Producción de biomasa de Cratylia argentea bajo diferentes densidades de siembra y frecuencias de corte en el trópico seco de Managua, Nicaragua

La presente investigación se llevó a cabo de septiembre 2002 a septiembre 2003 en la finca Santa Rosa propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, ubicada al norte de la Comunidad de Sabana Grande en el municipio de Managua, Nicaragua. Se utilizó el diseño experimental de Bloques Completamente al Azar, con arreglo de parcelas divididas. Se evaluaron los efectos de tres densidades de siembra (40,000, 20,000 y 10,000 plantas/ha) y tres frecuencias de corte (8, 12 y 16 semanas) sobre la producción de biomasa de Cratylia argentea. Se realizó análisis de varianza y comparaciones con la prueba de Tukey, utilizando MlNlTAB, Versión 13.0; en las variables Materia Fresca Total (MFT), Materia Fresca Fracción Fina (MFFF), Materia Fresca Fracción Gruesa (MFFG), Porcentaje de Materia Seca (%MS), Cenizas, Rendimiento de Materia Seca Total (RMST), Rendimiento de Materia Seca Fracción Fina (RMSFF), Altura, y Tasa de Crecimiento (TC). El Análisis de Varianza (P<0.05) demostró que la densidad de siembra (40,000 plantas/ha) ofreció los mayores resultados en las variables MFT (59.19 ton/ha/año), MFFF (44.51 ton/ha/año), MFFG (13.88 ton/ha/año), RMST (18.00 ton/ha/año), RMSFF (13.26 ton/ha/año), y TC (33.39 kg/ha/día), las densidades de siembra no afectaron a las variables %MS, Cenizas y Altura. La frecuencia de corte de 16 semanas, presentó los mejores resultados en las variables MFT (53.13 ton/ha/año), MFFG (18.31 ton/ha/año), % MS (34.83%), %Cenizas (15.67%) RMST (18.38 ton/ha/año), RMSFF (12.11 ton/ha/año), Altura (162.30 cm). Las frecuencias de corte no tuvieron ningún efecto sobre MFFF y TC. En la época de lluvia se obtuvieron los mejores resultados para TC (41.51 kg MS/ha/día) y en la época de seca para o/oMS (32.53%) y cenizas (13.85%) el resto de variables no fueron afectadas por el efecto de época del año.

Efecto de diferentes densidades de siembra y alturas de corte sobre la producción de biomasa y composición quimica de Cratylia argentea

El presente estudio se realizó en la finca Santa Rosa, propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), De partamento de Managua, localizada geográficamente a 12º08 ́15 ̈ latitud Norte y a 86º09 ́36 ̈ longitud Este, en el período Julio 2005-Julio 2006. Se evaluó el efecto de tres densidades de siembras (40 000, 20000 y 10 000 plantas/ha) y tres alturas de corte (20, 40 y 60 cm.) sobre la producción de biomasa y composición química de Cratylia argentea. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de Bloque Completamente al Azar con 4 repeticiones con arreglo de Parcelas Divididas, a las parcelas principales se les asignó la densidad de plantas y a las subparcelas las alturas de corte. Los resultados del análisis de vari anza (p<0.05) mostraron que la densidad de siembra de 40 000 plantas/ha presentó estadísticamente (P<0.05) diferencias altamente significativas dando los ma yores rendimientos para Materia Fresca Total (58.9 t/ha/año), Materia Seca Total (17.6 t/ha/año) y Altura de Planta (97.5 cm). No se encontró diferencias significativas entre densidades de siembra en contenido de MS,FDN, FDA y DIVMS, sin embargo, la densidad de siembra de 20 000 plantas/ha, presentó el mayor (P<0.05) contenido de PB (21.1%).La altura de corte de 60 cm mostró significativamente (P<0.05) los mejores resultados para MFT (57.5 t/ha/año), MST (18.1 t/ha/año) y Altura de Plantas ( 115.6 cm). No se encontró diferencias estadísticas entre alturas de corte para contenido de MS y hemicelulosa, no obstante la altura de corte de 20 cm mostró el mayor (P<0.05) contenido de PB (22.6%) y DIVMS (60.8%). La altura de corte de 60 cm presentó los mayores (P<0.05) contenidos de FDN (51.6%) y FDA (37.7%). No se encontró interacción entre densidades de siembra y alturas de corte.

Efecto de diferentes densidades de siembra y alturas de corte sobre la producción de biomasa y composición química de Cratylia argentea

Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de tres densidades de siembras (10000, 20000 y 40000 plantas ha -1 ) y tres alturas de corte (20, 40 y 60 cm) sobre la producción de biomasa y composición química de Cratylia argentea , se estableció un experimento en Bloques Completamente al Azar con arreglo en Parcelas Divididas, en el período comprendido entre Julio 2005 y Julio 2006. El estudio se realizó en la finca Santa Rosa de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, Departamento de Managua, localizada geográficamente a 12º08 ́15 ̈ latitud Norte y a 86º09 ́36 ̈ longitud Este. Los resultados muestran que la producción de materia seca total (PMST) aumenta (p<0.05) desde 11.8 hasta 17.6 ton ha -1 y desde 8.2 hasta 18.1 ton ha -1 en la medida que la densidad de siembra se incrementó de 10000 a 40000 plantas ha -1 y la altura de corte se incrementó de 20 a 60 cm, respectivamente. Las densidades de siembra no tuvieron efecto significativo sobre el contenido de MS, Fibra Detergente Neutro (FDN), Fibra Detergente Acido (FDA) y Digestibilidad In Vitro de la MS (DIVMS), sin embargo, la densidad de siembra de 20000 plantas ha -1 presentó el mayor (P<0.05) contenido de PB (21.1%). No se encontró efecto significativo de las alturas de corte sobre el contenido de MS. No obstante la altura de corte de 20 cm mostró el mayor (P<0.05) contenido de PB (22.6%) y DIVMS (60.8%). La altura de corte de 60 cm presentó los mayores (P<0.05) contenidos de FDN (51.6%) y FDA (37.7%). No se encontró interacción entre densidades de siembra y alturas de corte.

Efecto de densidades de siembra y alturas de corte sobre la producción de biomasa y composición química de Cratylia argentea

Con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de tres densidades de siembras (10000, 20000 y 40000 plantas ha -1 ) y tres alturas de corte (20, 40 y 60 cm) sobre la producción de biomasa y composición química de Cratylia argentea , se estableció un experimento en diseño de parcelas divididas, arregladas en bloques completos al azar, en el período comprendido entre Julio 2005 y Julio 2006. El estudio se realizó en la finca Santa Rosa de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, Departamento de Managua, localizada geográficamente a 12º08 ́15 ̈ latitud Norte y a 86º09 ́36 ̈ longitud Este. Los resultados muestran que la producción de materia seca total (PMST) aumenta (p<0.05) desde 11.8 hasta 17.6 ton ha -1 y desde 8.2 hasta 18.1 ton ha -1 en la medida que la densidad de siembra se incrementó de 10000 a 40000 plantas ha -1 y la altura de corte se incrementó de 20 a 60 cm, respectivamente. Las densidades de siembra no tuvieron efecto significativo sobre el contenido de MS, Fibra Detergente Neutro (FDN), Fibra Detergente Acido (FDA) y Digestibilidad In Vitro de la MS (DIVMS), sin embargo, la densidad de siembra de 20000 plantas ha -1 presentó el mayor (P<0.05) contenido de PB (21.1%). No se encontró efecto significativo de las alturas de corte sobre el contenido de MS. No obstante la altura de corte de 20 cm mostró el mayor (P<0.05) contenido de PB (22.6%) y DIVMS (60.8%). La altura de corte de 60 cm presentó los mayores (P<0.05) contenidos de FDN (51.6%) y FDA (37.7%). No se encontró interacción entre densidades de siembra y alturas de corte.

Stock assessment of Lates niloticus (L.), Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and Rastrineobola argentea (Pellegrin) using fishery dependent data from the Tanzanian waters of Lake Victoria

Catch data were collected from three beaches in the Mwanza area of lake Victoria, Tanzania for Oreochromis niloticus (L.), Rastrineobola argentea (Pellegrin) and Lates niloticus (L.). Sampling took place in October 1997 and February, June and September 1998. The CPUE for O. niloticus was 3.9 to 6kg boat super(-1) and for R. argentea from 98 to 282 kg boat super(-1). There was no obvious trend in catch rates for L. niloticus. The modal length for O. niloticus recorded at Chole beach was 34cm TL. In February, fish were larger (41-45 cm) than in the other surveys. Rastrineobola argentea caught in October 1997 had modal length at 65 mm TL with some smaller fish. In February and June prominent length modes occurred at 45 and 58 mm respectively, which may represent the same cohort as the small fish caught in October 1997. In September 1998, there were two length modes at 46 and 60 mm. The 60 mm fish may represent the same cohort seen in previous surveys, suggesting growth from approximately 30 mm to 60 mm in an eleven-month period. Lates niloticus landed at Kayenze beach over the four surveys had a modal length of 46 cm TL. Fish species encountered on the three beaches during the surveys were O. niloticus, R. argentea, Bagrus docmak Forsskall, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), Protopterus aethiopicus Heckel, Labeo victorians Boulenger, Synodontis afrofischeri Hilgendorf, Synodontis victoriae Boulanger, Schilbe intermedius (L.), Brycinus jacksonii (Boulanger), Mormyrus kannume Forsskall and Haplochromine cichlids

Stock assessment of Lates niloticus (L.), Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and Rastrineobola argentea (Pellegrin) using fisheries-dependent data from Tanzania waters of Lake Victoria

Three commercially important fish species, Lates niloticus (L.), Rastrineobola argentea (Pellegrin) and Oreochromis niloticus (L.) that are fished by artisanal fishermen of Lake Victoria, Tanzania part, were studied in Kagera, Mwanza and Mara beaches from October 1997 to July 1999. Catches, effort, exploitation and stock structure were investigated. Beaches for sampling were selected based on importance for landing the above named fish species. The number of boats found on beach that day, the number that lay idle and their means of propulsion were recorded. As many boats as possible were sampled for gear type and gear size. The catches were sorted into species and measured. Variation in the species and size composition of landings was observed between regions, between months and between gears used. The implications of the findings to management are discussed.

The small pelagic Rastrineobola argentea: successful survivor in Lake Victoria

The small cyprinid dagaa (Rastreneobola argentea) is the only indigenous species from Lake Victoria which still supports an important fishery after the population boom of the introduced Nile perch (Lates niloticus), while at the same time it is a major prey species of the perch. The observed life-history tactics and the shift from juvenile to adult exploitation mortality made dagaa a successful survivor in a disrupted ecosystem. Although the prospects for a sustainable fishery are good, the current increase in the use of mosquito seines is dangerous. Not only do mosquito seines yield a lower catch per unit of effort than alternative gear, but they also show a strong selection for juvenile dagaa.

The effect of artisanal preservation methods on nutritional security of “Mukene” Rastrineobola argentea caught from Lakes Victoria and Kyoga in Uganda

The artisanal fish preservation methods in Uganda are characterized by extreme operating conditions. Consequently, vital nutritional components diminish in value and quantity which renders fish consumer nutritionally insecure. To establish the magnitude of nutritional loss, duplicate samples of Mukene Rastrineobola argentea were collected from Kiyindi landing site on L. Victoria and Moone landing site on L. Kyoga. Each set of duplicate samples was divided into five portions and kept on ice. For each preservation method a portion was processed into respective products at Food Bioscience and Agri-Business Laboratories aside from the control (fresh) sample. Both preserved and control samples were analysed for nutrient loss at Department of Chemistry, Makerere University using AOAC methods. The composition of fatty acids was determined by methanolysis gas chromatography and Mass spectrophotometry of the resultant methyl esters. The results indicate that nutrients of all preserved samples did not vary significantly from the control except for some fatty acids. The Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in fresh samples declined from 6.72% to 1.08% in deep-fried samples constituting 83.93% nutrient loss. The sum ratio w3:w6 as well as EPA: DHA (Docosahexaenoic) ratio in fried samples also varied significantly (p<0.5) lower than 0.668 and 0.20 for the average of either preservation methods and experts recommended ratio respectively. Further research has been recommended to ascertain the causative factor, since Mukene frying is being promoted in the Great lakes region as alternative method to sun-drying. In conclusion, regular consumers of fried Mukene do not benefit much from the nutritional and health attributes of Omega 3 and 6.

Biology, ecology and the fishery of Mukene, Rastrineobola argentea

Food and feeding, condition factor, breeding periods, growth and size at first maturity of a small pelagic cyprinid Rastrineobola argentea (P.) in Lake Victoria are determined. Fishing gears and methods that have been used in the exploitation of the species and could be harmful to the fishery are outlined. Management measures leading to possible sustainable exploitation of the fishery are suggested. Adult R. argentea feed on zooplankton during daytime. Juveniles feed on planktonic early instars of lakefly larvae. Although the species breeds throughout the year, two breeding peaks were observed during the drier months of August and December January. Least breeding was observed in the rainy months of April-May and October November. Fishes from the open water station at Bugaia showed higher numbers of breeding individuals than those from inshore areas. The mean monthly condition factor of fish from Napoleon Gulf confirmed breeding peaks as obtained from the number of fish with ripe gonads. The species showed a mean instantaneous growth rate (K) of 1.75 and attains length infinity (Lx) of 54mm. Females of the species in these waters show a reduced size at maturity as compared to ten years ago when exploitation of the species was at minimal levels. The males have however not changed much.

Estimativa de crescimento de carvão-vermelho (Diptychandra aurantiaca), capitão (Terminalia argentea) e timbó (Magonia pubescens) no Pantanal, MS.

2009

Polysomy 8 defines a clinico-cytogenetic entity representing a subset of myeloid hematologic malignancies associated with a poor prognosis: report on a cohort of 12 patients and review of 105 published cases.

Tetrasomy, pentasomy, and hexasomy 8 (polysomy 8) are relatively rare compared to trisomy 8. Here we report on a series of 12 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), or myeloproliferative disorder (MPD) associated with polysomy 8 as detected by conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In an attempt to better characterize the clinical and hematological profile of this cytogenetic entity, our data were combined with those of 105 published patients. Tetrasomy 8 was the most common presentation of polysomy 8. In 60.7% of patients, polysomy 8 occurred as part of complex changes (16.2% with 11q23 rearrangements). No cryptic MLL rearrangements were found in cases in which polysomy 8 was the only karyotypic change. Our study demonstrates the existence of a polysomy 8 syndrome, which represents a subtype of AML, MDS, and MPD characterized by a high incidence of secondary diseases, myelomonocytic or monocytic involvement in AML and poor overall survival (6 months). Age significantly reduced median survival, but associated cytogenetic abnormalities did not modify it. Cytogenetic results further demonstrate an in vitro preferential growth of the cells with a high level of aneuploidy suggesting a selective advantage for polysomy 8 cells.

Cytogenetic characterization of Metynnis maculatus (Teleostei; Characiformes): the description in Serrasalminae of a small B chromosome bearing inactive NOR-like sequences

Mitotic chromosomes of Metynnis maculatus (KNER 1860) (Teleostei, Characiformes), a fish species that occurs in the Amazon and Parana-Paraguay river basins, were analyzed for the first time by Giemsa and Ag-NOR staining, C-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S and 5S rDNA sequences. The basic chromosome number of the species is 2n=62 (32M+22SM+4ST+4A) and, in addition to the 62 regular chromosomes, one small acrocentric supernumerary B chromosome was found in part of the specimens analyzed. Four active NORs were present, and constitutive heterochromatin blocks were found in the pericentromeric region of several chromosomes. A heterochromatic block was also present in the interstitial portion of the submetacentric NOR-bearing pair and the B chromosome was entirely heterochromatic. FISH using an 18S rDNA probe confirmed the results obtained with AgNO(3) staining, and an additional signal was also present on the B chromosomes. 5S rDNA sequences mapped only to the largest acrocentric pair. This is the first description of supernumerary B chromosomes in Serrasalminae, and this karyotype characterization may be useful in further studies about chromosome evolution in this fish group.

A Comparative Cytogenetic Analysis of 2 Bothriuridae Species and Overview of the Chromosome Data of Scorpiones

The order Scorpiones is one of the most cytogenetically interesting groups within Arachnida by virtue of the combination of chromosome singularities found in the 59 species analyzed so far. In this work, mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of 2 species of the family Bothriuridae were detailed. This family occupies a basal position within the superfamily Scorpionoidea. Furthermore, review of the cytogenetic data of all previously studied scorpions is presented. Light microscopy chromosome analysis showed that Bothriurus araguayae and Bothriurus rochensis possess low diploid numbers compared with those of species belonging to closely related families. Gonadal cells examined under light and in transmission electron microscopy revealed, for the first time, that the Bothriuridae species possess typical monocentric chromosomes, and male meiosis presented chromosomes with synaptic and achiasmatic behavior. Moreover, in the sample of B. araguayae studied, heterozygous translocations were verified. The use of techniques to highlight specific chromosomal regions also revealed additional differences between the 2 Bothriurus species. The results herein recorded and the overview elaborated using the available cytogenetic information of Scorpiones elucidated current understanding regarding the processes of chromosome evolution that have occurred in Bothriuridae and in Scorpiones as a whole.