility. A strong correlation was found between plasticizer/polymer compatibility and sensitivity in phenol red/ethyl cellulose CO2-sensitive films and this relationship extended to CO2-sensitive films based on other polymers such as polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). It extended also to optical O-2-sensitive films implying that the relationship is general for thin-film optical sensors. Other results from the CO2-sensitive films in different polymers indicated that the film sensitivity is largely independent of the polymer matrix regardless of its inherent gas permeability, when a sufficient quantity of compatible plasticizer is present. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIOXIDANTS ON PRO-ANGIOGENIC ROS SIGNALLING IN ENDOTHELIAL COLONY FORMING CELLS IN VITRO

Introduction. Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) hold great cytotherapeutic potential for ischaemic disease. Whilst increasing evidence supports a key role for reactive oxygen species (ROS), specifically those derived from Nox NADPH oxidases, in the underlying angiogenic processes of these and other endothelial cells, such studies investigating the role of redox signalling may be hampered by the standard inclusion of antioxidant agents in endothelial cell media, such as phenol red. Aims. To study the effects of antioxidants present in culture media on pro-angiogenic function of ECFCs in vitro. Methods. Human ECFCs isolated from umbilical cord blood were maintained in media with and without antioxidant components (EGM2 and phenol red-free DMEM, respectively) prior to treatment with pro-oxidant PMA and assessment of their in vitro migratory capacity using a scratch-wound assay to measure pro-angiogenic activity. Results. Our previous work in our group indicated that PMA (500nM) increased ECFC migration in a both a superoxide and NADPH oxidase-dependent manner (control 18.6±2.8, PMA 32.7±6.6% wound closure; n=6, P<0.05), as indicated by attenuation with PEG-SOD and VAS2870. However, inconsistencies in the data generated under varying experimental conditions led us to hypothesise that antioxidant agents in the standard ECFC media may be influencing these effects. Indeed, a direct comparison of cell migration between ECFCs incubated in EGM2 DMEM demonstrated a clear trend towards higher migration in the latter (EGM2 9.0±4.5, DMEM 22.7±6.4%; n=3, P=NS). Similar to our previous EGM2 studies, cell migration was potentiated by PMA (control 11.6±1.6, PMA 25.1±2.8%; n=3, P<0.05), but at a lower dose (100nM), which is consistent with a reduction in media antioxidants. Notably, this response was attenuated by VAS2870 (PMA 37.6±7.3, PMA+VAS2870 10.3±2.9%; n=6, P<0.05), underlining a likely role for Nox NADPH oxidases. Conclusion. Taken together, these data indicate that ECFC migration is sensitive to different endothelial cell growth media, which appears to be dependent upon their antioxidant content. Although further experiments, such as quantification of cellular superoxide generation by dihydroethidium fluorescence may be required to confirm a specific role for antioxidants, such blunting of ROS signalling in vitro is clearly an important consideration which may significantly impact upon data interpretation.

A novel medium for the development of in vitro cell culture system from Penaeus monodon

Lack of a valid shrimp cell line has been hampering the progress of research on shrimp viruses. One of the reasons identified was the absence of an appropriate medium which would satisfy the requirements of the cells in vitro. We report the first attempt to formulate an exclusive shrimp cell culture medium (SCCM) based on the haemolymph components of Penaeus monodon prepared in isosmotic seawater having 27 % salinity. The SCCM is composed of 22 amino acids, 4 sugars, 6 vitamins, cholesterol, FBS, phenol red, three antibiotics, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and di-sodium hydrogen phosphate at pH 6.8–7.2. Osmolality was adjusted to 720 ± 10 mOsm kg-1 and temperature of incubation was 25 8C. The most appropriate composition was finally selected based on the extent of attachment of cells and their proliferation by visual observation. Metabolic activity of cultured cells was measured by MTT assay and compared with that in L-15 (29), modified L-15 and Grace’s insect medium, and found better performance in SCCM especially for lymphoid cells with 107 % increase in activity and 85 ± 9 days of longevity. The cells from ovary and lymphoid organs were passaged twice using the newly designed shrimp cell dissociation ‘‘cocktail’’.

Assessment of the presence of Salmonella spp. in Egyptian dairy products using various detection media

Aims: To make a preliminary assessment of the incidence of Salmonella in Egyptian dairy products, and to investigate the effectiveness of various protocols for the detection of the pathogen in these products. Methods and Results: Samples of milk and related dairy products were randomly collected from local markets and examined for the presence of Salmonella. While most samples were free of the organism, isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium PT 8 could be recovered from 'matared' cream specimens. These isolates were susceptible to antibiotics usually used to challenge infections caused by Salmonella. A combination of buffered peptone water, Muller-Kauffman tetrathionate broth, and brilliant green phenol red agar gave the best results for the detection of the pathogen. Selenite-cystine broth and Hektoen enteric agar were ineffective as an enrichment and a plating medium, respectively, in the isolation of Salmonella. A modified identification strategy that reduces the burden of serological testing of presumptive isolates is proposed. Conclusions, Significance and Impact of the Study: 'Matared' cream could be a vehicle for transmitting Salmonella. Using the above combination of media, beside the suggested modified confirmatory procedure, should increase the effectiveness and ease of the detection of Salmonella in milk and dairy products.

Hypersensitivity and growth adaptation of oestrogen-deprived MCF-7 human breast cancer cells

Background: Efficacy of endocrine therapy is compromised when human breast cancer cells circumvent imposed growth inhibition. The model of long-term oestrogen-deprived MCF-7 human breast cancer cells has suggested the mechanism results from hypersensitivity to low levels of residual oestrogen. Materials and methods: MCF-7 cells were maintained for up to 30 weeks in phenol-red-free medium and charcoal-stripped serum with 10-8 M 17-oestradiol and 10 g/ml insulin (stock 1), 10-8 M 17-oestradiol (stock 2), 10 g/ml insulin (stock 3) or no addition (stock 4). Results: Loss of growth response to oestrogen was observed only in stock 4 cells. Long-term maintenance with insulin in the absence of oestradiol (stock 3) resulted in raised oestrogen receptor alpha (ERlevels (measured by western immunoblotting) and development of hypersensitivity (assayed by oestrogen-responsive reporter gene induction and dose response to oestradiol for proliferation under serum-free conditions), but with no loss of growth response to oestrogen. Conclusion: Hypersensitivity can develop without any growth adaptation and therefore is not a prerequisite for loss of growth response in MCF-7 cells.

Exposure to parabens at the concentration of maximal proliferative response increases migratory and invasive activity of human breast cancer cells in vitro

Alkyl esters of p–hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) are widely used as preservatives in personal care products, foods and pharmaceuticals. Their oestrogenic activity, their measurement in human breast tissue and their ability to drive proliferation of oestrogen-responsive human breast cancer cells has opened a debate on their potential to influence breast cancer development. Since proliferation is not the only hallmark of cancer cells, we have investigated the effects of exposure to parabens at concentrations of maximal proliferative response on migratory and invasive properties using three oestrogen-responsive human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T-47-D, ZR-75-1). Cells were maintained short-term (1 week) or long-term (20±2 weeks) in phenol-red-free medium containing 5% charcoal-stripped serum with no addition, 10-8M 17-oestradiol, 1-5x10-4M methylparaben, 10-5M n-propylparaben or 10-5M n-butylparaben. Long-term exposure (20±2 weeks) of MCF-7 cells to methylparaben, n-propylparaben or n-butylparaben increased migration as measured using a scratch assay, time-lapse microscopy and xCELLigence technology: invasive properties were found to increase in matrix degradation assays and migration through matrigel on xCELLigence. Western immunoblotting showed an associated downregulation of E-cadherin and -catenin in the long-term paraben-exposed cells which could be consistent with a mechanism involving epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Increased migratory activity was demonstrated also in long-term paraben-exposed T-47-D and ZR-75-1 cells using a scratch assay and time-lapse microscopy. This is the first report that in vitro, parabens can influence not only proliferation but also migratory and invasive properties of human breast cancer cells.

Comparação de diferentes etapas de enriquecimento seletivo no isolamento de Salmonella sp. a partir de fezes de suínos de terminação

A detecção de Salmonella sp. é fundamental nos programas de controle de salmonelose. Métodos de detecção mais eficientes permitem uma melhor determinação do nível de infecção dos rebanhos, um melhor entendimento da epidemiologia da infecção por Salmonella sp. e o desenvolvimento de programas de controle do patógeno, que visem a segurança biológica do alimento. Nos métodos convencionais, o enriquecimento seletivo é uma etapa crítica, pois inibe a microbiota competitiva e permite a multiplicação de Salmonella sp. Vários caldos de enriquecimento seletivo têm sido comparados quanto à eficiência na recuperação de Salmonella sp. a partir de alimentos, contudo existem poucos estudos relativos a fezes de suínos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar caldos de enriquecimento seletivo para o isolamento de Salmonella sp. a partir de fezes de suínos. Numa primeira fase, amostras de fezes foram contaminadas artificialmente e os caldos Rappaport-Vassiliadis incubado a 42°C (RV), Tetrationato Müller-Kauffmann a 37°C (TMK37) e 42°C (TMK42), e Selenito Cistina (SC) a 37°C foram testados, em associação com meios sólidos seletivos: Rambach (RA), Xilose Lisina Tergitol 4 (XLT4), e Verde Brilhante Vermelho de Fenol Lactose Sacarose (VB). Na segunda fase os caldos RV, TMK37 e TMK42, semeados nos meios XLT4 e VB, foram testados com amostras naturalmente contaminadas. Na primeira fase o RV, TMK42 e TMK37 foram mais eficientes que o SC. No isolamento de Salmonella sp. em amostras naturalmente contaminadas os caldos TMK42 e RV foram superiores ao TMK37. O desempenho destes influenciou diretamente a capacidade seletiva e indicadora dos meios sólidos seletivos. No presente estudo, a associação TMK42/XLT4 demonstrou ser mais sensível, e a RV/XLT4 mais específica. O ágar VB também é recomendado para aumentar a probabilidade de detecção do patógeno. Desta forma os caldos RV e TMK42 e o ágar XLT4 e o VB foram considerados os mais indicados para a implantação de protocolos de detecção de Salmonella sp. em fezes suínas.

Isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare (Bernardet et al. 2002) from four tropical fish species in Brazil

Flavobacterium columnare é o agente etiológico da columnariose em peixes de água doce, ocasionando enfermidade na pele e nas brânquias, provocando freqüentemente um grande número de mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi o isolamento e a caracterização de Flavobacterium columnare em peixes tropicais no Brasil. Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e cascudo (Hypostomus plecostomus) foram examinados externamente com relação a sinais característicos de columnariose, como manchas acinzentadas na cabeça, região dorsal e pedúnculo caudal dos peixes. A amostragem compreendeu a coleta de 50 exemplares de peixes, representando as quatro diferentes espécies escolhidas para este estudo. Amostras para o isolamento foram obtidas através de raspado com swab estéril das lesões e do rim dos peixes clinicamente diagnosticados como acometidos por columnarios e imediatamente semeados em meios de culturas artificiais (líquido e sólido) próprios para o estudo de Flavobacterium segundo Carlson e Pacha (1968). No meio líquido, houve o desenvolvimento de microrganismos que observados em gota pendente apresentaram a forma de bacilos finos, longos, móveis por deslizamento. Através da coloração de Gram, apresentaram morfologia de bacilos finos, Gram negativos, agrupados em colunas. em meio sólido, as colônias eram pequenas, cinza-amareladas, com borda em forma de raiz. No total, foram obtidos quatro isolamentos: 01 cepa de Brycon orbignyanus; 01 cepa de Piaractus mesopotamicus; 01 cepa de Colossoma macropomum; e 01 cepa de Hypostomus plecostomus. A caracterização bioquímica das amostras, como absorção do vermelho Congo, produção de flexirrubina, produção de H2S e redução do nitrato, sugere que os isolamentos poderiam ser classificados como Flavobacterium columnare.

Efeito do corante Vermelho de sudan B na marcaçao e no desenvolvimento de Diatraea saccharalis ( Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) e de Cotesia flavipes (Cameron, 1891) ( Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The objective of this work was to evaluate biological aspects of Diatraea saccharalis fed on artificial diet containing different concentrations of the Sudan B Red dye and the possibility to mark the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes, when submitted to the parasitism of dyed caterpillars. For that, were added to the artificial diet four concentrations of Sudan Red B dye (100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm) and control (no dye addition). It was evaluated larval and pupal period, larval and pupal viability, longevity, sex rate, pupal weigh, eggs per female, eggs per day, number of eggs per egg mass, egg viability and embrionary period; besides same were accomplished measurements in the caterpillars (bioassay I). Caterpillars of 17 days old (30) of each treatment were removed from the tubes and exposed to the parasitism of C. flavipes (bioassay 2). The egg-pupae period, sex rate, pupal period and viability, number of females, males, total of emerged adults and longevity were evaluated. The data were submitted to the multivariate analisys methods: cluster analysis, two-way and principal component analysis. Based on analysis, it was observed that the treatment of 100 ppm was the least harmful to the biology of the sugar cane borer larvae by groping to the control and did not influence negatively its biological aspects. The concentration of 400 ppm affected negatively the biology of C. flavipes. The Sudan Red B it is ended doses marked the caterpillars and the adults, however the concentration of 100 ppm is the most suitable to dye D. saccharalis. None of the tested concentration marked adults of C. flavipes, despite to affect negatively its biology. It is unviable to increase the concentration seeking futures tests, for that dye to be harmful to the biological aspects of D. saccharalis and C. flavipes.