MI(R,)G(R) and British Covert Operations, 1939-42

The Military Intelligence (Research) Department of the British War Office was tasked in 1940 with encouraging and supporting armed resistance in occupied Europe and the Axis-controlled Middle East. The major contention of this paper is that, in doing so, MI(R) performed a key role in British strategy in 1940-42 and in the development of what are now known as covert operations. MI(R) developed an organic, but coherent doctrine for such activity which was influential upon the Special Operations Executive (SOE) and its own sub-branch, G(R), which applied this doctrine in practice in East Africa and the Middle East in 1940-41. It was also here that a number of key figures in the development of covert operations and special forces first cut their teeth, the most notable being Major Generals Colin Gubbins and Orde Wingate.

Tribute to R.G. Boutilier: Skin colour and body temperature changes in basking Bokermannohyla alvarengai (Bokermann 1956)

In amphibians solar basking far from water sources is relatively uncommon since the highly permeable amphibian skin does not represent a significant barrier to the accompanying risk of losing water by evaporation. A South American frog, Bokermannohyla alvarengai (Bokermann 1956), however, spends a significant amount of the day exposed to full sun and relatively high temperatures. The means by which this frog copes with potentially high rates of evaporative water loss and high body temperatures are unknown. Thus, in this study, skin colour changes, body surface temperature, and evaporative water loss rates were examined under a mixture of field and laboratory conditions to ascertain whether changes in skin reflectivity play an important role in this animal's thermal and hydric balance. Field data demonstrated a tight correlation between the lightness of skin colour and frog temperature, with lighter frogs being captured possessing higher body temperatures. Laboratory experiments supported this relationship, revealing that frogs kept in the dark or at lower temperatures (20 degrees C) had darker skin colours, whereas frogs kept in the light or higher temperatures (30 degrees C) had skin colours of a lighter hue. Light exhibited a stronger influence on skin colour than temperature alone, suggesting that colour change is triggered by the increase in incident solar energy and in anticipation of changes in body temperature. This conclusion is corroborated by the observation that cold, darkly coloured frogs placed in the sun rapidly became lighter in colour during the initial warming up period (over the first 5 min), after which they warmed up more slowly and underwent a further, albeit slower, lightening of skin colour. Surprisingly, despite its natural disposition to bask in the sun, this species does not possess a 'waterproof' skin, since its rates of evaporative water loss were not dissimilar from many hylid species that live in arboreal or semi-aquatic environments. The natural history of B. alvarengai is largely unknown and, therefore, it is likely that the herein reported colour change and basking behaviour represent a complex interaction between thermoregulation and water balance with other ecologically relevant functions, such as crypsis.

Nuevas consideraciones en torno al concepto de "estar" en R. G. Kusch

Fil: Matuschka, Daniel von.

Adventures in radioisotope research; the collected papers of George Hevesy.

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Adventures in radioisotope research; the collected papers of George Hevesy.

2

Desensitization of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor (NK1-R) in Neurons: Effects of Substance P on the Distribution of NK1-R, G��q/11, G-Protein Receptor Kinase-2/3, and β-Arrestin-1/2

Observations in reconstituted systems and transfected cells indicate that G-protein receptor kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins mediate desensitization and endocytosis of G-protein–coupled receptors. Little is known about receptor regulation in neurons. Therefore, we examined the effects of the neurotransmitter substance P (SP) on desensitization of the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1-R) and on the subcellular distribution of NK1-R, G��q/11, GRK-2 and -3, and β-arrestin-1 and -2 in cultured myenteric neurons. NK1-R was coexpressed with immunoreactive G��q/11, GRK-2 and -3, and β-arrestin-1 and -2 in a subpopulation of neurons. SP caused 1) rapid NK1-R���mediated increase in [Ca2+]i, which was transient and desensitized to repeated stimulation; 2) internalization of the NK1-R into early endosomes containing SP; and 3) rapid and transient redistribution of β-arrestin-1 and -2 from the cytosol to the plasma membrane, followed by a striking redistribution of β-arrestin-1 and -2 to endosomes containing the NK1-R and SP. In SP-treated neurons G��q/11 remained at the plasma membrane, and GRK-2 and -3 remained in centrally located and superficial vesicles. Thus, SP induces desensitization and endocytosis of the NK1-R in neurons that may be mediated by GRK-2 and -3 and β-arrestin-1 and -2. This regulation will determine whether NK1-R���expressing neurons participate in functionally important reflexes.

Elam sār sañgrah r��g m��lā

Selection from major grañths intended for students undergoing instruction in their melodies.

Important correspondence between Judge Elisha R. Potter and R.G. Hazard, Esq.

Cover title.

A bibliography on the northern goshawk, (A̲c̲c̲i̲p̲i̲t̲e̲r�� g��e̲n̲t̲i̲l̲i̲s̲) /

"November 1977"

The life and times of the Right Honourable Sir James R. G. Graham, bart.

Mode of access: Internet.

James Hannington, D.D., F.L.S., F.R.G.S. first bishop of eastern equatorial Africa; a history of his life and work, 1847-1885

Mode of access: Internet.

Martin Schongauer, 1445-1491 : an exhibition of engravings by the master to be held at the adjoining galleries of Mr. R. Ederheimer and Mr. George S. Bellman.

Cover title.