Adição de superplastificante e anti-segregante à base de CMC em pastas de cimento para Poços de Petróleo

Oil well cementing materials consist of slurries of Special class Portland cement dispersed in water. Admixtures can be used to provide the necessary fluidity, so the material can be efficiently pumped down as well as penetrate porous rocks with controlled filter loss. Construction admixtures can be used to modify the properties of oil well cements provided they can withstand and hold their properties at the higher than ambient temperatures usually encountered in oil fields. In civil construction, superplasticizer play the role of dispersants that reduce the facto r of water cement improve mechanical properties and fluidity of the cement, whereas anti-segregation agents improve the workability of the slurry. In the present study, oil well cement slurries were produced adding both a dispersant and an anti-segregation agent conventionally used in Portland CPII-Z-32 RS cement aiming at materials for primary cementing and squeeze operations. Three basic aspects were evaluated: fluidity, filter loss and the synergetic effect of the admixtures at two temperatures, i.e., 27°C and 56°C, following API RP 10B practical recommendations. The slurries were prepared using admixture concentrations varying from 2.60 Kgf/m3 (0.02 gallft3) to 5.82 Kgf/m3 (0.045 galJft3) BWOC. The density of the slurries was set to 1.89 g/cm3 (15.8 Ib/gal). 0.30 to 0.60% BWOC of a CMC-based anti-segregation agent was added to the cement to control the filter loss. The results showed that the addition of anti-segregation at concentrations above 0.55% by weight of cement resulted in the increased viscosity of the folders in temperatures evaluated. The increasing the temperature of the tests led to a reduction in the performance of anti-segregation. At concentrations of 5.20 kgf/m3 (0,040 gallft3) and 5.82 Kgf/m3 (0,045 gal/ft 3) observed a better performance of the properties evaluated in the proposed system. At low temperature was observed instability in the readings of rheology for all concentrations of anti-segregation. Contents that increasing the concentration of anti¬-segregation is limited concentrations greater than 0.55 % BWOC of the CMC in temperature analyzed. The use of the system with CMC promoted a good performance against the properties evaluated. The principal function of anti¬-segregation was optimized with increasing concentration of superplasticizer, at temperatures above the 2rC. The study of the behaviour of systemic additives, resulting in slurries of cement, which can be optimized face studies of other intrinsic properties in oil fields

Desenvolvimento de pastas de cimento flexíveis para poços de petróleo submetidos à injeção de vapor utilizando látex do tipo SBR

Novel cementing materials formulations containing flexible polymeric admixtures have been studied aiming at improving the mechanical behavior of oil well cement slurries submitted to steam injection. However, research activities in this sector are still under development. The steam injected directly into the well causes casing dilation, which after a reduction in temperature, tends to return to its original dimensions, resulting in crack formation and hydraulic isolation loss of the well, which will result in shortening of well life. In this scenario, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the mechanical behavior of Portland-based slurries containing SBR latex, applied in oil well cementing of wells submitted to steam injection. Were formulated slurries with densities of 1.797 g/cm3 (15.0 lb/Gal) and 1.869 g/cm3 (15.6 lb/Gal), containing admixtures with a latex concentration of 0; 66.88; 133.76; 200.64 and 267.52 L/m3 (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 gpc). Tests including rheology, fluid loss control, thickening time, API compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, beyond steam injection simulation. Microstrutural characteristics of the slurries were also performed (XRD, TG, FTIR and SEM). The results showed that increasing the polymer concentration increased in the rheological properties and fluid loss, and a decrease in the elasticity modulus of the cement slurries. The results obtained showed that the slurries can be applied in cementing operations of oil wells submitted to steam injection.

Avaliação do comportamento reológico de pastas de cimento para poços de petróleo com adição de plastificantes

The isolation of adjacent zones encountered during oilwell drilling is carried out by Portland-based cement slurries. The slurries are pumped into the annular positions between the well and the casing. Their rheological behavior is a very important component for the cementing process. Nowadays, several alternative materials are used in oilwell cementing, with goal the modification and the improvement of their properties, mainly the increase of the fluidity. And this can be reached by using plasticizers additives able to account for different oilwell conditions, yielding compatible cement slurries and allowing enough time for the complete cementing operation. If the rheological properties of the slurry are properly characterized, the load loss and flow regime can be correctly predicted. However, this experimental characterization is difficult. Rheological models capable of describing the cement slurry behavior must be capable of predicting the slurry cement deformation within reasonable accuracy. The aim of this study was to characterize rheologically the slurries prepared with a especial class of Portland cement, water and plasticizers based on lignosulfonate, melamine and polycarboxylate at temperatures varying from 27°C to 72°C. The tests were carried out according to the practical recommendations of the API RP 10B guidelines. The results revealed a great efficiency and the dispersive power of the polycarboxylate, for all temperatures tested. This additive promoted high fluidity of the slurries, with no sedimentation. High lignosulfonate and melamine concentrations did not reduce the rheological parameters (plastic viscosity and yield stress) of the slurries. It was verified that these additives were not compatible with the type of cement used. The evaluated rheological models were capable of describing the behavior of the slurries only within concentration and temperature ranges specific for each type of additive

Adição de poliuretana em pastas de cimento para poços de petróleo como agente de correção do filtrado

Chemical admixtures, when properly selected and quantified, play an important role in obtaining adequate slurry systems for quality primary cementing operations. They assure the proper operation of a well and reduce costs attributed to corrective cementing jobs. Controlling the amount lost by filtering through the slurry to permeable areas is one of the most important requirements in an operation, commonly controlled by chemical admixtures, such as carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). However, problems related to temperature, salttolerance and the secundary retarding effect are commonly reported in the literature. According to the scenario described above, the use of an aqueous dispersion of non-ionic poliurethane was proposed to control the filter loss, given its low ionic interaction with the free ions present in the slurries in humid state. Therefore, this study aims at assessing the efficiency of poliurethane to reduce filter loss in different temperature and pressure conditions as well as the synergistic effect with other admixtures. The temperatures and pressures used in laboratory tests simulate the same conditions of oil wells with depths of 500 to 1200 m. The poliurethane showed resistance to thermal degradation and stability in the presence of salts. With the increase in the concentration of the polymer there was a considerable decrease in the volume lost by filtration, and this has been effective even with the increase in temperature

Pastas compósitas cimento/sílica/polímero para cimentação de poços de baixa profundidade sujeitas à injeção de vapor

The production of heavy oil fields, typical in the Northeastern region, is commonly stimulated by steam injection. High bottom hole temperatures are responsible not only for the development of deleterious stresses of the cement sheath but also for cement strength retrogression. To overcome this unfavorable scenario, polymeric admixtures can be added to cement slurries to improve its fracture energy and silica flour to prevent strength retrogression. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the addition of different concentrations of polyurethane (5-25%) to cement slurries containing 40% BWOC silica flour. The resulting slurries were characterized using standard API (American Petroleum Institute) laboratory tests. In addition to them, the mechanical properties of the slurries, including elastic modulus and microhardness were also evaluated. The results revealed that density, free water and stability of the composite cement/silica/polyurethane slurries were within acceptable limits. The rheological behavior of the slurries, including plastic viscosity, yield strength and gel strength increased with the addition of 10% BWOC polyurethane. The presence of polyurethane reduced the fluid loss of the slurries as well as their elastic modulus. Composite slurries also depicted longer setting times due to the presence of the polymer. As expected, both the mechanical strength and microhardness of the slurries decreased with the addition of polyurethane. However, at high bottom hole temperatures, the strength of the slurries containing silica and polyurethane was far superior than that of plain cement slurries. In summary, the use of polyurethane combined with silica is an interesting solution to better adequate the mechanical behavior of cement slurries to heavy oil fields subjected to steam injection

Estudo do comportamento de pastas compósitas cimento/sílica/poliuretana para poços de petróleo HPHT

Os poços HPHT atravessam zonas anormalmente pressurizadas e com altos gradientes de temperatura. Esses poços apresentam elevadas concentrações de tensões produzidas pelas operações de perfuração e fraturamento hidráulico, flutuações da pressão e temperatura, forças dinâmicas geradas durante a perfuração, formações inconsolidadas, entre outros aspectos, podendo resultar em falhas mecânicas na bainha de cimento. Tais falhas comprometem a estabilidade mecânica do poço e o isolamento das zonas produtoras de óleos e/ou gás. Para que operações corretivas não se façam necessárias, é preciso adequar as pastas às condições de cada poço. Sistemas de pastas de cimento para poços HPHT requerem um bom controle de suas propriedades termo-mecânicas. Visto que a temperaturas superiores a 110 oC (230 oF) o cimento, após alcançar um valor máximo de resistência, inicia um processo de perda de resistência (retrogressão). Para prevenir esse efeito substitui-se parcialmente o cimento Portland por sílica com objetivo de incrementar a reação pozolânica. Esta reação modifica a trajetória do processo natural de hidratação do cimento, o gel de silicato de cálcio hidratado (C-S-H) se converte em várias outras fases com maior resistência. Polímeros também são adicionados para proporcionar maior flexibilidade e agir como barreira à propagação de trincas desenvolvidas sob tensão. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o comportamento do sistema cimento/sílica/polímero quando submetido às condições de alta temperatura e alta pressão. Foram formuladas pastas de cimento puro, pastas contendo 40 % BWOC de sílica flour e pastas com diferentes concentrações de poliuretana (5 % a 25 %) e 40 % BWOC de sílica flour. O peso específico das pastas foi fixado em 1,87 g/cm3 (15,6 lb/gal). Os resultados demonstram que as resistências da pasta contendo 40% de sílica e das com adição de polímero foram muito superiores a da pasta de cimento puro, não ocorrendo o efeito da retrogressão. As pastas com polímero apresentaram um crescente aumento da tenacidade com o aumento da concentração da mesma, sendo assim capaz de suportar as tensões. Além de se manterem estáveis termicamente acima de 180 ºC. O sistema também apresentou excelentes resultados de filtrado, reologia, água livre, estabilidade e permeabilidade. Sendo assim, o mesmo mostrou ser aplicável a poços HPHT

Efeito da adição de microfibras de lã de vidro na tenacidade à ruptura de pastas de cimento para poços de petróleo

Although there are a wide variety of additives that act in fresh state, to adjust the properties of cement, there is also a search by additions that improve the tenacity of the cement in the hardened state. This, in turn, can often be increased by inserting fibers, which act on the deflection of microcracks. This study aimed to use a microfiber glass wool (silica-based) as an additive reinforcing the cement matrix, improving the rupture tenacity, in order to prevent the propagation of microcracks in the cement sheath commonly found in oil wells submitted to high temperatures. The fibers were added at different concentrations, 2 to 5% (BWOC) and varied average sizes, grinding for 90 s, 180 s, 300 s, 600 s. The cement slurries were made with a density of 1,90 g/ cm3 (15,6 lb/gal), using Portland cement CPP- Special Class as the hydraulic binder and 40% silica flour. The characterization of the fiber was made by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size by sieving, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry (TG / DTG). Were performed technological tests set by the API (American Petroleum Institute) by rheology, stability, free water, compressive strength, as well as testing rupture energy, elastic modulus and permeability. The characterization results showed good thermal stability of the microfiber glass wool for application in oil wells submitted to steam injection and, also, that from the particle size data, it was possible to suggest that microfibers milled up to 300 s, are ideal to act as reinforcement to the cement slurries. The rheological parameters, there was committal of plastic viscosity when larger lengths were inserted of microfiber (F90). The values obtained by free water and stability were presented according to API. The mechanical properties, the incorporation of microfiber to the cement slurries gave better rupture tenacity, as compared to reference cement slurries. The values of compressive strength, elastic modulus and permeability have been maintained with respect to the reference cement slurries. Thus, cement slurries reinforced with microfiber glass wool can ensure good application for cementing oil wells submitted to steam injection, which requires control of microcracks, due to the thermal gradients

Contribuição ao estudo da corrosão de armaduras em concretos com adição de sílica ativa

Os crescentes problemas relacionados à durabilidade das estruturas de concreto armado, além dos elevados custos de manutenção e recuperação, têm incentivado os tecnologistas de concreto a buscarem alternativas para melhorar a qualidade do concreto e, conseqüentemente, aumentar a vida útil das estruturas. Nesse sentido, adições minerais como a sílica ativa, que é um subproduto das indústrias de processamento de ligas de sílicio, vêm sendo utilizadas, apresentando como resultado inúmeros benefícios às propriedades do concreto. Contudo, existem algumas questões ainda não esclarecidas em relação ao efeito da sílica ativa na corrosão das armaduras. Por outro lado, a sílica ativa, em função do reduzido tamanho e da elevada reatividade pozolânica, promove a densificação da matriz cimentante, proporcionando uma diminuição significativa da porosidade e permeabilidade da pasta de cimento, o que pode impedir ou retardar o ingresso dos agentes agressivos desencadeadores do processo corrosivo. Por outro lado, por reagir com ohidróxido de cálcio produzido na hidratação do cimento e diminuir a alcalinidade do concreto pode acelerar a despassivação da armadura Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o efeito da sílica ativa na corrosão da armadura desencadeada tanto por íons cloreto como por carbonatação, através da técnica de resistência de polarização, em concretos com relações água/aglomerante na faixa de 0,40 a 0,70 e teores de sílica ativa variando de 0% a 20%. Paralelamente, foi avaliada a influência da sílica ativa na absortividade, resistência à compressão, profundidade de carbonatação e no teor de cloretos. Os resultados indicaram que, no caso da corrosão desencadeada por carbonatação, o efeito da sílica ativa depende do teor utilizado. Até 10% de adição, a sílica ativa não altera a resistência à corrosão, podendo, ainda, apresentar um efeito favorável quando utilizada em teor inferior a esse limite, enquanto que para teores maiores que 10% aumenta o risco de corrosão da armadura por carbonatação do concreto. No entanto, com exceção da profundidade de carbonatação, independente do teor utlizado, a sílica ativa apresenta favorável influência na resistência à corrosão desencadeada por íons cloreto e nos demais parâmetros analisados.

Betão com agregados reciclados: estado da arte e análise à gestão e utilização na Região Autónoma da Madeira

Nas últimas décadas temos assistido a um crescimento da produção de resíduos de construção e demolição. Surge então a necessidade de fazer uma gestão consciente destes resíduos reintroduzindo-os quando possível, no ciclo de vida de novas construções, provocando uma redução quer das zonas de aterro quer da abertura de novas zonas de extração de inertes as quais, provocam um elevado impacto ambiental afetando a biodiversidade existente nessas zonas. Com esta intenção, o presente trabalho centra-se na temática do betão com agregados reciclados e pretende contribuir para o seu conhecimento, analisando as características quer dos agregados reciclados quer do betão com eles confecionado, seguindo normas e diretrizes recomendadas por diferentes especificações um pouco por todo o mundo. Ainda no mesmo contexto o estudo pretende conhecer o destino (eliminação, aterro, valorização, etc.) dado aos RCD procedentes de betão na Região Autónoma da Madeira. A análise da bibliografia existente demonstra perdas nas características destes betões reciclados quando comparados com betões convencionais, isto sem dúvida devido principalmente à quantidade de pasta de cimento aderido presente na composição do agregado reciclado, a qual afeta direta e indiretamente a maioria das propriedades quer do agregado reciclado quer do betão com eles confecionado. Foi recolhida informação que permite caracterizar o sector da construção civil, fazendo o diagnóstico do estado atual da gestão dos resíduos de construção e demolição que é feita pelas empresas de construção sediadas na RAM, mais concretamente a gestão dos resíduos de betão e a reutilização e reciclagem dos mesmos.

Adição de vermiculita expandida mícron em pastas de baixa densidade para cimentação de poços de petróleo

The northeastern region of Brazil has a large number of wells producing oil using a method of secondary recovery steam injection, since the oil produced in this region is essentially viscous. This recovery method puts the cement / coating on thermal cycling, due to the difference in coefficient of thermal expansion between cement and metal coating causes the appearance of cracks at this interface, allowing the passage of the annular fluid, which is associated with serious risk socioeconomic and environmental. In view of these cracks, a correction operation is required, resulting in more costs and temporary halt of production of the well. Alternatively, the oil industry has developed technology for adding new materials in cement pastes, oil well, providing high ductility and low density in order to withstand the thermo-mechanical loads generated by the injection of water vapor. In this context, vermiculite, a clay mineral found in abundance in Brazil has been applied in its expanded form in the construction industry for the manufacture of lightweight concrete with excellent insulation and noise due to its high melting point and the presence of air in their layers lamellar. Therefore, the vermiculite is used for the purpose of providing low-density cement paste and withstand high temperatures caused by steam injection. Thus, the present study compared the default folder containing cement and water with the folders with 6%, 8% and 10% vermiculite micron conducting tests of free water, rheology and compressive strength where it obtained the concentration of 8 % with the best results. Subsequently, the selected concentration, was compared with the results recommended by the API standard tests of filtered and stability. And finally, analyzed the results from tests of specific gravity and time of thickening. Before the study we were able to make a folder with a low density that can be used in cementing oil well in order to withstand the thermo-mechanical loads generated by steam injection

Estudos de Durabilidade Frente ao Ataque Ácido de Compósitos Portland-Polímero para Cimentação de Poços de Petróleo

Portland-polymers composites are promising candidates to be used as cementing material in Northeastern oil wells of Brazil containing heavy oils submitted to steam injection. In this way, it is necessary to evaluate its degradation in the commonly acidizind agents. In addition, to identify how aggressive are the different hostile environments it is an important contribution on the decision of the acidic systems to be used in. It was investigated the performance of the Portland-polymer composites using powdered polyurethane, aqueous polyurethane, rubber tire residues and a biopolymer, those were reinforced with polished carbon steel SAE 1045 to make the electrochemical measurements. HCl 15,0 %, HCl 6,0 % + HF 1,5 % (soft mud acid), HCl 12,0 % + HF 3,0 % (regular mud acid) and HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % were used as degrading environment and electrolytes. The more aggressive acid solution to the plain Portland hardened cement paste was the regular mud acid, that showed loss of weight around 23.0 %, followed by the soft mud acid, the showed 11.0 %, 15.0 % HCl with 7,0 % and, at last the 10.0 % HAc plus HF 1.5 % with just 1.0 %. The powdered polyurethane-composite and the aqueous polyurethane one showed larger durability, with reduction around 87.0 % on the loss of weight in regular mud acid. The acid attack is superficial and it occurs as an action layer, where the degraded layer is responsible for the decrease on the kinetic of the degrading process. This behavior can be seen mainly on the Portland- aqueous polyurethane composite, because the degraded layer is impregnated with chemically modified polymer. The fact of the acid attack does not have influence on the compressive strength or fratography of the samples, in a general way, confirms that theory. The mechanism of the efficiency of the Portland-polymers composites subjected to acid attack is due to decreased porosity and permeability related with the plain Portland paste, minor quantity of Ca+2, element preferentially leached to the acidic solution, wave effect and to substitute part of the degrading bulk for the polymeric one. The electrolyte HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % was the least aggressive one to the external corrosion of the casing, showing open circuit potentials around +250 mV compared to -130 mV to the simulated pore solution to the first 24 hours immersion. This behavior has been performed for two months at least. Similar corrosion rates were showed between both of the electrolytes, around 0.01 μA.cm-2. Total impedance values, insipient arcs and big polarization resistance capacitive arcs on the Nyquist plots, indicating passivity process, confirm its efficiency. In this way, Portlandpolymers composites are possible solutions to be succeed applied to oilwell cementing concomitant submitted to steam injection and acidizing operation and the HAc 10,0 % + HF 1,5 % is the less aggressive solution to the external corrosion of the casing

Concreto celular polimérico: influência na adição de resíduo de poliéster insaturado termofixo

This work addresses the production of lightweight concrete building elements, such as plates, prefabricated slabs for pre-molded and panels of fencing, presenting a singular concrete: the Lightweight Concrete, with special properties such low density and good strength, by means of the joint use of industrial waste of thermosetting unsaturated polyesters and biodegradable foaming agent, named Polymeric Lightweight Concrete. This study covered various features of the materials used in the composition of the Polymeric Lightweight Concrete, using a planning of factorial design 23, aiming at studying of the strength, production, dosage processes, characterization of mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of the transition zone between the light artificial aggregate and the matrix of cement. The results of the mechanical strength tests were analyzed using a computational statistics tool (Statistica software) to understand the behavior and obtain the ideal quantity of each material used in the formula of the Polymeric Lightweight Concrete. The definition of the ideal formula has the purpose of obtaining a material with the lowest possible dry density and resistance to compression in accordance with NBR 12.646/92 (≥ 2.5 MPa after 28 days). In the microstructural characterization by scanning electron microscopy it was observed an influence of the materials in the process of cement hydration, showing good interaction between the wrinkled face of the residue of unsaturated polyesters thermosetting and putty and, consequently, the final strength. The attaining of an ideal formula, given the Brazilian standards, the experimental results obtained in the characterization and comparison of these results with conventional materials, confirmed that the developed Polymeric Lightweight Concrete is suitable for the production of building elements that are advantageous for construction

Influência da vermiculita expandida na formulação de pastas leves para evitar a migração de gás em cimentação de poços petrolíferos

The gas migration during the cementing of wells is one of the main problems of oil wells engineering. Its occurrence can cause severe problems since shortly to loss of control of the well after cementation. Recently, 20/04/2010 In an accident of major proportions in the Gulf of Mexico, among other factors, faulty cementing operation provided the gas migration, causing the accident, in which 11 people died and 17 were injured occurred. Besides the serious consequences that can be caused by gas migration, remediation of the problem, which is made by injecting cement in damaged areas, usually involves additional costs and is not always effective. Therefore, preventing gas migration to be preferred. Some methods are used to prevent the migration of the pressurized gas as the annular space, application of pressure pulses, reducing the height of the cement column compressible cement pastes of low permeability, pastes and to control free filtered water, and binders of thixotropic cement expandable and flexible. Thus, the cement pastes used to prevent gas migration must meet the maximum these methods. Thus, this study aimed to formulate a cement paste to prevent gas migration, using the expanded vermiculite, and evaluate the behavior of the folder trials necessary for use in oil wells. Free water content, rheological properties, compressive strength, loss of liquid phase sedimentation of solids, specific weight, thickening time and gas migration: The following tests were performed. The results show that meets the specifications paste formulated for use in oil wells and the use of expanded vermiculite contribute to the absorption of free water, thixotropy and low density. The absorption of free water is proven to result in zero percentage test free water content, thixotropy is observed with the high value of the initial gel strength (Gi) in testing rheological properties and low density is proven in test weight specific

Desenvolvimento de sistemas de aditivos químicos para aplicação em cimentações de poços de petróleo

The primary cementing is an important step in the oilwell drilling process, ensuring the mechanical stability of the well and the hydraulic isolation between casing and formation. For slurries to meet the requirements for application in a certain well, some care in the project should be taken into account to obtain a cement paste with the proper composition. In most cases, it is necessary to add chemicals to the cement to modify its properties, according to the operation conditions and thus obtain slurries that can move inside the jacket providing a good displacement to the interest area. New technologies of preparation and use of chemicals and modernization of technological standards in the construction industry have resulted in the development of new chemical additives for optimizing the properties of building materials. Products such as polycarboxylate superplasticizers provide improved fluidity and cohesion of the cement grains, in addition to improving the dispersion with respect to slurries without additives. This study aimed at adapting chemical additives used in civil construction to be used use in oilwell cement slurries systems, using Portland cement CPP-Special Class as the hydraulic binder. The chemical additives classified as defoamer, dispersant, fluid loss controller and retarder were characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses and technological tests set by the API (American Petroleum Institute). These additives showed satisfactory results for its application in cement slurries systems for oil wells. The silicone-based defoamer promoted the reduction of air bubbles incorporated during the stirring of the slurries. The dispersant significantly reduced the rheological parameters of the systems studied. The tests performed with the fluid loss controller and the retarder also resulted in suitable properties for application as chemical additives in cement slurries