La cuestion del petroleo /

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Degradacao termica e catalitica da borra oleosa de Petroleo com materiais nanoestruturados al-mcm-41 e AL-SBA-15

Aiming to reduce and reuse waste oil from oily sludge generated in large volumes by the oil industry, types of nanostructured materials Al-MCM-41 and Al-SBA-15, with ratios of Si / Al = 50, were synthesized , and calcined solids used as catalysts in the degradation of oily sludge thermocatalytic oil from oilfield Canto do Amaro, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Samples of nanostructured materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG / DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR) and adsorption nitrogen (BET). The characterization showed that the synthesized materials resulted in a catalyst nanostructure, and ordered pore diameter and surface area according to existing literature. The oily sludge sample was characterized by determining the API gravity and sulfur content and SARA analysis (saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes). The results showed a material equivalent to the average oil with API gravity of 26.1, a low sulfur content and considerable amount of resins and asphaltenes, presented above in the literature. The thermal and catalytic degradation of the oily sludge oil was performed from room temperature to 870 ° C in the ratios of heating of 5, 10 and 20 ° C min-1. The curves generated by TG / DTG showed a more accelerated degradation of oily sludge when it introduced the nanostructured materials. These results were confirmed by activation energy calculated by the method of Flynn-Wall, in the presence of catalysts reduced energy, in particular in the range of cracking, showing the process efficiency, mainly for extraction of lightweight materials of composition of oily sludge, such as diesel and gasoline

Pirólise de borras oleosas de petroleo utilizando nanomateriais

The oily sludge is a complex mix of hydrocarbons, organic impurities, inorganic and water. One of the major problems currently found in petroleum industry is management (packaging, storage, transport and fate) of waste. The nanomaterials (catalysts) mesoporous and microporous are considered promising for refining and adsorbents process for environment protection. The aim of this work was to study the oily sludge from primary processing (raw and treated) and vacuum residue, with application of thermal analyses technique (pyrolysis), thermal and catalytic pyrolysis with nanomaterials, aiming at production petroleum derived. The sludge and vacuum residue were analyzed using a soxhlet extraction system, elemental analysis, thin layer chromatography, thermogravimetry and pyrolysis coupled in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py GC MS). The catalysts AlMCM-41, AlSBA-15.1 e AlSBA-15.2 were synthesized with molar ratio silicon aluminum of 50 (Si/Al = 50), using tetraethylorthosilicante as source of silicon and pseudobuhemita (AlOOH) as source of aluminum. The analyzes of the catalysts indicate that materials showed hexagonal structure and surface area (783,6 m2/g for AlMCM-41, 600 m2/g for AlSBA-15.1, 377 m2/g for AlSBA-15.2). The extracted oily sludge showed a range 65 to 95% for organic components (oil), 5 to 35% for inorganic components (salts and oxides) and compositions different of derivatives. The AlSBA-15 catalysts showed better performance in analyzes for production petroleum derived, 20% increase in production of kerosene and light gas oil. The energy potential of sludge was high and it can be used as fuel in other cargo processed in refinery

Tratamiento tributario y contable a las transferencias de gas licuado de petroleo en El Salvador.

. Ante el desconocimiento de la contabilización y los pocos temas desarrollados existentes de la transferencia de Gas Licuado de Petróleo (GLP) en El Salvador, consideramos la necesidad de poder establecer un escrito que pueda orientar y permitir conocer el tratamiento contable y tributario de las transferencias de Gas Licuado de Petróleo (GLP), se decidió realizar esta investigación que tiene por finalidad poder presentar a los estudiantes, profesionales y público en general el proceso de la solicitud de subsidio al Gas Licuado de Petróleo (GLP) en El Salvador. El contenido del trabajo de investigación presenta la contabilización y el tratamiento tributario que se debe realizar en la transferencia de Gas Licuado de Petróleo (GLP) por parte de las empresas importadoras de este producto, se presenta el proceso en que los importadores y distribuidores deben vender los cilindros de Gas Licuado de Petróleo (GLP) sobre el cual recae el subsidio por parte del Estado Salvadoreño; teniendo en cuenta los cilindros envasados y vendidos. Además se considera la normativa técnica emitida por parte del Ministerio de Economía (MINEC) a través de la Dirección de Hidrocarburos y Minas (DHM) para la liquidación del subsidio a las empresas que realizan la venta de este producto a menor precio por estar subsidiado y que sea de consumo doméstico, a la fecha también se consideró las reformas que entraron en vigencia para el periodo impositivo de 1 Enero de 2010 logrando con esto presentar una investigación que muestre las reformas más significativas y de aplicación para las empresas dedicadas a este rubro. Algunas personas en su mayoría estudiantes y personas afines a esta clase de actividad desconocen la existencia de un documento que ejemplifique la contabilización y tratamiento tributario que es aplicado a las importadoras y comercializadoras de Gas Licuado de Petróleo (GLP) en El Salvador en tal sentido se decidió hacer uso de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera Versión Completa (NIIF FULL) de esta manera se mostrara la forma de cómo realizar el registro contable que le es aplicable a las empresas que pertenecen al rubro de Gas Licuado de Petróleo (GLP) en tal sentido el caso práctico que se muestra va orientado en la aplicación de Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera Versión Completa (NIIF FULL) , pues a la fecha de 1 de Enero de 2011 deberá adoptarse Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera para PYMES a toda aquella empresa que no cotiza en el Mercado de la Bolsa de Valores y no está obligada a rendir Cuentas Públicas.

Morphology and biology of a new Pseudopolydora (Annelida: Spionidae) species from Brazil

Adults of Pseudopolydora rosebelae sp. nov. inhabit silty tubes on muddy bottoms in shallow water in southern Brazil, states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. They are rare and extremely delicate, attaining 20 mm long for 55 chaetigers. The worms are distinctive by their colourful yellow and black pigmentation on the anterior part of body and palps, prominent transverse hood on the dorsal anterior edge of chaetiger 3, and lack of coloured respiratory pigment in blood. Of 12 examined individuals, all were females. Oogenesis is intraovarian; oocytes develop from chaetigers 14-15 to chaetigers 24-36. Recently laid oocytes were about 150 mu m in diameter, with embryos and developing larvae found in capsules inside female tubes in March-June. Broods comprised up to 23 capsules with 400 propagules. Capsules were joined to each other in a string and each attached by a single thin stalk to the inner wall of the tube. Larvae hatched at the 4-chaetiger stage and fed on plankton. Pelagic larvae are unique among Pseudopolydora in having large ramified mid-dorsal melanophores from chaetiger 3 onwards. Competent larvae are able to settle and metamorphose at the 15-chaetiger stage, but can remain planktonic up to 18 chaetigers. They have one pair of unpigmented ocelli and three pairs of black eyes in the prostomium, unpaired ramified mid-dorsal melanophores on chaetiger 1 and on the pygidium, ramified lateral melanophores on chaetigers 5-10, prominent yellow chromatophores in the prostomium, peristomium, on dorsal and ventral sides of chaetigers and in the pygidium. Branchiae are present on chaetigers 7-10, and gastrotrochs are arranged on chaetigers 3, 5, 7 and 12. Provisional serrated bristles are present in all notopodia, and hooks are present in neuropodia from chaetiger 8 onwards. Two pairs of provisional protonephridia are present in chaetigers 1 and 2, and adult metanephridia are present from chaetiger 4.

Changes in soil organic carbon storage under different agricultural management systems in the Southwest Amazon Region of Brazil

The Cerrado and Amazon regions of Brazil are probably the largest agricultural frontier of the world, and Could be a sink or source for C depending on the net effect of land use change and subsequent management on soil organic C pools. We evaluated the effects of agricultural management systems on soil organic C (SOC) stocks in the Brazilian states of Rondonia and Mato Grosso, and derived regional specific factors for soil C stock change associated with different management systems. We used 50 observations (data points) in this study, including 42 dealing with annual cropping practices and 8 dealing with perennial cropping, and analyzed the data in linear mixed-effect models. No tillage (NT) systems in Cerrado areas increased SOC Storage by 1.08 +/- 0.06 relative to SOC stocks under native conditions, while SOC storage increased by a modest factor of 1.01 +/- 0.17 in Cerradao and Amazon Forest conditions. Full tillage (FT) had negative effect on SOC storage relative to NT, decreasing SOC stocks by a factor of 0.94 +/- 0.04. but did not significantly reduce SOC stocks relative to native levels when adopted in the Cerrado region. Perennial cropping had a minimal impact on SOC stocks, estimated at a factor Value of 0.98 +/- 0.14, suggesting these systems maintain about 98% of the SOC stock found under native vegetation. The results Suggest that NT adoption may be increasing SOC with land use change from native vegetation to cropland management in the Cerrado region of Brazil. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Modeling and simulation of severe slugging in air-water pipeline-riser systems

A mathematical model, numerical simulations and stability and flow regime maps corresponding to severe slugging in pipeline riser systems, are presented. In the simulations air and water were used as flowing fluids. The mathematical model considers continuity equations for liquid and gas phases, with a simplified momentum equation for the mixture, neglecting inertia. A drift-flux model, evaluated for the local conditions in the riser, is used as a closure law. The developed model predicts the location of the liquid accumulation front in the pipeline and the liquid level in the riser, so it is possible to determine which type of severe slugging occurs in the system. The numerical procedure is convergent for different nodalizations. A comparison is made with experimental results corresponding to a catenary riser, showing very good results for slugging cycle and stability and flow regime maps. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Matrix Method for Acoustic Levitation Simulation

A matrix method is presented for simulating acoustic levitators. A typical acoustic levitator consists of an ultrasonic transducer and a reflector. The matrix method is used to determine the potential for acoustic radiation force that acts on a small sphere in the standing wave field produced by the levitator. The method is based on the Rayleigh integral and it takes into account the multiple reflections that occur between the transducer and the reflector. The potential for acoustic radiation force obtained by the matrix method is validated by comparing the matrix method results with those obtained by the finite element method when using an axisymmetric model of a single-axis acoustic levitator. After validation, the method is applied in the simulation of a noncontact manipulation system consisting of two 37.9-kHz Langevin-type transducers and a plane reflector. The manipulation system allows control of the horizontal position of a small levitated sphere from -6 mm to 6 mm, which is done by changing the phase difference between the two transducers. The horizontal position of the sphere predicted by the matrix method agrees with the horizontal positions measured experimentally with a charge-coupled device camera. The main advantage of the matrix method is that it allows simulation of non-symmetric acoustic levitators without requiring much computational effort.

Análise de dados e aplicação de modelos estatísticos para apoio à decisão de contratação na Petróleo Brasileiro

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Industrial

Evaluación de la contaminación marina frente a la Bahía de Paita. Crucero Demersales 9505-06

Da a conocer los niveles de concentración de los parámetros físicos - químicos y contaminantes que se encuentran disueltos y dispersos frente a la Bahía de Paita, tomando como muestra doce estaciones y empleando el método de Winkler y el método gravimétrico en el análisis de resultados. Se colectaron miestras de agua en dos niveles dando como resultado que los valores de hidrocarburos del petróleo no superan el valor máximo permisible.

Evaluación de la varazón y contaminación en la Bahía Paracas – Pisco

Presenta los resultados de las prospecciones realizadas el 29 de abril y el 4-7 de mayo de 1995 como consecuencia de la varazón de lizas acaecido el 25 de abril en las playas de Santo Domingo, Pisco-Perú. Durante el operativo se realizó una evaluación, física, química y biológica del ecosistema marino costero el cual incluyó la cuantificación de hidrocarburos de petróleo. Los resultados demostraron condiciones críticas en el ambiente acuático (anoxia, sulfuros elevados, grandes cantidades de grasa, etc.). La bahía presentó principalmente problemas de eutroficación asociada a condiciones anóxicas que ocasionaron la muerte y posterior varazón de peces.

Evaluación de la calidad medio marino costero en la Bahía de Talara y aguas adyacentes, 15-17 abril 1997

Presenta los resultados obtenidos de la evaluación de la calidad del ecosistema marino costero de la bahía Talara y aguas adyacentes, realizada del 15 al 17 de abril de 1997, con el objetivo de establecer un análisis comparativo estacional (otoño) y evaluar la influencia de las descargas terrestres en el medio marino dentro del Programa de Vigilancia del Estado de Calidad Marino Costero. El objetivo principal del estudio es continuar con la vigilancia del estado de calidad acuática.

Evaluación de la calidad del medio marino en el área de Paita (Setiembre, 1995)

Presenta los resultados de la evaluación realizada del 22 al 24 de setiembre de 1995, respecto a la calidad del medio marino costero, obteniéndose información referencial a los niveles del elemento cobre y de compuestos de hidrocarburo de petróleo; lo cual ejerce influencia en el litoral al registrar bajos niveles de oxígeno en el medio marino costero.

Evaluación de la calidad medio marino en la Bahía de Talara

Evalúa el estado de la calidad del medio marino costero, especialmente como consecuencia de las actividades petrolíferas de la zona, para lo cual se evaluó la presencia de compuestos hidrocarbonados. También se obtiene información sobre los niveles de cobre y descargas provenientes de fuentes terrestres que generan un impacto ambiental en el estado de las playas.