Ensaios em pontes

Dissertação para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização em Estruturas

Análise por ultra-sons no controlo de condição

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Inspeção, Diagnóstico e Reparação de Estruturas de Betão Armado

O mercado da reabilitação de estruturas em Portugal está em voga, sendo um nicho de mercado com evolução galopante nos últimos anos fruto da consciencialização das entidades responsáveis, assim como das necessidades de intervir no parque edificado cada vez mais degradado, resultando num estímulo para o mercado da construção face ao seu estado atual. As causas associadas à degradação prematura dos materiais estruturais resultam de erros de conceção e execução, assim como do facto de muitas estruturas de betão armado do parque habitacional edificado nas décadas de 60 e 70, estarem a atingir o fim do seu período de vida útil. Na avaliação do estado de degradação de estruturas de betão armado aconselha-se a utilização de ensaios não destrutivos, uma vez que permitem efetuar um diagnóstico com resultados positivos salvaguardando a integridade da estrutura. A norma EN 1504“Produtos e Sistemas para a proteção e reparação de estruturas de betão” estipula os procedimentos de execução, as características dos materiais mais adequados a cada tipo de projeto, assim como a divisão do seu encadeamento em 5 fases. O caso prático apresentado é um edifício de prestação de serviços municipais, tendo sido aplicado com o maior rigor possível as fases de inspeção, diagnóstico, deliberação e reparação. Foi efetuada uma fase de diagnóstico, de carácter visual assim como de caracterização física dos elementos estruturais em betão armado através de ensaios “in situ”. A estrutura avaliada apresenta debilidades e um estado de degradação acelerado, pelo que urge uma intervenção de reparação por forma a repor a estrutura com as características da sua conceção, salvaguardando a segurança das pessoas e bens.

Caracterização de perfis pultrudidos Híbridos

A pultrusão é uma técnica já sobejamente conhecida de produção de perfis de secção constante, tais como barras, cantoneiras, perfis estruturais ou tubos, em materiais compósitos de matriz polimérica. A necessidade de, em determinadas aplicações, utilizar perfis que proporcionem melhor isolamento térmico, melhor isolamento acústico ou possuam um momento de inércia ligeiramente superior, sem que o peso próprio seja significativamente afectado, levou à produção de perfis pultrudidos híbridos, com núcleos baseados em pré-formas ou na alimentação contínua de resíduos. Realizados os protótipos seguindo as metodologias acima descritas, urge verificar se as propriedades dos perfis híbridos correspondem às expectativas inicialmente neles depositadas, através de testes destrutivos e não-destrutivos. Assim, foram realizados testes à tracção, à compressão e à flexão, no intuito de verificar os ganhos conseguidos e poder analisar o valor-acrescentado trazido por estes novos perfis em termos estruturais. Estes valores, depois de devidamente validados, permitirão a sua inserção em bases de dados agregadas a programas de cálculo estrutural, que efectuam de forma automática o dimensionamento de estruturas baseadas em perfis desta natureza. Complementarmente, foram realizados testes de isolamento térmico e acústico, com vista a quantificar a melhoria conseguida nestas propriedades, extremamente importantes em determinados tipos de aplicações ligadas à construção civil e obras públicas.

Bond Development in Concrete Overlays, August 1995

Data collection to determine the rate of bond strength development between concrete overlays and existing pavements and the evaluation of nondestructive testing methods for determining concrete strength were the objectives of this study. Maturity meters and pulse velocity meters were employed to determine the rate of flexural strength gain and determine the time for opening of newly constructed pavements to traffic. Maturity measurements appear to provide a less destructive method of testing. Pulse velocity measurements do require care in the preparation of the test wells and operator care in testing. Both devices functioned well under adverse weather and construction conditions and can reduce construction traffic delay decisions. Deflection testing and strain gaging indicate differences in the reaction of the overlay and existing pavement under grouting versus nongrouted sections. Grouting did enhance the rate of bond development with Type I11 cement out performing the Type I1 grout section. Type I11 and Type I1 cement grouts enhanced resistance to cracking in uniformly supported pavements where joints are prepared prior to overlays achieving target flexural strengths. Torsional and direct shear testing provide additional ways of measuring bond development at different cure times. Detailed data analysis will be utilized by TRANSTEC, Inc. to develop a bonded overlay construction guidelines report.

Evaluation of Maturity and Pulse Velocity Measurements for PCC Traffic Opening Decisions, HR-380, 1998

Concrete paving is often at a disadvantage in terms of pavement type selection due to the time of curing required prior to opening the pavement to traffic. The State of Iowa has been able to reduce traffic delay constraints through material selection and construction methods to date. Methods for monitoring concrete strength gain and quality have not changed since the first concrete pavements were constructed in Iowa. In 1995, Lee County and the Iowa DOT cooperated in a research project, HR-380, to construct a 7.1 mile (11. 43 km) project to evaluate the use of maturity and pulse velocity nondestructive testing (NDT) methods in the estimation of concrete strength gain. The research identified the pros and cons of each method and suggested an instructional memorandum to utilize maturity measurements to meet traffic delay demands. Maturity was used to reduce the traffic delay opening time from 5-7 days to less than 2 days through the implementation of maturity measurements and special traffic control measures. Recommendations on the development of the maturity curve for each project and the location and monitoring of the maturity thermocouples are included. Examples of equipment that could easily be used by project personnel to estimate the concrete strength using the maturity methods is described.

Photoacoustic investigation of doped InP using open cell configuration

An open cell photoacoustic (PA) configuration has been employed to evaluate the thermal diffusivity of intrinsic InP as well as InP doped with tin and iron. Thermal diffusivity data have been evaluated from variation of phase of PA signal as a function of modulation frequency. In doped samples, we observe a reduced value for thermal diffusivity in comparison with intrinsic InP. We also observed that, while the phase of the PA signal varies linearly with the square root of chopping frequency for doped samples, the intrinsic material does not exhibit such behaviour in the experimental frequency range. These results have been interpreted in terms of the heat generation and phonon assisted heat diffusion mechanisms in semiconductors.

Laser Induced Photoacoustic Technique for the Detection of Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals

In this paper we report the use of a laser induced phoroacoustic technique for the detection of multiple phase transitions in heptyl-oxy-cyanobiphenyl (70CB) and octyl-oxy-cyanobiphenyl (80CB) liquid crystals. The observed photoacoustic signal amplitude profile carries clear signatures of two tirst order transitions in 70CB and two tirst order and a second order transitions in 80CB. Analysis of the experimental data using Rosencwaig-Gersho theory shows that the sudden decrease in the photoacoustic (PA) signal amplitude during phase transitions is due to a sharp increase in the heat capacity of the samples near the transition temperatures.

Impact damage characterisation of thermoplastic matrix composites using transmission transient thermography

In this work, IR thermography is used as a non-destructive tool for impact damage characterisation on thermoplastic E-glass/polypropylene composites for automotive applications. The aim of this experimentation was to compare impact resistance and to characterise damage patterns of different laminates, in order to provide indications for their use in components. Two E-glass/polypropylene composites, commingled ®Twintex (with three different weave structures: directional, balanced and 3-D) and random reinforced GMT, were in particular characterised. Directional and balanced Twintex were also coupled in a number of hybrid configurations with GMT to evaluate the possible use of GMT/Twintex hybrids in high-energy absorption components. The laminates were impacted using a falling weight tower, with impact energies ranging from 15 J to penetration. Using IR thermography during cooling down following a long pulse (3 s), impact damaged areas were characterised and the influence of weave structure on damage patterns was studied. IR thermography offered good accuracy for laminates with thickness not exceeding 3.5 mm: this appears to be a limit for the direct use of this method on components, where more refined signal treatment would probably be needed for impact damage characterisation.

ANALYSIS & STUDY OF AI TECHNIQUES FORAUTOMATIC CONDITION MONITORING OFRAILWAY TRACK INFRASTRUCTURE : Artificial Intelligence Techniques

Since the last decade the problem of surface inspection has been receiving great attention from the scientific community, the quality control and the maintenance of products are key points in several industrial applications.The railway associations spent much money to check the railway infrastructure. The railway infrastructure is a particular field in which the periodical surface inspection can help the operator to prevent critical situations. The maintenance and monitoring of this infrastructure is an important aspect for railway association.That is why the surface inspection of railway also makes importance to the railroad authority to investigate track components, identify problems and finding out the way that how to solve these problems. In railway industry, usually the problems find in railway sleepers, overhead, fastener, rail head, switching and crossing and in ballast section as well. In this thesis work, I have reviewed some research papers based on AI techniques together with NDT techniques which are able to collect data from the test object without making any damage. The research works which I have reviewed and demonstrated that by adopting the AI based system, it is almost possible to solve all the problems and this system is very much reliable and efficient for diagnose problems of this transportation domain. I have reviewed solutions provided by different companies based on AI techniques, their products and reviewed some white papers provided by some of those companies. AI based techniques likemachine vision, stereo vision, laser based techniques and neural network are used in most cases to solve the problems which are performed by the railway engineers.The problems in railway handled by the AI based techniques performed by NDT approach which is a very broad, interdisciplinary field that plays a critical role in assuring that structural components and systems perform their function in a reliable and cost effective fashion. The NDT approach ensures the uniformity, quality and serviceability of materials without causing any damage of that materials is being tested. This testing methods use some way to test product like, Visual and Optical testing, Radiography, Magnetic particle testing, Ultrasonic testing, Penetrate testing, electro mechanic testing and acoustic emission testing etc. The inspection procedure has done periodically because of better maintenance. This inspection procedure done by the railway engineers manually with the aid of AI based techniques.The main idea of thesis work is to demonstrate how the problems can be reduced of thistransportation area based on the works done by different researchers and companies. And I have also provided some ideas and comments according to those works and trying to provide some proposal to use better inspection method where it is needed.The scope of this thesis work is automatic interpretation of data from NDT, with the goal of detecting flaws accurately and efficiently. AI techniques such as neural networks, machine vision, knowledge-based systems and fuzzy logic were applied to a wide spectrum of problems in this area. Another scope is to provide an insight into possible research methods concerning railway sleeper, fastener, ballast and overhead inspection by automatic interpretation of data.In this thesis work, I have discussed about problems which are arise in railway sleepers,fastener, and overhead and ballasted track. For this reason I have reviewed some research papers related with these areas and demonstrated how their systems works and the results of those systems. After all the demonstrations were taking place of the advantages of using AI techniques in contrast with those manual systems exist previously.This work aims to summarize the findings of a large number of research papers deploying artificial intelligence (AI) techniques for the automatic interpretation of data from nondestructive testing (NDT). Problems in rail transport domain are mainly discussed in this work. The overall work of this paper goes to the inspection of railway sleepers, fastener, ballast and overhead.