Influência do tratamento de superfície nas características e propriedades de zircônia e na resistência de união com a porcelana de cobertura

Pós-graduação em Ciências Odontológicas - FOAR

Biosensado con redes de nanoagujeros en oxido de aluminio

Se presenta la explotación analítica de redes de nanoagujeros de óxido de aluminio fabricados sobre sustratos de policarbonato.1 Este novedoso dispositivo se basa en la resonancia de plasmón superficial para monitorizar procesos de bioreconocimiento sin marcaje. El bajo coste de los materiales empleados (policarbonato y aluminio) y la compatibilidad de este dispositivo con las tecnologías de disco compacto encierra un gran potencial para el desarrollo de biosensores.

Identification of a renal-specific oxido-reductase in newborn diabetic mice

Aldose reductase (ALR2), a NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase (AKR), is widely distributed in mammalian tissues and has been implicated in complications of diabetes, including diabetic nephropathy. To identify a renal-specific reductase belonging to the AKR family, representational difference analyses of cDNA from diabetic mouse kidney were performed. A full-length cDNA with an ORF of 855 nt and yielding a ≈1.5-kb mRNA transcript was isolated from a mouse kidney library. Human and rat homologues also were isolated, and they had ≈91% and ≈97% amino acid identity with mouse protein. In vitro translation of the cDNA yielded a protein product of ≈33 kDa. Northern and Western blot analyses, using the cDNA and antirecombinant protein antibody, revealed its expression exclusively confined to the kidney. Like ALR2, the expression was up-regulated in diabetic kidneys. Its mRNA and protein expression was restricted to renal proximal tubules. The gene neither codistributed with Tamm–Horsfall protein nor aquaporin-2. The deduced protein sequence revealed an AKR-3 motif located near the N terminus, unlike the other AKR family members where it is confined to the C terminus. Fluorescence quenching and reactive blue agarose chromatography studies revealed that it binds to NADPH with high affinity (KdNADPH = 66.9 ± 2.3 nM). This binding domain is a tetrapeptide (Met-Ala-Lys-Ser) located within the AKR-3 motif that is similar to the other AKR members. The identified protein is designated as RSOR because it is renal-specific with properties of an oxido-reductase, and like ALR2 it may be relevant in the renal complications of diabetes mellitus.

Syntheses and structural investigation of some alkali metal ion-mediated (LVO2-)-O-V (L2- = tridentate ONO ligands) species: DNA binding, photoinduced DNA cleavage and cytotoxic activities

Eight alkali metal ion-mediated dioxidovanadium(V), {(VO2L1-6)-O-V} A(H2O)n]proportional to, complexes for A = Li+, Na+, K+ and Cs+, containing tridentate aroylhydrazonate ligands coordinating via ONO donor atoms, are described. All the synthesised ligands and the metal complexes were successfully characterised by elemental analysis, IR, UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopy. X-ray crystallographic investigation of 3, 5-7 shows the presence of distorted NO4 coordination geometries for LVO2- in each case, and varying mu-oxido and/ or mu-aqua bridging with interesting variations correlated with the size of the alkali metal ions: with small Li+, no bridging-O is found but four ion aggregates are found with Na+, chains for K+ and finally, layers for Cs+. Two (5) or three-dimensional (3, 6 and 7) architectures are consolidated by hydrogen bonding. The dioxidovanadium(V) complexes were found to exhibit DNA binding activity due to their interaction with CT-DNA by the groove binding mode, with binding constants ranging from 10(3) to 10(4) M-1. Complexes 1-8 were also tested for DNA nuclease activity against pUC19 plasmid DNA which showed that 6 and 7 had the best DNA binding and photonuclease activity; these results support their good protein binding and cleavage activity with binding constants ranging from 104 to 105 M-1. Finally, the in vitro antiproliferative activity of all complexes was assayed against the HeLa cell line. Some of the complexes (2, 5, 6 and 7) show considerable activity compared to commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs. The variation in cytotoxicity of the complexes is influenced by the various functional groups attached to the aroylhydrazone derivative.

Evaluación de siete fungicidas para el control in vitro de cuatro aislados de fusarium orysporum (SCH) Synder et hansen

Con el objetivo de evaluar siete fungicidas in vitro para el control de fusarius oxysporum (Sch.) Snyder et Hansen fueron realizados dos experimentos durante Julio de 1995 a abril de 1996, en el laboratorio de fitopatologia del Centro Experimental de Café del Norte (UNICAFE). En el primer experimento se evaluaron los fungicidas: oxicloruro de cobre 7.5 g/m2 de i.a; oxido de cobre 7.5 g/m2 de i.a.; clorotalonil 4g/m2 de i.a; fluazinan 3 g i.a/m2; hexaconazol 0.26 g/m2 de i.a; benomil 3.5 g/m2 de a.i; captan 4.5 g/m2 de a.i + carboxin 4.5 g/m de i.a, contra cuatro aislados de F. oxysporum con dos metos de aplicacion, (protectivo y erradicativo), y un testigo absoluto. Se uso un diseño de Bloque Completos al Azar (BCA) con cuatro repeticiones. Se encontró que los fungicidas fluzinam, benomil y captan + carboxin proporcionaron los mayores valores de conttrol (protectivo y erradicativo), de los fungicidas promisorios, utilizándose las siguientes dosis: fluazinam (0,5,1,5,4,5 y 6g/m2 de a.i.) benomil (0,5,1,2,3, y 5 g/m2 de i.a.), y captan + carboxin (1,3,5,7 y 9 g/m2 de i.a. mas un testigo absoluto para conformar un total de 31 tratamientos.

Design and synthesis of biofunctional magnetic/fluorescent glyco-nanoparticles and quantum dots and their application as specific molecular imaging probes

206 p.

Transition metal clusters supported by multinucleating ligand frameworks as models of biological active sites

This dissertation describes efforts to model biological active sites with small molecule clusters. The approach used took advantage of a multinucleating ligand to control the structure and nuclearity of the product complexes, allowing the study of many different homo- and heterometallic clusters. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis of the multinucleating hexapyridyl trialkoxy ligand used throughout this thesis and the synthesis of trinuclear first row transition metal complexes supported by this framework, with an emphasis on tricopper systems as models of biological multicopper oxidases. The magnetic susceptibility of these complexes were studied, and a linear relation was found between the Cu-O(alkoxide)-Cu angles and the antiferromagnetic coupling between copper centers. The triiron(II) and trizinc(II) complexes of the ligand were also isolated and structurally characterized.

Chapter 3 describes the synthesis of a series of heterometallic tetranuclear manganese dioxido complexes with various incorporated apical redox-inactive metal cations (M = Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Zn²⁺, Y³⁺). Chapter 4 presents the synthesis of heterometallic trimanganese(IV) tetraoxido complexes structurally related to the CaMn₃ subsite of the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of Photosystem II. The reduction potentials of these complexes were studied, and it was found that each isostructural series displays a linear correlation between the reduction potentials and the Lewis acidities of the incorporated redox-inactive metals. The slopes of the plotted lines for both the dioxido and tetraoxido clusters are the same, suggesting a more general relationship between the electrochemical potentials of heterometallic manganese oxido clusters and their “spectator” cations. Additionally, these studies suggest that Ca²⁺ plays a role in modulating the redox potential of the OEC for water oxidation.

Chapter 5 presents studies of the effects of the redox-inactive metals on the reactivities of the heterometallic manganese complexes discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Oxygen atom transfer from the clusters to phosphines is studied; although the reactivity is kinetically controlled in the tetraoxido clusters, the dioxido clusters with more Lewis acidic metal ions (Y³⁺ vs. Ca²⁺) appear to be more reactive. Investigations of hydrogen atom transfer and electron transfer rates are also discussed.

Appendix A describes the synthesis, and metallation reactions of a new dinucleating bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)ligand framework. Dicopper(I) and dicobalt(II) complexes of this ligand were prepared and structurally characterized. A dinickel(I) dichloride complex was synthesized, reduced, and found to activate carbon dioxide. Appendix B describes preliminary efforts to desymmetrize the manganese oxido clusters via functionalization of the basal multinucleating ligand used in the preceding sections of this dissertation. Finally, Appendix C presents some partially characterized side products and unexpected structures that were isolated throughout the course of these studies.

Homo- and Heteronuclear Transition Metal Complexes Supported by Multinucleating Ligands

This dissertation is mainly divided into two sub-parts: organometallic and bioinorganic/materials projects. The approach for the projects involves the use of two different multinucleating ligands to synthesize mono- and multinuclear complexes. Chapter 2 describes the synthesis of a multinucleating tris(phosphinoaryl)benzene ligand used to support mono-nickel and palladium complexes. The isolated mononuclear complexes were observed to undergo intramolecular arene C¬–H to C–P functionalization. The transformation was studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography, and represents a rare type of C–H functionalization mechanism, facilitated by the interactions of the group 10 metal with the arene π–system.

Chapter 3 describes the construction of multinickel complexes supported by the same triphosphine ligand from Chapter 2. This chapter shows how the central arene in the ligand’s triarylbenzene framework can interact with dinickel and trinickel moieties in various binding modes. X-ray diffraction studies indicated that all compounds display strong metal–arene interactions. A cofacial triangulo nickel(0) complex supported by this ligand scaffold was also isolated and characterized. This chapter demonstrates the use of an arene as versatile ligand design element for small molecular clusters.

Chapter 4 presents the syntheses of a series of discrete mixed transition metal Mn oxido clusters and their characterization. The synthesis of these oxide clusters displaying two types of transition metals were targeted for systematic metal composition-property studies relevant to mixed transition metal oxides employed in electrocatalysis. A series of heterometallic trimanganese tetraoxido cubanes capped with a redox-active metal [MMn₃O₄] (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) was synthesized starting from a [CaMn₃O₄] precursor and structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography and anomalous diffraction to conclusively determine that M is incorporated at a single position in the cluster. The electrochemical properties of these complexes were studied via cyclic voltammetry. The redox chemistry of the series of complexes was investigated by the addition of a reductant and oxidant. X-ray absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies were also employed to evaluate the product of the oxidation/reduction reaction to determine the site of electron transfer given the presence of two types of redox-active metals. Additional studies on oxygen atom transfer reactivities of [MMn₃O₄] and [MMn₃O₂] series were performed to investigate the effect of the heterometal M in the reaction rates.

Chapter 5 focuses on the use of [CoMn₃O₄] and [NiMn₃O₄] cubane complexes discussed in Chapter 4 as precursors to heterogeneous oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. These well-defined complexes were dropcasted on electrodes with/without heat treatment, and the OER activities of the resulting films were evaluated. Multiple spectroscopic techniques were performed on the surface of the electrocatalysts to gain insight into the structure-function relationships based on the heterometallic composition. Depending on film preparation, the Co-Mn-oxide was found to change metal composition during catalysis, while the Ni-Mn oxide maintained the NiMn3 ratio. These studies represent the use of discrete heterometallic-oxide clusters as precursors for heterogeneous water oxidation catalysts.

Appendix A describes the ongoing effort to synthesize a series of heteromultimetallic [MMn₃X] clusters (X = O, S, F). Complexes such as [ZnMn₃O], [CoMn₃O], [Mn₃S], and [Mn₄F] have been synthesized and structurally characterized. An amino-bis-oxime ligand (PRABO) has been installed on the [ZnMn₃O] cluster. Upon the addition of O₂, the desymmetrized [ZnMn₃O] cluster only underwent an outer-sphere, one-electron oxidation. Efforts to build and manipulate other heterometallic [MMn₃X] clusters are still ongoing, targeting O₂ binding and reduction. Appendix B summarizes the multiple synthetic approaches to build a [Co₄O₄]-cubane complex relevant to heterogeneous OER electrocatalysis. Starting with the tricobalt cluster [LCo₃(O₂CR)₃] and treatment various strong oxidants that can serve as oxygen atom source in the presence Co²⁺ salt only yielded tricobalt mono–oxo complexes. Appendix C presents the efforts to model the H-cluster framework of [FeFe]-hydrogenase by incorporating a synthetic diiron complex onto a protein-supported or a synthetic ligand-supported [Fe₄S₄]-cluster. The mutant ferredoxin with a [Fe₄S₄]-cluster and triscarbene ligand have been characterized by multiple spectroscopic techniques. The reconstruction of an H-cluster mimic has not yet been achieved, due to the difficulty of obtaining crystallographic evidence and the ambiguity of the EPR results.

Development of the heterogeneous catalysts for the production of levulinic acid from furfuryl alcohol

207 p.

Aireztapenen maiztasunaren neurketa bihotz biriketako berpiztean kapnografia erabiliz.

[EN]Hyperventilation, which is common both in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, decreases coronary and cerebral perfusion contributing to poorer survival rates in both animals and humans. Current resucitation guidelines recommend continuous monitoring of exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2) during cardiopulmonary resucitation (CPR) and emphasize good quality of CPR, including ventilations at 8-10 min1. Most of commercial monitors/de- brilators incorporate methods to compute the respiratory rate based on capnography since it shows uctuations caused by ventilations. Chest compressions may induce artifacts in this signal making the calculation of the respiratory rate di cult. Nevertheless, the accuracy of these methods during CPR has not been documented yet. The aim of this project is to analyze whether the capnogram is reliable to compute ventilation rate during CPR. A total of 91 episodes, 63 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest episodes ( rst database) and 28 in-hospital cardiac arrest episodes (second database) were used to develop an algorithm to detect ventilations in the capnogram, and the nal aim is to provide an accurate ventilation rate for feedback purposes during CPR. Two graphic user interfaces were developed to make the analysis easier and another two were adapted to carry out this project. The use of this interfaces facilitates the managment of the databases and the calculation of the algorithm accuracy. In the rst database, as gold standard every ventilation was marked by visual inspection of both the impedance, which shows uctuations with every ventilation, and the capnography signal. In the second database, volume of the respiratory ow signal was used as gold standard to mark ventilation instants since it is not a ected by chest compressions. The capnogram was preprocessed to remove high frequency noise, and the rst di erence was computed to de ne the onset of inspiration and expiration. Then, morphological features were extracted and a decission algorithm built based on the extracted features to detect ventilation instants. Finally, ventilation rate was calculated using the detected instants of ventilation. According to the results obtained in this project, the capnogram can be reliably used to give feedback ventilation rate, and therefore, on hyperventilation in a resucitation scenario.

Características morfológicas de vermes adultos machos e fêmeas de Schistosoma mansoni recuperados de camundongos desnutridos e deficientes em óxido nítrico

Esquistossomose e desnutrição são graves problemas de saúde pública nos países em desenvolvimento. A esquistossomose provoca uma série de morbidades, que é influenciada, em grande maioria, pela natureza do estímulo à resposta imunológica e ao estado nutricional do hospedeiro. Durante a infecção esquistossomótica, a resposta imune produz citocinas que são liberadas e estimulam a produção de óxido nítrico. Numerosos estudos demonstraram que o estado nutricional e a resposta imune afetam as características fenotípicas dos vermes adultos. No entanto, se o óxido nítrico desempenha um papel neste fenômeno é desconhecido. Neste estudo, os camundongos do tipo selvagem (grupo controle) e camundongos knockout com deficiência na produção de óxido nítrico foram alimentados com uma dieta comercial (UNILAB) ou uma dieta básica regional, dieta com baixa concentração de proteína (7,87%). Por meio de um sistema digital de análise de imagem (Image Pro Plus, USA) e microscopia confocal, estudou-se a morfologia da ventosa oral, tegumento e o sistema reprodutor de vermes machos e fêmeas. Vermes machos e fêmeas recuperados de camundongos desnutridos com deficiência de oxido nítrico mostraram descamação do tegumento. A superfície dorsal de vermes desnutridos machos apresentaram tubérculos irregulares, distribuídos de forma desigual, e escassos. O sistema reprodutivo de vermes fêmeas desnutridas não demonstrou alterações morfológicas. No entanto, os machos deste grupo exibiram menor número de células no processo de diferenciação dentro dos lobos testiculares. Em conclusão, nossos resultados sugerem que a deficiência de produção de óxido nítrico não induz alterações morfológicas em nível do tegumento e do sistema reprodutor de vermes machos. Em contraste, a desnutrição é responsável por tais alterações morfológicas, principalmente no sistema reprodutivo e na ventosa oral.

Participação dos fatores derivados do endotélio no efeito vasodilatador da clonidina

Os mecanismos envolvidos na ação vasodilatadora da clonidina ainda não foram completamente elucidados. Investigamos os mecanismos potencialmente envolvidos utilizando o leito arterial mesentérico (LAM) isolado de rato. No LAM pré-contraído, clonidina (10-300 pmol) induz relaxamento dose-dependente, que foi significativamente inibido pela remoção do endotélio (ácido deoxicólico) e pelos inibidores do receptor α2-adrenérgico, ioimbina (1-3 μM) e rauwolscina (1 μM). A vasodilatação endotélio-dependente induzida pela clonidina foi reduzida pelo inibidor da oxido nítrico sintase (NOS), L-NAME (0.3 mM) e pelo inibidor da guanilato ciclase, ODQ (10 μM), mas não foi alterada pela indometacina (3-10 μM). Na presença do L-NAME, o efeito vasodilatador da clonidina foi adicionalmente reduzido pela solução de potássio elevado (45 mM). Os inibidores dos canais de K⁺ dependentes de cálcio (K_ca), caribdotoxina (ChTx; 0.1 μM) e apamina (0.1 μM) também reduziram a vasodilatação induzida pela clonidina, contudo, esta resposta não foi adicionalmente inibida na presença de L-NAME, como foi observado para acetilcolina (10 pmol). Na presença do bloqueador dos canais de K⁺ dependentes de ATP, glibenclamida (10 μM), o efeito inibitório da associação ChTx, apamina e L-NAME foi aumentado. Em contraste, a vasodilatação induzida pela clonidina não foi afetada pelo inibidor dos canais de potássio dependentes de voltagem (K_v), 4-aminopiridina (4-AP, 1 mM). Concluindo, nossos resultados demonstram que clonidina ativa receptores α2-adrenérgicos no LAM e que a vasodilatação dependente de endotélio é mediada pela ativação da via NO-GMPc e também envolve a ativação de canais de KC_{a e KATP.} Um fator hiperpolarizante derivado do endotélio (EDHF) também parece participar do efeito vasodilatador da clonidina.