Patentes, regulación de precios e innovación en la industria farmacéutica

The trade-off between property rights/price regulation and innovation depends on countrycharacteristics and drug industry specificities. Access to drugs and innovation can bereconciled by seven ways that, among others, include: public health strengthening in thecountries with the largest access problems (those among the poor with the weakestinstitutions); public and private aid to make attractive R&D on neglected diseases; pricediscrimination with market segmentation; to require patent owners to choose eitherprotection in the rich countries or protection in the poor countries (but not both).Regarding price regulation, after a review of theoretical arguments and empirical evidence,seven strategies to reconcile health and industrial considerations are outlined, including:mitigation of the medical profession dependence on the pharmaceutical industry; considerationof a drug as an input of a production process; split drug authorization from public fundingdecisions; establish an efficiency minimum for all health production inputs; and stop theEuropean R&D hemorrhagia.

¿Las patentes aceleran o retrasan la comercialización de nuevos medicamentos en los países en desarrollo?

Este trabajo analiza el impacto de las patentes en la dinámica de introducción de nuevos medicamentos en diferentes mercados nacionales. El estudio de un conjunto de mercados de medicamentos contra el VIH/SIDA en una muestra de países en desarrollo indica que las patentes sólo aceleran significativamente la introducción de los nuevos medicamentos después de que hayan pasado entre 1 y 4 años desde su lanzamiento mundial. Las patentes impiden que se introduzcan copias locales de los nuevos medicamentos comercializados por las grandes multinacionales, y la falta de competencia y los mayores precios de introducción resultantes ofrece a las multinacionales mayores ingresos en la comercialización de nuevos medicamentos mientras dura la patente. Sin embargo, el incentivo económico que debería acelerar la disponibilidad de nuevos medicamentos parece operar con cierto retraso

¿Las patentes aceleran o retrasan la comercialización de nuevos medicamentos en los países en desarrollo?

Este trabajo analiza el impacto de las patentes en la dinámica de introducción de nuevos medicamentos en diferentes mercados nacionales. El estudio de un conjunto de mercados de medicamentos contra el VIH/SIDA en una muestra de países en desarrollo indica que las patentes sólo aceleran significativamente la introducción de los nuevos medicamentos después de que hayan pasado entre 1 y 4 años desde su lanzamiento mundial. Las patentes impiden que se introduzcan copias locales de los nuevos medicamentos comercializados por las grandes multinacionales, y la falta de competencia y los mayores precios de introducción resultantes ofrece a las multinacionales mayores ingresos en la comercialización de nuevos medicamentos mientras dura la patente. Sin embargo, el incentivo económico que debería acelerar la disponibilidad de nuevos medicamentos parece operar con cierto retraso

Normativas sobre patentes en las universidades españolas

El artículo 20 de la ley 11/86 está dedicado a la regulación de las patentes académicas. En él se establecen los derechos y obligaciones de los inventores y las universidades en relación a las invenciones patentables que surjan dentro de las instituciones españolas de enseñanza superior. Sin embargo, cada universidad puede elaborar un reglamento en el que se adapten las disposiciones de la ley de Patentes a sus propias circunstancias y en el que se regulen la gestión de las solicitudes y posteriores patentes. Este trabajo compara las distintas normativas de patentes de las universidades españolas para tener una visión completa de la regulación interna de este tipo de derechos. Se tratan aspectos tales como los actores implicados, la gestión de las solicitudes, determinación de los gastos, explotación de los derechos, reparto de beneficios, cesión de las patentes y reserva de licencias, etc.

Implicações da categorização e indexação na recuperação da informação tecnológica contida em documentos de patentes

A Classificação Internacional de Patentes, criada para uniformizar a sistematização dos documentos de patentes, ainda não atingiu seus objetivos. Documentos iguais são indexados de forma distinta em cada país signatário do Acordo de Estrasburgo. O objetivo do trabalho é apresentar as causas da subjetividade nas etapas envolvidas na construção da identidade das patentes de invenção, principalmente no que tange à categorização e indexação, etapas importantes para que os que os usuários do sistema de proteção patentária possam recuperar a informação tecnológica contida nestes ativos de propriedade intelectual. O trabalho baseou-se em revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa documental.

As patentes nas universidades: análise dos depósitos das universidades públicas paulistas (1995-2006)

Este artigo analisou os depósitos das universidades públicas paulistas no Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (Inpi) no período de 1995-2006, perfazendo 672 registros. Foram consideradas as seguintes: Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Universidade Federal de São Carlos e Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Com os resultados obtidos verificou-se um avanço, mesmo que instável, do número de depósitos de patentes advindas das universidades e o adiantamento da Unicamp em relação às demais na quantidade de patentes depositadas, responsável por 60% do total de registros. Como conclusão vale destacar que o fortalecimento das políticas internas das universidades relacionadas à propriedade industrial acarretará maior índice de proteção das invenções acadêmicas, garantindo os direitos sobre a invenção, incentivando a realização de novas pesquisas e, através de mecanismos efetivos, viabilizando a transferência da tecnologia produzida nas universidades para o setor produtivo.

A nova lei de patentes, a indústria química e a universidade

This paper aims to present some features of the Industrial Property Law now in force in Brazil, as far as they could be regarded to the activities of research and development in the field of Chemistry and related areas, not only in the chemical industry but also in the university. By means of analysis of the main articles and paragraphs, which could deal with the mentioned activities, the author points out the scope and limitations of that law and explains the meaning of common technical terms usually found in patent concerns. Ultimately, a brief discussion on the actual and the potential role of the Brazilian university in the sphere of the Industrial Property is made.

Informação de patentes: ferramenta indispensável para a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento tecnológico

As technological information is published mainly as a patent, it is fundamental for the country development to know the patent system. In this article it is presented basic information on intellectual property, in special on patent. It is showed the structure of the patent documents, and it is given notions on International Classification and patent data banks.

A gestão do conhecimento aplicada à reciclagem de componentes automotivos através do tratamento das informações contidas em documentos de patentes

This article evaluates the technologies adopted for recycling and reuse of automobile components, through the analysis of patents documents. The automobile batteries recycling is the main topic, followed by the automatic disassembly of vehicles, tires recycling and polyurethane recycling. None document approached recycling of steel and aluminum or ceramics products. The reduced number of technologies for the recycling of the polymeric compounds (including polyurethane) indicates that a bigger number of research and inventions must be elaborated in the next years, aiming at to the reduction of costs of processes and adequacy to the more restricted environmental legislation.

Desmistificando a proteção por patentes nas universidades

Brazilian universities and research institutions still fail to protect the knowledge and technology produced by their community of students, staff and professors while Intellectual Property (IP) issues along with the role of patents and their strategic management in educational and research institutions remain taboo or misunderstood. The focus of this work was to demystify these subjects, including IP, patents and their requirements, the decision to patent as well as tips for successful patenting. Any student, professor or researcher of an educational or research institution can invent and protect their technology. This paper shows how to make such a patent application.

Patentes depositadas em âmbito nacional como indicador de desenvolvimento das tecnologias de produção de hidrogênio

Brazil is considered a major player in relation to renewable energy sources. Since 2005, the MME have encouraged scientific and technological development to advance the hydrogen economy in the country. In this work we identified the patents based on hydrogen production filed by the INPI by evaluating the energy production in Brazil in conjunction with data held in the BNE and the prediction of hydrogen production made by the CGEE. It can be observed that the country needs substantial technological stimulation, but shows promise for producing renewable energy sources.

BUSCAS DE INFORMAÇÕES TECNOLÓGICAS COM BASE EM DADOS DE PATENTES: ESTUDO DE CASO DOS LÍQUIDOS IÔNICOS NO BRASIL

This study describes the application of the Art of Scientific and Technological Search to strategically analyze areas of technological and industrial development. Application of scientific search strategies such as the creation of Patent Landscape has been shown to be useful for writing research projects, earning grants, publishing papers, drafting patent applications, and analyzing the market and economic potentials of a previous determined subject. The Patent Landscape regards a simplified analysis of technologies concerning ionic liquids patents applied in Brazil and published by Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial(INPI). A total of 93 patent applications using the keywords "ionic liquids" were found in the INPI database. Among these, 75% were nonresident applications and 25% were Brazilian resident applications. Interestingly, BASF, Chevron Industries, and the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) were discovered as higher patent applicant assignees. Differences in the patent application areas were also observed between these applicants, with new solvents and petrochemical applications as the areas of focus for the industrial applications (BASF and Chevron Industries), and energy production, catalysis, and chemical reaction media as the focus for the university applications.

A tendência à harmonização internacional da proteção de patentes e seus problemas

TRIPS agreement has been a milestone in the present trend towards international harmonization of intellectual property's protection (including patents' protection), where harmonization means to increase the protection level in developing countries according to the more rigorous standards of developed ones. Considering the economic theory of patents together with historical and empirical evidences, it is argued that international harmonization of patents' protection as it is settled by TRIPS agreement is not favorable to developing countries' economic development.

Arrest du Conseil d'Etat du roi et lettres patentes portant règlement pour l'administration des revenus du collège de Navarre [1738]

[Acte royal. 1738]