Palestra pharmaceutica, chymico-galenica : en la qual de trata de la eleccion de los simples, sus preparaciones chymicas y galenicas y de las mas selectas composiciones antiguas y modernas, vsuales tanto en Madrid como en toda Europa, descritas por los antiguos y modernos con las anotaciones necessarias y mas nuevas que hasta lo presente se han escrito tocantes à su perfecta elaboracion, virtudes y mejor aplicacion en los enfermos ... /

Palau,

Palestra farmaceutica, chymico-galenica : en la qual se trata de la eleccion de los simples, sus preparaciones chimicas, y galénicas, y de las mas selectas composiciones antiguas, y modernas ... muy añadida en esta última impresion ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Alabado sea el Santísimo Sacramento : mes eucarístico, esto es, preparaciones, aspiraciones y acción de gracias para antes y después de la Sagrada Comunión /

Mode of access: Internet.

Palestra pharmaceutica, chymico-galenica : en la qual se trata de la eleccion de los simples, sus preparaciones chymicas, y galenicas, y de las mas selectas composiciones antiguas, y modernas ... /

Mode of access: Internet.

Palestra pharmaceutica, chymico-galenica : en la qual se trata de la eleccion de los simples, sus preparaciones chymicas, y galenicas, y de las mas selectas composiciones antiguas, y modernas ... muy añadida en este tercera impression .../

Mode of access: Internet.

Explicacion de la naturaleza, principios, virtudes, usos y dósis de las preparaciones y composiciones de la farmacopea de España /

Mode of access: Internet.

Nuevo tratado elemental de anatomia descriptiva y de preparaciones anatómicas / seguido de un Compendio de embriología ; por A. Verneuil ; traducido al español por Francisco Santana.

Mode of access: Internet.

Curso de farmacia químico-orgánica : con mejoras introducidas en las mismas, o con nuevos métodos y nuevos aparatos para medirlas ; Estudios sobre algunas preparaciones farmacéuticas /

Mode of access: Internet.

Preparaciones anatómicas presentadas en la Exposición Universal de Paris de 1867 : reseña y análisis /

Mode of access: Internet.

En el taller de Rubens: de la praxis a la ciencia. Análisis microestructural de preparaciones coloreadas con técnicas microscópicas (SEM/TEM)

Esta tesis forma parte del Proyecto de Investigación HUM2006-01847/ARTE, financiado por el Ministerio de Educación y Cultura. Ha sido realizado en la Facultad de Bellas Artes de Madrid, con la colaboración del Museo Nacional de Prado, y comprende el estudio histórico y análisis técnico comparativo de las preparaciones coloreadas sobre lienzo de dos cuadros de Rubens: “Retrato ecuestre del Duque de Lerma” (Madrid, 1603) y “Filopómenes reconocido por unos ancianos en Megara” (Amberes, 1609-1610); actualmente, la principal pinacoteca española conserva un importante número de obras del pintor, entre las que se cuentan los dos lienzos seleccionados. Pedro Pablo Rubens (1577-1640), es uno de los artistas flamencos más influyentes que dominó la pintura barroca europea del siglo XVII. Se dedicó prácticamente de forma exclusiva a la pintura y a la negociación política, alcanzando una elevada posición social y económica y un alto nivel cultural para la época. Su producción pictórica es muy amplia, reflejo de ello son las numerosas investigaciones que se han publicado a lo largo de los años. En el plano político se comprometió firmemente por alcanzar la paz en Europa; su convicción personal en el proyecto de renovación de la monarquía católica le llevó a emprender una intensa carrera diplomática en las cortes de Italia, Francia, Inglaterra, Holanda y, principalmente, España. Los dos viajes que realiza a Valladolid y Madrid (1603-04 y 1628-29), le permitieron, además, conocer la gran colección de arte de los Sitios Reales, y desarrollar una gran producción pictórica..

Evaluation of the spouted bed dried leaf extract of Bauhinia forficata for the treatment of experimental diabetes in rats

Previously, we have demonstrated that treatment of experimental diabetes with a decoction of Bauhinia forficata leaves is beneficial. In this study, we prepared a two-fold concentrate of this extract and tested its effects on physiological, biochemical and toxicity markers in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Dried and ground leaves were extracted with warm 70% hydroethanol and the filtrate concentrated by evaporation at 50 degrees C. This solution was mixed with colloidal silicon dioxide (Tixosil-333 (R)) and dried in a spouted bed (BfT). Rats were treated with water, insulin and Tixosil particles at low or high doses, alone or coated with dried BfT. Animals were periodically weighed and monitored for water and food intake; urinary volume, glucose, urea and protein; blood glucose, serum lipids, liver toxicity markers transaminase and phosphatase and masses of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Insulin treatment gave best rat growth and lowest values for all other markers. No other treatment affected any diabetic marker, but the enzyme activities were changed by diabetes and BfT. Thus, BfT toxicity could arise from secondary products of plant constituents or Tixosil interaction. Therefore, BfT prepared in the spouted bed as described, is unsuitable for treatment of diabetes, which implies that the method of preparation of any medicine is critical for its efficacy and toxicity.

Trypanosoma cruzi: evaluation of (-)-cubebin derivatives activity in the messenger RNAs processing

No fully effective treatment has been developed since the discovery of Chagas` disease. Since drug-resistant Trypanosoma cruzi strains are occurring and the current therapy is effective in the acute phase but with various adverse side effects, more studies are needed to characterize the susceptibility of T. cruzi to new drugs. Pre-mRNA maturation in trypanosomatids occurs through a process called trans-splicing, which is unusual RNA processing reaction, and it implies the processing of polycistronic transcription units into individual mRNAs; a short transcript spliced leader (SL RNA) is trans-spliced to the acceptor pre-mRNA, giving origin to the mature mRNA. Cubebin derivatives seem to provide treatments with less collateral effects than benznidazole and showed similar or better trypanocidal activities than benznidazole. Therefore, the cubebin derivatives ((-)-6,6`-dinitrohinokinin (DNH) and (-)-hinokinin (HQ)) interference in the mRNA processing was evaluated using T. cruzi permeable cells (Y and BOL (Bolivia) strains) following by RNase protection reaction. These substances seem to intervene in any step of the RNA transcription, promoting alterations in the RNA synthesis, even though the RNA processing mechanism still occurs. Furthermore, HQ presented better activity against the parasites than DNH, meaning that BOL strain seems to be more resistant than Y.

Fruit anatomy of Neotropical species of Indigofera (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) with functional and taxonomic implications

LEITE, V. G., F. S. MARQUIAFAVEL, D. P. MORAES, AND S. P. TEIXEIRA (Departamento de Ciencias Farmaceuticas, Faculdade de Ciencias Farmaceuticas de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo (USP), Av. do Cafe, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil). Fruit anatomy of Neotropical species of Indigofera (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae) with functional and taxonomic implications. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 136: 203-211. 2009-This work reports on the fruit surface and anatomy of seven Neotropical species of Indigofera (I. campestris Bong. ex Benth., I. hirsuta L., I. lespedeziodes Kunth, I. microcarpa Desv., I. spicata Forssk., I. suffruticosa Mill., and I. truxillensis Kunth) to help species diagnosis and clarify the fruit type classification. Flowers and fruits at several stages of development were removed from living material, fixed, and examined with scanning electron (surface analyses) and light microscopies (histological analyses). Species showed differences in relation to the number of exocarp layers, secretory trichome morphology and distribution, presence of stomata, phenolic idioblast size and distribution in mesocarp, the number and arrangement of endocarp fibers, and the presence of it separation tissue. It is noteworthy that no separation tissue was observed in L microcarpa and I. suffruticosa, although they have dehiscent fruits, which indicates it delayed dehiscence. The present work confirms that fruit anatomical characters can be utilized as it tool for fruit type classification, especially in Indigofera, the third largest genus of Leguminosae.

The azo dyes Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Orange 1 increase the micronuclei frequencies in human lymphocytes and in HepG2 cells

The use of azo dyes by different industries can cause direct and/or indirect effects oil human and environmental health due to the discharge of industrial effluents that contain these toxic compounds. Several studies have demonstrated the genotoxic effects of various azo dyes, but information on the DNA damage caused by Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Orange 1 is unavailable, although these dyes are used in dyeing processes in many countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mutagenic activity of Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Orange 1 using the micronucleus (MN) assay in human lymphocytes and in HepG2 cells. In the lymphocyte assay. it was found that the number of MN induced by the lowest concentration of each dye (0.2 mu g/mL) was similar to that of the negative control. At the other concentrations, a dose response MN formation was observed up to 1.0 mu g/mL. At higher dose levels, the number of MN decreased. For the HepG2 cells the results were similar. With both dyes a dose dependent increase in the frequency of MN was detected. However for the HepG2, the threshold for this increase was 2.0 mu g/mL, while at higher doses a reduction in the MN number was observed. The proliferation index was also calculated in order to evaluate acute toxicity during the test. No differences were detected between the different concentrations tested and the negative control. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chlorination treatment of aqueous samples reduces, but does not eliminate, the mutagenic effect of the azo dyes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Red 13 and Disperse Orange 1

The treatment of textile effluents by the conventional method based on activated sludge followed by a chlorination step is not usually an effective method to remove azo dyes, and can generate products more mutagenic than the untreated dyes. The present work evaluated the efficiency of conventional chlorination to remove the genotoxicity/mutagenicity of the azo dyes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1, and Disperse Red 13 from aqueous solutions. The comet and micronucleus assays with HepG2 cells and the Salmonella mutagenicity assay were used. The degradation of the dye molecules after the same treatment was also evaluated, using ultraviolet and visible absorption spectrum measurements (UV-vis), high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD), and total organic carbon removal (TOC) analysis. The comet assay showed that the three dyes studied induced damage in the DNA of the HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. After chlorination, these dyes remained genotoxic, although with a lower damage index (DI). The micronucleus test showed that the mutagenic activity of the dyes investigated was completely removed by chlorination, under the conditions tested. The Salmonella assay showed that chlorination reduced the mutagenicity of all three dyes in strain YG1041, but increased the mutagenicity of Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Orange 1 in strain TA98. With respect to chemical analysis, all the solutions showed rapid discoloration and a reduction in the absorbance bands characteristic of the chromophore group of each dye. However, the TOC was not completely removed, showing that chlorination of these dyes is not efficient in mineralizing them. It was concluded that conventional chlorination should be used with caution for the treatment of aqueous samples contaminated with azo dyes. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.