Thermal and mechanical effects of different excitation modes based on low frequency laser modulation in optical hyperthermia

The low frequency modulation of the laser source (menor que30KHz) allows the generation of a pulsed signal that intermittently excites the gold nanorods. The temperature curves obtained for different frequencies and duty cycles of modulation but with equal average power and identical laser parameters, show that the thermal behavior in continuous wave and modulation modes is the same. However, the cell death experiments suggest that the percentage of death is higher in the cases of modulation. This observation allows us to conclude that there are other effects in addition to temperature that contribute to the cellular death. The mechanical effects like sound or pressure waves are expected to be generated from thermal expansion of gold nanorods. In order to study the behavior and magnitude of these processes we have developed a measure device based on ultrasound piezoelectric receivers (25KHz) and a lock-in amplifier that is able to detect the sound waves generated in samples of gold nanorods during laser irradiation providing us a voltage result proportional to the pressure signal. The first results show that the pressure measurements are directly proportional to the concentration of gold nanorods and the laser power, therefore, our present work is focused on determine the real influence of these effects in the cell death process.

Photoacoustic effect measurement in aqueous suspensions of gold nanorods caused by low-frequency and low-power near-infrared pulsing laser irradiation

When aqueous suspensions of gold nanorods are irradiated with a pulsing laser (808 nm), pressure waves appear even at low frequencies (pulse repetition rate of 25 kHz). We found that the pressure wave amplitude depends on the dynamics of the phenomenon. For fixed concentration and average laser current intensity, the amplitude of the pressure waves shows a trend of increasing with the pulse slope and the pulse maximum amplitude.We postulate that the detected ultrasonic pressure waves are a sort of shock waves that would be generated at the beginning of each pulse, because the pressure wave amplitude would be the result of the positive interference of all the individual shock waves.

A method to obtain the thermal parameters and the photothermal transduction efficiency in an optical hyperthermia device based on laser irradiation of gold nanoparticles

Optical hyperthermia systems based on the laser irradiation of gold nanorods seem to be a promising tool in the development of therapies against cancer. After a proof of concept in which the authors demonstrated the efficiency of this kind of systems, a modeling process based on an equivalent thermal-electric circuit has been carried out to determine the thermal parameters of the system and an energy balance obtained from the time-dependent heating and cooling temperature curves of the irradiated samples in order to obtain the photothermal transduction efficiency. By knowing this parameter, it is possible to increase the effectiveness of the treatments, thanks to the possibility of predicting the response of the device depending on the working configuration. As an example, the thermal behavior of two different kinds of nanoparticles is compared. The results show that, under identical conditions, the use of PEGylated gold nanorods allows for a more efficient heating compared with bare nanorods, and therefore, it results in a more effective therapy.

Power absorption measurements during NMR experiments

The heating produced by the absorption of radiofrequency (RF) has been considered a secondary undesirable effect during MRI procedures. In this work, we have measured the power absorbed by distilled water, glycerol and egg-albumin during NMR and non-NMR experiments. The samples are dielectric and examples of different biological materials. The samples were irradiated using the same RF pulse sequence, whilst the magnetic field strength was the variable to be changed in the experiments. The measurements show a smooth increase of the thermal power as the magnetic field grows due to the magnetoresistive effect in the copper antenna, a coil around the probe, which is directly heating the sample. However, in the cases when the magnetic field was the adequate for the NMR to take place, some anomalies in the expected thermal powers were observed: the thermal power was higher in the cases of water and glycerol, and lower in the case of albumin. An ANOVA test demonstrated that the observed differences between the measured power and the expected power are significant.

Incidence injury analysis on rowers in the Spanish Mediterranean fixed bench championship 2012

The standardized assessment of sports injuries provides important epidemiological information and instructions to prevent them. The aim of this study was to determine if the pattern detrimental impact on fixed seat rowing agreed with the literature review of the Olympic rowing modality. A retrospective questionnaire was administer to 79 male rowers, with an age mean of 27.66 ± 7.15, belonging to the male in the senior category VIII Rowing Spanish Mediterranean Bank Fixed Championship that took place in Torrevieja during the 25th, 26th and 27th of May. The anatomical regions that were damage the most were the ankle (15.4%) and lower back (13.2%). These injuries have occurred with higher incidence in training (55.1%) as the most recidivist injury, the ankle, which has occurred for 73% of the time during this moment. The most common injury is the overuse (44.2%) and the most repeated diagnosis was sprain (23.1%).

Serve analysis of professional players in beach volleyball

This study has been developed for the European Beach Volleyball Championship in 2005. The video-recorded analysis was held using Sportcode Pro v.8.5.2 software. The aim of study was to determine the types of serve used, depending on the time of the set in which they occur. Quantitative analysis with a sample of 10 players that make up 5 teams with a total of four meetings with a total of 327 serves analyzed. The serves were classified depending on the period which they occurred, the period being 1 (items 1 to 7), period 2 (from point 8 to 14) and period 3 (point 15 to 21). he statistical analysis was conducted using the statistical software SPSS 19, Chi-square test established significant differences between the different types of serve for period 1 and 2 (p<0.05), but no significant differences were established in the period 3 to floating serve and power jump (p>0.05). The results showed a decrease of using a serve with jump power at period 1 (89.7%) compared to the period 3 (27.3%), while the floating and floating serve jump respectively increase at period 1 (6.3% -4%) in the period 3 (23.4% -49.4%).

Estudio sobre la utilización de los gestos técnicos en pelota valenciana en jugadores profesionales

Debido a la escasez de estudios de análisis en pelota valenciana, hemos centrado este estudio en este deporte. El objetivo de estudio ha sido analizar y cuantificar los tipos de golpeos, y comparar los mismos entre las posiciones de juego de resto y medio. Para ello se han llevado a cabo el análisis de 6 partidas de la XIX Liga Profesional de «escala i corda» 2009-2010, y en concreto de 12 jugadores, utilizando el software de análisis Sports Code v.8.5.2. Los resultados nos indican diferencias significativas (p<0.05) entre los golpeos efectuados por el jugador resto y el jugador medio en el rebote y rebote a golpe de mano derecha e izquierda y caída de escalera de mano derecha; siendo estos prácticamente realizados únicamente por los jugadores de la posición resto. Al mismo tiempo encontramos datos que nos evidencian por otra banda golpeos utilizados principalmente por jugadores medios, estas han sido el golpeo de volea, el bote de brazo, el calbote, la palma, y el manró todos ellos de mano derecha. Como conclusión del estudio, hemos obtenido que dependiendo de la posición de juego los jugadores utilizan unos tipos de golpeo u otros. Por tanto, afirmamos, que el análisis del alto rendimiento en escala i corda desde los avances de las tecnologías, nos aporta una valiosa información para establecer patrones de entrenamiento específicos.

Análisis del saque en jugadoras femeninas profesionales de vóley playa

El objetivo de estudio es conocer los tipos de saques utilizados, dependiendo el momento del set en el que se producen. Este estudio ha sido desarrollado durante el torneo Nestea Spanish Master de Vóley Playa disputado en Valencia en el año 2006. La muestra de estudio la componen 10 jugadoras que conforman 5 equipos con un total de 4 encuentros analizados que suman 331 saques analizados. El análisis de las videograbaciones se llevó a cabo con el software SportCode Pro v.8.5.2. Los saques se clasificaron dependiendo del momento en el que se produjeron, siendo la franja 1 (del punto 1 al 7), franja 2 (del punto 8 al 14) y franja 3 (del punto 15 al 21). El análisis de datos se llevo a cabo con el software SPSS v.19. La prueba Chi-cuadrado, estableció diferencias significativas entre los diferentes tipos de saques para la franja 1 y 3 (p<.05), pero no se establecieron diferencias significativas en la franja 2 para los tres tipos de saque utilizado (p>.05). Se experimenta una disminución en el uso del saque en potencia (SP) de la franja 1 (84.1%) con respecto al de la franja 3 (4.8%), mientras que el saque flotante (SF) aumenta de la franja 1 (13.5%) a la franja 3 (81%). Finalmente el saque flotante (SF) en salto aumentan de la franja 1 (2.4%) a la franja 2 (28%) y decrece de esta última a la franja 3 (14.3%).

Injury incidence in judokas at the Spanish National University Championship

Background and Study Aim: Understanding injury incidence rates will be a great help with regards to preventing potential future damages. It is for this reason that this study suggests studying a large number of variables. The purpose of research is the relationship of events (empirical variables) that are usually taken into account in developing injury prevention programs during the battles and training in judo tournament. Material and methods: In this research project, 57 male judokas taking part in the Spanish National University Championship in 2009 were asked to complete a retrospective questionnaire. We analysed the following events: the most commonly injured body regions, the medical diagnosis, how and when the injury happened, the type of injury, the side of the body and the type of medical attention received. For the statistical analysis, we used the SPSS statistics programme to apply the Chi-square test in order to determine the significance levels for non-parametric tests from p<.05. Results: Significant differences were found in the most commonly injured body region, the shoulder/clavicle (p<.05), and in the most common diagnosis, the sprain (p<.05). Impact injuries (p<.05) are the most common and training (p<.05) is the most dangerous time. About the type of injury, 78.38% are new injuries (p<.05) and 69.05% affect the right hand side of the body (p<.05). Doctors are the most consulted specialists, but the physiotherapists obtained the best marks. Have been out due to injury for over 21 days 36.36% of the participants, but not for the entire season. Conclusions: The most common diagnosis in university student judokas coincides with those of elite judokas, with the sprain being the most common. University student judokas have a higher rate of shoulder/clavicle injuries, while professional judokas are prone to a higher rate of knee injuries. Training is the most common moment in which injuries occur, both in university student judokas and professional judokas. New injuries are the most common types of injuries in university student judokas and, while doctors are the most consulted specialists, the physiotherapists obtained the best marks.

Effects of whole body vibration on strength and jumping performance in volleyball and beach volleyball players

The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of 6-week strength training with whole body vibration (WBV) on leg strength and jumping performance in volleyball and beach volleyball players. Twenty-three sub-elite male volleyball (VB; n=12) and beach volleyball players (BVB; n=11) aged 21.2±3.0 years were divided into two groups and subjected to 6 weeks of strength training (three one-hour sessions per week): (I) 12 players (6 VB and 6 BVB players) underwent training with WBV (30-40 Hz, 1.7-2.5 mm, 3.0-5.7 g), and (II) 11 players (6 VB and 5 BVB players) underwent traditional strength training. Squat jump (SJ) and countermovement squat jump (CMJ) measurements by the Ergo Tester contact platform and maximum leg press test (1RM) were conducted. Three-factor (2 time x 2 WBV use x 2 discipline) analysis of variance for SJ, CMJ and 1RM revealed a significant time main effect (p<0.001), a WBV use effect (p<0.001) and a discipline effect (p<0.001). Significantly greater improvements in the SJ (p<0.001) and CMJ (p<0.001) and in 1RM (p<0.001) were found in the WBV training groups than in traditional training groups. Significant 3-way interaction effects (training, WBV use, discipline kind) were also found for SJ, CMJ and 1RM (p=0.001, p<0.001, p=0.001, respectively). It can be concluded that implementation of 6-week WBV training in routine practice in volleyball and beach volleyball players increases leg strength more and leads to greater improvement in jump performance than traditional strength training, but greater improvements can be expected in beach volleyball players than in volleyball players.

El uso de los formularios online como una herramienta ubicua de realimentación docente

En este artículo, se presentan las experiencias en la introducción del formulario online como una herramienta muy efectiva que permite comunicar a los alumnos y los docentes con unos resultados muy positivos. El procedimiento de trabajo establecido fue el siguiente. En primer lugar, el equipo docente establece unos objetivos de aprendizaje y los distribuye en el cuatrimestre. Para cada sesión teórica, se prepara un cuestionario que explora los contenidos del día. Este cuestionario, que se prepara en una herramienta abierta, a la que todos los alumnos tienen acceso, se presenta a los alumnos veinte minutos antes de finalizar la clase. Los alumnos pueden contestar en la clase con sus ordenadores portátiles, móviles o tabletas, sin importar el sistema operativo al tratarse de aplicaciones en la red basadas en navegadores web. Para facilitar la inclusión de alumnado que no ha podido asistir físicamente a clase, pero sigue los contenidos a través de los materiales que el equipo docente publica previamente a la clase, los formularios quedan abiertos hasta la medianoche de ese día. Los resultados demuestran el alto nivel de transmisión de los contenidos en una verdadera evaluación continua que, a su vez, se percibe por el alumnado muy positivamente.

Synopse dos principaes actos administrativos da Camara Municipal de Lisboa em 1838.

"Mappa da receita e despeza do Hospital de S. Lazaro no anno de 1838: Despeza ... Tabaco, e sabão, 68$400"--Table no. 10.

La noche más venturosa, ó, El premio de la inocencia.

Mode of access: Internet.

La noche más venturosa, ó, El premio de la inocencia.

Mode of access: Internet.