A comparison of reverse osmosis, nanofiltration and ultrafiltration as concentration processes for skim milk prior to drying

Skim milk was concentrated by reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF) and ultrafiltration (UF) and the retentates were spray-dried. The resulting powders were reconstituted to 25% TS and sterilised to evaluate their heat stability. Reverse osmosis led to maximum retention of calcium, a fall in pH for its retentate and its reconstituted powder. All RO powders produced a weak gel on heating. Some calcium was lost during NF and a greater amount during UF. Their resulting reconstituted powders had a higher pH than those produced by RO. Powders produced by UF showed poor heat stability. Only one powder produced by NF showed good heat stability. This could be improved by addition of stabilisers at appropriate addition rates.

Osmosis Theme Park: piano per la rigenerazione urbana della ex discarica di Küçükçekmece ad Istanbul

Questa tesi di laurea nasce dall’approfondimento del progetto che abbiamo sviluppato nel laboratorio di progettazione architettonica frequentato presso la Middle East Technical University, METU, di Ankara, Turchia, durante l’anno accademico 2011-12. La prima parte del corso, tenuto dai professori S. Özkan e Z. Mennan, consisteva nello studio e analisi critica dei progetti in concorso per il bando “Istanbul Theme Park” e nella riproposizione, da presentare a gruppi, di uno dei masterplan studiati, con le modifiche ritenute necessarie a fronte delle considerazioni fatte e di nuove idee progettuali. Lo step successivo è stato quello di approfondire individualmente la progettazione architettonica di un area di almeno 100.000 mq in scala 1:500 e di un edificio in dettaglio 1:200. Date le tempistiche molto ridotte del corso, che si completava in tredici settimane, abbiamo scelto di continuare il lavoro e approfondire, con l’aiuto della prof.ssa V. Orioli e dell’arch. E. Brighi, l’elaborazione del masterplan arrivando ad una definizione maggiore di tutta l’area e non solamente delle aree di interesse approfondite durante la permanenza in Turchia. Il progetto presentato è quindi il frutto di un anno di lavoro sulla riqualificazione di un area di 150 ettari precedentemente adibita a discarica, situata nella parte occidentale di Istanbul. L’obiettivo che abbiamo perseguito è stato quello di ricreare nella periferia della metropoli turca uno stralcio di città con caratteri più “europei”, comprendendo in un solo grande ambito di progetto tutte le funzioni necessarie alla vita di un quartiere cittadino ma anche le grandi strutture attrattive richieste dal concorso. Durante il nostro percorso abbiamo cercato anche di non perdere di vista il contesto in cui lavoravamo e le abitudini della società turca con cui ci andavamo a confrontare. Nonostante la forte occidentalizzazione delle zone ricche delle grandi città come Istanbul, Ankara e Izmir, gli stili di vita europeo e turco sono fondamentalmente differenti e progettare una città, o uno stralcio di essa, per un popolo diverso necessita la conoscenza dei suoi valori fondamentali e delle abitudini che ne scandiscono le giornate.

Optimal Design of a Hybrid Membrane System Combining Reverse and Forward Osmosis for Seawater Desalination

In this work we study Forward Osmosis (FO) as an emerging desalination technology, and its capability to replace totally or partially Reverse Osmosis (RO) in order to reduce the great amount of energy required in the current desalination plants. For this purpose, we propose a superstructure that includes both membrane based desalination technologies, allowing the selection of only one of the technologies or a combination of both of them seeking for the optimal configuration of the network. The optimization problem is solved for a seawater desalination plant with a given fresh water production. The results obtained show that the optimal solution combines both desalination technologies to reduce not only the energy consumption but also the total cost of the desalination process in comparison with the same plant but operating only with RO.

Brackish groundwater desalination by reverse osmosis in southeastern Spain. Presence of emerging contaminants and potential impacts on soil-aquifer media

Desalinated brackish groundwater is becoming a new source of water supply to comply with growing water demands, especially in (semi-) arid countries. Recent publications show that some chemical compounds may persist in an unaltered form after the desalination processes and that there is an associated risk of mixing waters with different salinity for irrigation. At the university of Alicante campus (Spain), a mix of desalinated brackish groundwater and water from the existing aquifer is currently applied for landscape irrigation. The presence of 209 emerging compounds, surfactants, priority substances according to the 2008/105/EC Directive, 11 heavy metals and microbiological organisms in blended water and aquifer samples was investigated. Thirty-five compounds were detected (pesticides, pharmaceuticals and surfactants) among them two priority substances α-endosulfan and Ni were found above the permitted maximum concentration. Blended water used for landscape irrigation during the summer period is supersaturated with respect to carbonates, which may ultimately lead to mineral precipitation in the soil-aquifer media and changes in hydraulic parameters.

PBI reverse osmosis membrane for chromuim plating rinse water /

Mode of access: Internet.

Combined reverse osmosis and freeze concentration of bleach plant effluents /

Mode of access: Internet.

Wastewater demineralization by tubular reverse osmosis process /

Mode of access: Internet.

Demineralization of carbon-treated secondary effluent by spiral-wound reverse osmosis process /

Mode of access: Internet.

Recycling nickel electroplating rinse waters by low temperature evaporation and reverse osmosis /

"Contract no. CR-815829."

Operator's manual : water purification unit, reverse osmosis, 600 GPH trailer mounted ... model 0996108001 (4610-01-234-2190).

Includes index.

Organizational, direct support and general support maintenance repair parts and special tool list for water purification unit, reverse osmosis, 600 GPH trailer mounted, flatbed cargo, 5 ton 4 wheel tandem model Rowpu 600-1, (4610-01-093-2380).

"September 1983."

Organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual : water purification unit, reverse osmosis, 600 GPH trailer mounted, flatbed cargo, 5 ton 4 wheel tandem model Rowpu 600-1 (4610-01-093-2380) and 600 GPH skid mounted model Rowpu 600-3 (4610-01-113-8651).

Includes index.

A solar-powered reverse osmosis system for high recovery of freshwater from saline groundwater

Desalination of groundwater is essential in arid regions that are remote from both seawater and freshwater resources. Desirable features of a groundwater desalination system include a high recovery ratio, operation from a sustainable energy source such as solar, and high water output per unit of energy and land. Here we propose a new system that uses a solar-Rankine cycle to drive reverse osmosis (RO). The working fluid such as steam is expanded against a power piston that actuates a pump piston which in turn pressurises the saline water thus passing it through RO membranes. A reciprocating crank mechanism is used to equalise the forces between the two pistons. The choice of batch mode in preference to continuous flow permits maximum energy recovery and minimal concentration polarisation in the vicinity of the RO membrane. This study analyses the sizing and efficiency of the crank mechanism, quantifies energy losses in the RO separation and predicts the overall performance. For example, a system using a field of linear Fresnel collectors occupying 1000 m2 of land and raising steam at 200 °C and 15.5 bar could desalinate 350 m3/day from saline water containing 5000 ppm of sodium chloride with a recovery ratio of 0.7.