Focus group discussions exploring major social influences on young driver safety in Oman. Report to the Research Council of Oman, Muscat.

This report documents the findings of in-depth focus groups conducted with 17 young drivers. The main aim of these focus groups was to explore key themes related to the risky behaviour of young drivers (17-25 years) in Oman. Specifically the interviews explored the influence of parents and peers, who may serve as a source of imitation, reward and punishment. Additionally, the interviews explored the influence of policing and licensing on young driver behaviour.

Preliminary analysis of self-report questionnaire with young drivers in Oman. Fourth report of the novice driver safety research in Oman project for the Research Council of Oman

This report document the recent progress (current as of December 2014) of the research project investigating novice driver safety in Oman. Included in this report is a summary of progress with publications to date, as well as description of the preliminary results of the first phase of the quantitative survey with young drivers. With regards to the publications which have resulted from this research, two journal articles have been published in print, one is under review, and a fourth is in the late stages of development for submission...

Analysis of young driver crash data. Report to the Research Council of Oman, Muscat

Road traffic crashes are an alarming public health issue in Oman, despite ongoing improvements in traffic law enforcement practices and technology. One of the main target groups for road safety in Oman are young drivers aged 17-25 years. This report provides an overview of the characteristics of crashes in Oman involving young drivers (17-25 years) between 1st January 2009 and 31st December 2011. Although, young drivers aged 17-25 years comprise around 17% of all licence holders in Oman, they represented more than one third of all drivers involved in road traffic crashes in the country. A total of 11,101 young drivers (17-25 years) were involved in registered crashes during the study period. From this, 7,727 young drivers (69.6%) were found to be the cause of the crashes...

Licensing system in Oman and literature review. Report to the Research Council of Oman, Muscat

This document reviews the existing literature in the area of novice driver behaviour and the impact of Graduated Driver Licencing (GDL) as a key response to young driver management. The document focuses on consolidating the available research evidence and identifying existing gaps in the current knowledge. The chapter reviews novice driver crash risk, the factors that influence novice driver behaviour, countermeasures used to address the problem, the learner phase, the provisional phase, The Australian example of GDL, compliance with the road laws and parental involvement in the GDL process...

Heavy vehicle crash characteristics in Oman, 2009-2011

In recent years, Oman has seen a shift in the burden of diseases towards road accidents. The main objective of this paper, therefore, is to describe key characteristics of heavy vehicle crashes in Oman and identify the key driving behaviours that influence fatality risks. Crash data from January 2009 to December 2011 were examined and it was found that of the 22,543 traffic accidents that occurred within this timeframe, 3,114 involved heavy vehicles. While the majority of these crashes were attributed to driver behaviours, a small proportion was attributed to other factors. The results of the study indicate that there is a need for a more thorough crash investigation process in Oman. Future research should explore the reporting processes used by the Royal Oman Police, cultural influences on heavy vehicle operations in Oman, and improvements to the current licensing system.

Social influences on risky driving behaviours among young drivers in Oman

Young drivers represent approximately 20% of the Omani population, yet account for over one third of crash injuries and fatalities on Oman's roads. Internationally, research has demonstrated that social influences play an important role within young driver safety, however, there is little research examining this within Arab gulf countries. This study sought to explore young driver behaviour using Akers' social learning theory. A self-report survey was conducted by 1319 (72.9% male and 27.1% female) young drivers aged 17-25 years. A hierarchical regression model was used to investigate the contribution of social learning variables (norms and behaviour of significant others, personal attitudes towards risky behaviour, imitation of significant others, beliefs about the rewards and punishments offered by risky behaviour), socio-demographic characteristics (age and gender), driving experience (initial training, time driving and previous driving without supervision) and sensitivity to rewards and punishments upon the self-reported risky driving behaviours of young drivers. It was found that 39.6% of the young drivers reported that they have been involved in at least one crash since the issuance of their driving licence and they were considered ‘at fault’ in 60.7% of these crashes. The hierarchical multiple regression models revealed that socio-demographic characteristics and driving experience alone explained 14.2% of the variance in risky driving behaviour. By introducing social learning factors into the model a further 37.0% of variance was explained. Finally, 7.9% of the variance in risky behaviour could be explained by including individual sensitivity to rewards and punishments. These findings and the implications are discussed.

Policing of road safety in Oman: Perceptions and beliefs of traffic police officers

With increasing motorisation, road safety has become a major concern within Oman. Internationally, traffic policing plays a major role in improving road safety. Within Oman, the Royal Oman Police's (ROP) Directorate General of Traffic is responsible for policing traffic laws. Many common enforcement approaches originate from culturally different jurisdictions. The ROP is a relatively young policing force and may have different operational practices. Prior to applying practices from other jurisdictions it is important to understand the beliefs and expectations within the Directorate General of Traffic. Further, there is a need for individuals to understand their role and what is expected of them. Therefore, it is important to explore the agreement between levels of the ROP to determine how strategies and expectations transfer within the organisation. Interviews were conducted with 19 police officers from various levels of the ROP. A number of themes and findings emerged. Individuals at the upper level of the traffic police had a clear knowledge of the role of the ROP, believed that traffic police know what is expected of them, are well trained in their role and can have a very positive influence on road safety. These beliefs were less certain lower within the organisations with traffic officers having little knowledge of the role of the ROP or what was expected of them, felt undertrained, and believed their peers have little positive impact on road safety. There is a need to address barriers within the ROP in order to positively impact road safety.

Prevalence and characteristics of road traffic injuries among young drivers in Oman, 2009-2011

Objectives Studies from different parts of the world have indicated that the impact of road traffic incidents disproportionally affects young adults. Few known studies have been forthcoming from Arabian Gulf countries. Within Oman, a high proportion of the population is under the age of 20. Coupled with the drastic increase of motorization in recent years there is a need to understand the state of road safety among young people in Oman. The current research aimed to explore the prevalence and characteristics of road traffic injuries among young drivers aged 17-25 years. Methods Crash data from 2009-2011 was extracted from the Directorate General of Traffic, Royal Oman Police (ROP) database in Oman. The data was analyzed to explore the impact of road crashes on young people (17-25 years), the characteristics of young driver crashes and how these differ from older drivers and to identify key predictors of fatalities in young driver crashes. Results Overall, young people were over-represented in injuries and fatalities within the sample time period. While it is true that many young people in crashes were driving at the time, it was also evident that young people were often a victim in a crash caused by someone else. Thus, to reduce the impact of road crashes on young people, there is a need to generally address road safety within Oman. When young drivers were involved in crashes they were predominantly male. The types of crashes these drivers have can be broadly attributed to risk taking and inexperience. Speeding and night time driving were the key risk factors for fatalities. Conclusion The results highlight the need to address young driver safety in Oman. From these findings, the introduction of a graduated driver licensing system with night time driving restrictions could significantly improve young driver safety.

Moraalinen mahdottomuus : Nicaraguan terveydenhuollon työntekijät katolisen kirkon seksuaalietiikan ja oman ammattietiikkansa välissä

Tarkastelen tässä pro gradu –tutkielmassa kirkon ja uskonnon vaikutusta seksuaali- ja lisääntymisterveyteen Nicaraguassa. Työn viitekehyksenä on Suomen rahoittama seksuaali- ja lisääntymisterveyttä, tasa-arvoa sekä naisten vaikutusmahdollisuuksia edistävä kehitysyhteistyöhanke Nicaraguassa. Tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu kahdestakymmenestäkahdesta haastattelusta, jotka keräsin Nicaraguassa maalis-huhtikuussa 2007. Haastattelumetodiksi valitsin teemahaastattelun, jota muotoilin feministisen haastatteluperinteen mukaisesti. Selvitän tutkimuksessani Nicaraguassa keräämäni haastatteluaineistoni kautta katolisen naisen toimijuutta eli sitä, miten katolisten naisten on mahdollista irtautua niin konservatiivisten katolisten kuin maallistuneiden feministien uskovalle naiselle antamasta perinteisestä asemasta. Teoreettisena viitekehyksenä tutkimuksessa on Susan Starr Seredin luoma uskonnollisen naisen jatkumo, jonka ääripäissä ovat symbolinen nainen ja toimijanainen. Seredin mallin avulla tulkitsin haastattelemieni uskonnollisten naisten sekä heidän kertomustensa kautta heidän asiakkaittensa toimijuutta seksuaali- ja lisääntymisterveyteen liittyvissä kysymyksissä. Analysoin haastateltavieni kertomuksia työnsä ja uskontonsa välisistä ristiriitatilanteista tai tilanteista, joissa ristiriitaa ei ollut syntynyt kirkon virallisesta opetuksesta huolimatta. Muovasin lopulta Seredin jatkumosta ympyränmallisen uskonnollisuuden kentän, jossa symbolinen nainen on ympyrän keskellä ja naisten toimijuus ympyrän kehällä. Haastattelemani terveydenhuollon työntekijät sijoittuivat lähelle toimijuuden kehää, tasapainotellen kuitenkin ainakin puheen tasolla katolisen kirkon virallisen opin ja sitä kautta symbolisen naisen position ja oman ammattietiikkansa välissä. Aineistostani näkyi, että katolisen kirkon seksuaalimoraali vaikutti niin terveydenhuollon työntekijöiden kuin asiakkaidenkin elämään. Kirkon oppi ei kuitenkaan analyysini mukaan rajoittanut haastateltavieni toimijuutta, vaan asetti nämä uskonnolliset naiset tilanteeseen, jossa he joutuivat käymään vuoropuhelua työnsä ja uskontonsa välisten ristiriitaa synnyttävien ohjeiden ja velvoitteiden kanssa. Useimmiten haastateltavat erottautuivat kirkon virallisesta opista ja samaistuivat terveydenhuollon vaatimuksiin. Muutama haastateltava identifioi itsensä vahvasti kirkkoon, mutta erottautui kuitenkin sen virallisesta opista vedoten ammattietiikkaansa. Kirkosta ei kuitenkaan haluttu erottautua kokonaan, vaan toivottiin yhteistyötä kirkon kanssa seksuaali- ja lisääntymisterveyden parantamiseksi. Haastattelemani terveydenhuollon työntekijät olivat kaikki aktiivisia toimijoita. Heidän uskonnollisuutensa näkyi heidän moraalisissa pohdinnoissaan, mikä samalla vahvisti heidän toimijuuttansa: he tulkitsivat haastatteluissa uskontoa ja kristillistä oppia omien moraalikäsityksiensä mukaisesti uudestaan ja oikeuttivat näin eettisesti nekin työtehtävänsä, jotka eivät ole linjassa katolisen kirkon virallisen opin kanssa. Osa haastateltavista muodosti oman uskonnontulkintansa oman moraalikäsityksensä pohjalta, osa taas vieraannutti työnsä ja uskontonsa välisen ristiriidan käsittelemällä esimerkiksi terveydellisistä syistä tehtävää aborttia vain lääketieteellisenä toimenpiteenä. Ehkäisymenetelmien käyttöön vaikutti kirkkoa ja uskontoa enemmän kulttuuri, jonka mukaan miehellä on oikeus päättää perheen asioista – ja myös puolisonsa lisääntymisestä. Useat naiset käyttävätkin ehkäisymenetelmiä salaa perheeltään. Seksuaalikasvatusta pidettiin merkittävänä kansallisen seksuaali- ja lisääntymisterveysstrategian tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi. Tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi haastateltavat toivoivat laajempaa yhteistyötä niin kirkkojen kuin opetusministeriönkin kanssa. Kirkolla ja uskonnolla on vaikutusta yhteiskunnan arvoihin, moraalikäsityksiin ja hyväksyttäviin käyttäytymismalleihin. Naisen yhteiskunnallinen asema, mahdollisuus päättää itse omasta seksuaalisuudestaan ja lisääntymisestään ja hänen taloudelliset mahdollisuutensa elää näiden valintojen mukaisesti vaikuttavat kaikki lisääntymis- ja seksuaalioikeuksien toteutumiseen. Vaikka useimmat haastateltavani erottautuivatkin kirkon virallisesta opista, kirkon ja uskonnon vaikutuksella on merkitystä seksuaali- ja lisääntymisterveydenhuoltoa edistävien kehitysyhteistyöhankkeiden tavoitteiden toteutumiseen.

Genetic diversity, aggressiveness and metalaxyl sensitivity of Pythium aphanidermatum populations infecting cucumber in Oman

Seventy three isolates of Pythium aphanidermatum obtained from cucumber from four different regions of Oman and 16 isolates of muskmelon from the Batinah region in Oman were characterized for aggressiveness, sensitivity to metalaxyl and genetic diversity using AFLP fingerprinting. Twenty isolates of P. aphanidermatum from diverse hosts from different countries were also included in the study. Most isolates from Oman were found to be aggressive on cucumber seedlings and all were highly sensitive to metalaxyl (EC50 < 0•80 µg mL−1). Isolates from cucumber and muskmelon were as aggressive as each other on both hosts (P > 0.05), which implies a lack of host specialization in P. aphanidermatum on these two hosts in Oman. AFLP analysis of all isolates using four primer-pair combinations resolved 152 bands, of which 61 (~40%) were polymorphic. Isolates of P. aphanidermatum from Oman and other countries exhibited high genetic similarity (mean = 94.1%) and produced 59 different AFLP profiles. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that most AFLP variation among populations of P. aphanidermatum in Oman was associated with geographical regions (FST = 0.118; P < 0.0001), not hosts (FST = -0.004; P = 0.4323). These data were supported by the high rate of recovery (24%) of identical phenotypes between cucumber and muskmelon fields in the same region as compared to the low recovery (10%) across regions in Oman, which suggests more frequent movement of Pythium inoculum among muskmelon and cucumber fields in the same region compared to movement across geographically separated regions. However, recovering clones among regions and different countries may imply circulation of Pythium inoculum via common sources in Oman and also intercontinental spread of isolates.

Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of Pythium species associated with damping-off in greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus) in Oman

A study was undertaken in 2004 and 2005 to characterize pathogens associated with damping-off of greenhouse-grown cucumber seedlings in 13 districts in Oman. Identification of Pythium to the species level was based on sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA. Of the 98 Pythium isolates collected during the survey, Pythium aphanidermatum, P. spinosum, P. splendens and P. oligandrum accounted for 76%, 22%, 1% and 1%, respectively. Pythium aphanidermatum was isolated from all of the districts, while P. spinosum was isolated from seven districts. Pathogenicity tests showed inter- and intraspecific variation in aggressiveness between Pythium species. Pythium aphanidermatum, P. spinosum and P. splendens were found to be highly aggressive at 25°C. However, the aggressiveness of P. spinosum decreased when the temperature was raised to 30°C, which was found to correspond to the lower frequency of isolation of P. spinosum in the warmer seasons, compared to the cooler time of the year. Pythium aphanidermatum exhibited limited intraspecific variation in the sequences of the ITS region of the rDNA and showed 100% similarity to the corresponding P. aphanidermatum sequences from GenBank. The ITS sequence data, as well as morphological characteristics of P. spinosum isolates, showed a high level of similarity within and between P. spinosum and P. kunmingense, and suggested that the two species were synonymous. This study represents the first report of P. spinosum, P. splendens and P. oligandrum in Oman.

Genetic diversity, aggressiveness and metalaxyl sensitivity of Pythium spinosum infecting cucumber in Oman

A total of 24 isolates of Pythium spinosum from cucumber obtained from five regions in Oman were characterized for genetic diversity using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting and three isolates from the Netherlands, South Africa and Japan were included for comparison. Isolates from Oman were also characterized for aggressiveness on cucumber seedlings and sensitivity to metalaxyl. Identity of all isolates was confirmed using sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA), which showed more than 99% nucleotide similarity among all isolates. Using six primer-pair combinations, AFLP fingerprinting resolved 295 AFLP markers of which 193 were polymorphic among isolates from other countries and only six were polymorphic among isolates of P. spinosum from Oman. Seven different AFLP phenotypes of P. spinosum were recovered in Oman; two of them were found to contain over 79% of isolates and one was recovered from all regions in Oman. Phenotypes from Oman showed very high (?99%) levels of genetic similarity to each other compared to moderate (mean =53%) levels of genetic similarity with phenotypes from other countries. In addition, all isolates from Oman were found to be highly sensitive to metalaxyl and all were aggressive on cucumber seedlings at 25°C. The high genetic similarity among phenotypes of P. spinosum in Oman as well as recovering two major clones across regions may suggest that P. spinosum has been recently introduced in Oman via a common source.

Kouluromaanien opettajakuva 1930-luvulta 1990-luvulle : ihanteellisia, kapinallisia ja oman tien kulkijoita

The aim of this research is to define what kind of characters and images of teachers appear in Finnish school novels describing social changes and educational political reform from the 1930s to the 1990s written by teachers, particularly grammar school teachers. As comparison material, I use school novels written by Swedish school teachers, in which the changes in Swedish society and educational system and their expressions in the characters of teachers of the school novels are studied. The main focus of my study is centred particularly on school novels in which the images of grammar school teachers are described during times of school reform. From these starting points, the main objectives of the study are novels written by Finnish school teachers Anneli Toijala and Sampo Haahtela and Swedish school teacher Hugo Swensson, who was inspired by Haahtela. The research is qualitative multidisciplinary case analysis. The research method is content analysis, and the approach is hermeneutic. The research is divided into eight main chapters. After the introduction I introduce the essential concepts of my research. In the third main chapter I define the research function. In that context, besides the research objectives, I introduce former research on character description in literature, I define the methodological solutions with grounds and present the research material. Both literary research methods and sociological terminology are applied in the research alongside with pedagogical research. The research results show that images of teachers are diverse. At one end of the spectrum these represent immature pictures of teachers withdrawn into the routines of everyday life; at the other, they advance and reflect the reformist teacher. This becomes clearly evident when comparing the teacher "monsters" of the classic authors to the educational optimists at the end of the 20th century. The results show that the images of teachers in school novels are almost without exception coherent, psychologically credible and consistent, and hardly any different from the images of teachers in the Swedish school novels used as comparison material. On the contrary, plenty of similarities are found. The comprehensive school reform, educational political discourse and teachers' feelings are realistically clarified in the school novels that describe the period. Keywords: literature image, school reform, school novel, teacher image, reflection, internal co-operation in school

Elucidating the neuropsychological profile of apathetic syndrome and disinhibition syndrome in a brain-injured population in Oman

The purpose of this study was to compare the neuropsychological performance of two frontal dysexecutive phenotypes - disinhibited&' syndrome (DS) and &'apathetic&' syndrome (AS) following a traumatic brain injury in a non-western population, Oman. Methods: The study compared the performance of DS and AS in neuropsychological measures including those tapping into verbal reasoning ability/working memory/attention planning/goal-directed behavior and affective ranges. Results: The present analysis showed that DS and AS participants did not differ on indices measuring working memory/attention and affective ranges. However, the two cohorts differed significantly in measures of planning/goal-directed behaviour. Conclusion: This study lays the groundwork for further scrutiny in delineating the different characteristics of what has been previously labelled as frontal dysexecutive phenotype. This study indicates that DS and AS are marked with specific neuropsychological deficits.

"Totta kai pyrin koko ajan tuntemaan oman kroppani siellä" : Kolmen orkesteriviulistin kokemuksia ruumiillisuudestaan.

Tutkielmassa esitellään kolmen orkesteriviulistin kokemuksia ja käsityksiä omasta ruumiillisuudestaan muusikon työssään. Muusikkolähtöisyys, laajemmin tarkasteltuna tekijälähtöinen tutkimus, on nykyisin yhä tärkeämpi osa musiikintutkimusta. Muusikkolähtöistä tutkimusta on Suomessakin kirjoitettu jonkin verran, harvoin kuitenkaan ruumiillisuusteeman kautta. Haastatellut viulistit ovat pääkaupunkiseudun suurista orkestereista. Muusikon työtä voidaan tarkastella monista eri lähtökohdista. Tässä työssä pyritään ottamaan huomioon ihmisen oma kokemus ja ruumiillinen sidos maailmaan, ja näin se sitoutuu fenomenologisiin lähtökohtiin, erityisesti Maurice Merleau-Pontyn ajatteluun. Michel Foucault ja Elizabeth Grosz edustavat tämän työn kannalta sitä ajattelutapaa, jonka hengessä pidän muusikon työtä historiallisesti rakentuneena ja muutoksenalaisena prosessina. Groszin teoretisointi keskittyy subjektin ruumiillisuuteen ja tapoihin käsitteellistää ruumis länsimaisessa ajattelussa. Haastattelumateriaali jakaantuu kahteen päälukuun. Ensimmäisessä käsitellään soittajien omaa yksityistä tilaa. Harjoittelun oma tila liittyy ruumiillisuuteen sikäli, että ruumiillinen toistotyö ja viulistisen identiteetin muotoutuminen tapahtuu pitkälti yksityisesti, tietoisena julkisen tilan vaatimuksista. Orkesteriviulistien sosiaaliseen tilaan liittyy toisaalta vuorovaikutus muiden muusikoiden kanssa harjoituksissa ja toisaalta muusikoiden ja yleisön kohtaaminen konserteissa. Sosiaaliseen tilaan liittyviä ruumiillisuuteen kytkeytyviä ilmiöitä käsitellään erillään, toisessa analyysiluvussa. Tutkielma tuo esiin välähdyksiä erilaisista ruumiillisuuteen ja viulunsoittoon kytkeytyvistä ilmiöistä. Kvalitatiivisen ja fenomenologisen tutkimuksen hengessä haastateltujen erilaiset kokemukset on pyritty esittelemään pyrkimättä universalisoimaan niitä. Haastattelumateriaali osoittaa viulistisen ruumiillisuuden liittyvän merkittävällä tavalla muusikkojen käsityksiin itsestään. Haastateltujen kokemukset tuovat lisää tietoa orkesteriviulistin työstä.