Dimensiones locales y regionales de la internacionalización

Una radiografía especializada del escenario internacional mostraría ya la existencia de una red compleja de múltiples y sorprendentes interconexiones entre territorios, distritos y provincias de los más insospechados lugares del mundo, que sostienen contactos de naturaleza comercial o cultural, por decir lo menos, y que van conformando nuevas asociaciones que modifican el mapa de las relaciones internacionales y las hacen más dinámicas y cercanas a la ciudadanía. En el seno de la Unión Europea, lo mismo que en países como Chile, Brasil, Canadá, México y Argentina, se pueden hallar vínculos directos entre regiones que intercambian no sólo bienes, sino que comparten experiencias y conocimientos, al tiempo que fortalecen buenas prácticas de beneficio recíproco con ánimo de sostenibilidad en el largo plazo. En Colombia, el desarrollo de actividades de carácter internacional por parte de las entidades territoriales está adquiriendo fuerza y dinámica propia. Progresivamente, los Departamentos y sus principales ciudades se suman a la tendencia de concebir una política que les permita proyectar una imagen internacional claramente definida acerca de las oportunidades de inversión, comercio y apertura de mercados que ofrecen tanto su territorio como su sociedad y su comunidad empresarial. Sin embargo, ante las proporciones y posibilidades del fenómeno, los gobiernos y demás protagonistas de la vida local y regional enfrentan todavía múltiples desafíos en su propósito de internacionalización.Si bien se destinan presupuesto y recursos humanos para avanzar en el tema, falta mucho por hacer en la concepción y desarrollo de estrategias refinadas que permitan visualizar propósitos y posibles resultados de las acciones emprendidas. Y sin perjuicio de que en ciertos casos se avizoren perspectivas de éxito, en otros, como es apenas natural en los momentos iniciales de procesos de esta naturaleza, un cierto grado de desorientación llega a nublar un panorama que de todas maneras se puede despejar si se trabaja con profesionalismo y conocimiento. Un estudio desarrollado por el Observatorio de Política Exterior Colombiana (OPEC) de la Universidad del Rosario, sobre las iniciativas regionales y/o locales en materia de inserción internacional, comprueba que aunque los Gobiernos municipales o departamentales están incorporando en sus planes y programas cierto tipo de actividades de esta naturaleza, es necesario profundizar en los procesos de planeación con alto contenido estratégico y prospectivo, ya que sólo así podrán capitalizar su enorme potencial y las oportunidades que el entorno les ofrece. Lo mismo que es imprescindible conocer y utilizar adecuadamente los instrumentos de implementación que requiere una estrategia de internacionalización. Este fascículo ofrece una serie de reflexiones acerca del proceso de inserción internacional de algunas de nuestras ciudades y regiones, sus oportunidades, y algunas herramientas que podrían permitir a los gestores de política pública, asesores y actores involucrados, avanzar hacia una estrategia de inserción internacional efectiva y pertinente a las necesidades de sus entidades territoriales.

Análisis de la influencia de grandes ciudades en la transformación de sus entornos regionales para la provisión de bienes y servicios. Caso específico: influencia de Bogotá en Cundinamarca para la generación de infraestructura turística (2000-2012)

El crecimiento acelerado de las ciudades ha incidido en la transformación de las condiciones urbanas haciendo de la expansión y conformación de asentamientos más complejos algo inminente. Bogotá es un buen ejemplo de una ciudad ha crecido sobre su región, generando actividades económicas complementarias, que han venido especializando a los diferentes municipios en actividades productivas y de servicios. Una de las mayores demandas en la prestación de bienes y servicios, tiene que ver con el tema de la recreación, específicamente el Turismo.

Guía metodológica para implantar planes de igualdad en la comunidad educativa.

La publicación recoge un listado de páginas web de organismos internacionales, nacionales y regionales encargados de impulsar las políticas de igualdad entre mujeres y hombres, y de páginas especializadas en temas de género y coeducación

Propuestas para la formulación de políticas para el desarrollo de tramas productivas regionales. El caso de la lechería caprina en Argentina

Incluye Bibliografía

El ordenamiento territorial como opción de políticas urbanas y regionales en América Latina y el Caribe

Incluye Bibliografía

Bienes públicos regionales para la atención integral de la primera infancia: lineamientos comunes, garantías mínimas y protocolos regionales

Incluye Bibliografía

Intratherapist reliability in the rating of scapula posture in multiple planes of reference

Background: Evaluation of scapular posture is a fundamental component in the clinical evaluation of the upper quadrant. This study examined the intrarater reliability of scapular posture ratings. Methods: A test-retest reliability investigation was undertaken with one week between assessment sessions. At each session physical therapists conducted visual assessments of scapula posture (relative to the thorax) in five different scapula postural planes (plane of scapula, sagittal plane, transverse plane, horizontal plane, and vertical plane). These five plane ratings were performed for four different scapular posture perturbating conditions (rest, isometric shoulder; flexion, abduction, and external rotation). Results. A total of 100 complete scapular posture ratings (50 left, 50 right) were undertaken at each assessment. The observed agreement between the test and retest postural plane ratings ranged from 59% to 87%; 16 of the 20 plane-condition combinations exceeded 75% observed agreement. Kappa (and prevalence adjusted bias adjusted kappa) values were inconsistent across the postural planes and perturbating conditions. Conclusions: This investigation generally revealed fair to moderate intrarater reliability in the rating of scapular posture by visual inspection. However, enough disagreement between assessments was present to warrant caution when interpreting perceived changes in scapula position between longitudinal assessments using visual inspection alone.

Utilizing least significant bit-planes of RONI pixels for medical image watermarking

We propose a computationally efficient image border pixel based watermark embedding scheme for medical images. We considered the border pixels of a medical image as RONI (region of non-interest), since those pixels have no or little interest to doctors and medical professionals irrespective of the image modalities. Although RONI is used for embedding, our proposed scheme still keeps distortion at a minimum level in the embedding region using the optimum number of least significant bit-planes for the border pixels. All these not only ensure that a watermarked image is safe for diagnosis, but also help minimize the legal and ethical concerns of altering all pixels of medical images in any manner (e.g, reversible or irreversible). The proposed scheme avoids the need for RONI segmentation, which incurs capacity and computational overheads. The performance of the proposed scheme has been compared with a relevant scheme in terms of embedding capacity, image perceptual quality (measured by SSIM and PSNR), and computational efficiency. Our experimental results show that the proposed scheme is computationally efficient, offers an image-content-independent embedding capacity, and maintains a good image quality

Planes, trains, automobiles and the action per quod servitium amisit

The action per quod servitium amisit compensates an employer for the loss of an employee’s services, where such loss is caused due to the commission of a tort by a third party which injures the employee. Although not commonly pleaded, such actions often arise when employees are harmed due to transportation accidents. For example, where allowed, physical injury caused by the negligent driving of automobiles, and the psychiatric injury suffered by an engine driver upon averting a collision with a motorcyclist crossing before an oncoming train...

Analysis of arm elevation muscle activity through different movement planes and speeds during in-water and dry-land exercise

Objective The objectives of this cross-sectional, analytical inference analysis were to compare shoulder muscle activation at arm elevations of 0° to 90° through different movement planes and speeds during in-water and dry-land exercise and to extrapolate this information to a clinical rehabilitation model. Methods Six muscles of right-handed adult subjects (n = 16; males/females: 50%; age: 26.1 ± 4.5 years) were examined with surface electromyography during arm elevation in water and on dry land. Participants randomly performed 3 elevation movements (flexion, abduction, and scaption) through 0° to 90°. Three movement speeds were used for each movement as determined by a metronome (30°/sec, 45°/sec, and 90°/sec). Dry-land maximal voluntary contraction tests were used to determine movement normalization. Results Muscle activity levels were significantly lower in water compared with dry land at 30°/sec and 45°/sec but significantly higher at 90°/sec. This sequential progressive activation with increased movement speed was proportionally higher on transition from gravity-based on-land activity to water-based isokinetic resistance. The pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles showed higher activity during abduction and scaption. Conclusions These findings on muscle activation suggest protocols in which active flexion is introduced first at low speeds (30°/sec) in water, then at medium speeds (45°/sec) in water or on dry land, and finally at high speeds (90°/sec) on dry land before in water. Abduction requires higher stabilization, necessitating its introduction after flexion, with scaption introduced last. This model of progressive sequential movement ensures that early active motion and then stabilization are appropriately introduced. This should reduce rehabilitation time and improve therapeutic goals without compromising patient safety or introducing inappropriate muscle recruitment or movement speed.

An algorithm for constructing Hjelmslev planes

Projective Hjelmslev planes and affine Hjelmslev planes are generalisations of projective planes and affine planes. We present an algorithm for constructing projective Hjelmslev planes and affine Hjelmslev planes that uses projective planes, affine planes and orthogonal arrays. We show that all 2-uniform projective Hjelmslev planes, and all 2-uniform affine Hjelmslev planes can be constructed in this way. As a corollary it is shown that all $2$-uniform affine Hjelmslev planes are sub-geometries of $2$-uniform projective Hjelmslev planes.

Agreement between physiotherapists rating scapular posture in multiple planes in patients with neck pain: Reliability study

Objective Evaluation of scapular posture is an integral component of the clinical assessment of painful neck disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate agreement between therapist judgements of scapula posture in multiple biomechanical planes in individuals with neck pain. Design Inter-therapist reliability study. Setting Research laboratory. Participants Fifteen participants with chronic neck pain. Main outcome measures Four physiotherapists recorded ratings of scapular orientation (relative to the thorax) in five different scapula postural planes (plane of scapula, sagittal plane, transverse plane, horizontal plane, and vertical plane) under four test conditions (at rest, and during three isometric shoulder conditions) in all participants. Inter-therapist reliability was expressed using both generalized and paired kappa coefficient. Results Following adjustment for expected agreement and the high prevalence of neutral ratings (81%), on average both the generalised kappa (0.37) as well as Cohen's Kappa for the two therapist pairs (0.45 and 0.42) demonstrated only slight to moderate inter-therapist reliability. Conclusions The findings suggest that ratings of scapular posture in individuals with neck pain by visual inspection has only slight to moderate reliability and should only be used in conjunction with other clinical tests when judging scapula function in these patients.

Fascial planes within subcutaneous fat in humans

We have used B-mode (brightness-mode) ultrasound to investigate the fascial planes within subcutaneous fat at the triceps and abdominal sites in a group of 17 women attending a weight control group over a 12 month period. In most subjects there was a single intralipid fascial plane at each site. As the thickness of adipose tissue increased, most of the change at the abdominal site was in the deep rather than the superficial layer of fat. At the triceps site both deep and superficial layers increased. Our findings confirm the presence of two different layers in human subcutaneous fat at the triceps and abdominal sites. These layers have been shown to be functionally different in animals and our study supports this in humans at the abdominal site.

Elastic stress analysis of jointed half-planes

Using a Fourier-integral approach, the problem of stress analysis in a composite plane consisting of two half-planes of different elastic properties rigidly joined along their boundaries has been solved. The analysis is done for a force acting in one of the half-planes for both cases when the force acts parallel and perpendicular to the interface. As a particular case, the interface stresses are evaluated when the interface is smooth. Some properties of the normal stress at the interface are discussed both for plane stress and plane strain conditions.