Ability of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae to Transmit Cucumber mosaic virus in Single and Mixed Infection with Two Potyviruses to Zucchini Squash

The main objective of this work was to investigate the ability of Aphis gossypii and Myzus persicae to transmit Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) singly and mixed with two potyviruses (Papaya ringspot virus - type W, PRSV-W and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, ZYMV), to zucchini squash plants (Cucurbita pepo). The results showed that the potyviruses in general were more efficiently transmitted by both species of aphids as compared to CMV. The transmission of PRSV-W, ZYMV and CMV separately was more efficient than in mixture.

Emotional stimuli reduce the attentional blink in sub-clinical anxious subjects. 'Los est??mulos emocionales reducen el parpadeo atencional (attentional blink) en sujetos con ansiedad subcl??nica'

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Los códigos con información fonológica decaen rápidamente en la lectura normal de textos.

Resúmen tomado del autor. Resúmen en castellano e inglés. Apéndice en p. 211

Premunização de plantas afetando a produção de frutos e sementes de abobrinha-de-moita

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Occurrence, distribution, and relative incidence of five viruses infecting cucurbits in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Cucurbits species grown in 38 of 40 agricultural regions in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were surveyed for the relative incidence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Papaya ringspot virus-type W (PRSV-W), Watermelon mosaic virus-2 (WMV-2), Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus (ZLCV), and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) during May 1997 and June 1999. Samples from 621 plants, representing eight cultivated species, six wild species, and one commercial hybrid (Cucurbita moschata x C. maxima), were analyzed by plate trapped antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PTA-ELISA). PRSV-W and ZYMV were the most frequently found viruses, accounting for 49.1 and 24.8%, respectively, of 605 samples tested. ZLCV, CMV, and WMV-2 were detected in 7.8, 6.0, and 4.5% of 612, 497, and 423 samples tested, respectively. Double infection was found in 97 samples, and triple infection was found in 10 samples. Quadruple infection was detected in one C. pepo sample. Plants that were symptomatic but negative by PTA-ELISA might be due to abiotic agents, infection by virus for which antiserum was not available, such as Squash mosaic virus, or infection with an as yet uncharacterized virus.

Systemic gene therapy: biodistribution and long-term expression of a transgene in mice.

We have investigated the in vivo efficacy of a systemic gene transfer method, which combines a liposomal delivery system (DLS liposomes) with episomally replicative DNA plasmids to effect long-term expression of a transgene in cells. A single i.v. injection of a plasmid DNA vector containing the luciferase gene as a marker was administered with the DLS liposomes in BALB/c mice. The luciferase gene and its product were found in all mouse tissues tested as determined by PCR analysis and immunohistochemistry. Luciferase activity was also detected in all tissues tested and was present in lung, liver, spleen, and heart up to 3 months postinjection. In contrast to the nonepisomal vectors tested (pRSV-luc and pCMVintlux), human papovavirus (BKV)-derived episomal vectors showed long-term transgene expression. We found that these episomal vectors replicated extrachromosomally in lung 2 weeks postinjection. Results indicated that transgene expression in specific tissues depended on the promoter element used, DNA/liposome formulation, dose of DNA per injection, and route of administration.

Estudio de las variables asociadas a la aparición del parpadeo atencional

Cuando se presentan dos objetivos separados temporalmente entre 200 y 500 ms en un paradigma de Presentación Rápida de Series Visuales (PRSV), y ambos se encuentran enmascarados, los sujetos muestran un déficit a la hora de informar del segundo objetivo (O2), habiendo identificado previamente el primero (O1). Este fenómeno, al que se conoce con el nombre de Parpadeo Atencional (PA), se ha revelado como un efecto muy robusto dentro de la psicología de la atención en la medida en que se ha obtenido utilizando numerosos tipos de estímulos (letras, dígitos, símbolos, caras, palabras, dibujos, etc.), así como diferentes manipulaciones en las características estimulares (atributos físicos, familiaridad, activación emocional, etc.). Se pueden diferenciar dos corrientes teóricas predominantes para explicar el PA que se distinguen en función del mecanismo subyacente que proponen. Por un lado, las teorías de recursos limitados, que parten del supuesto de que existe una capacidad limitada de recursos de procesamiento, y que describen el PA como un déficit en la consolidación del O2 en la memoria a corto plazo como consecuencia de que los recursos se encuentran ocupados en el procesamiento del O1. Por otro lado, las teorías de control atencional, que defienden la existencia de un mecanismo de control que se pone en marcha tras la aparición del O1 y que tiene como función prevenir potenciales interferencias en su procesamiento. Existen pocos trabajos acerca del efecto aislado que ejercen las características contextuales de una tarea de PRSV sobre la magnitud del PA. El objetivo del presente estudio es, utilizando el paradigma de PRSV, investigar la influencia de determinadas variables tales como la modalidad de presentación estimular (dibujos o palabras), la pertenencia a una determinada categoría semántica (animales o utensilios) o la relación semántica entre los estímulos de una PRSV (congruente o incongruente), sobre el fenómeno de PA. Además, dada su relevancia para algunos modelos teóricos, se estudia el papel específico que juega la velocidad de procesamiento de la información y la Memoria Operativa (MO) sobre la expresión del PA...

Identification and effects of mixed infection of Potyvirus isolates with Cucumber mosaic virus in cucurbits.

Mixed infections in cucurbits are frequently observed in natural conditions between viruses from the Potyvirus genus and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), which significantly decreases productivity. The objectives of the present study was to compare the host range of PRSV-W, WMV, and ZYMV isolates and evaluate the effects of mixed infections with CMV in zucchini plants (Cucurbita pepo L.). Host range studies comprising 23 plant species confirmed some similarities and biological differences among the isolates of PRSV-W, ZYMV, and WMV. RT-PCR confirmed the amplification of DNA fragments of the PRSV-W, WMV, and ZYMV coat protein gene (cp) and cytoplasm inclusion gene (ci). The virus interaction studies in zucchini Caserta plants indicated synergistic interactions, particularly among species from the Potyvirus genus, and some CMV interference with some virus combinations.