Physico-chemical analysis of Albian (Lower Cretaceous) amber from San Just (Spain): implications for palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological studies.

Amber from a Lower Cretaceous outcrop at San Just, located in the Eastern Iberian Peninsula (Escucha Formation, Maestrat Basin), was investigated to evaluate its physico-chemical properties. Thermogravimetric (TG) and Differential Thermogravimetric (DTG) analyses, infra-red spectroscopy, elemental and C-isotope analyses were performed. Physico-chemical differences between the internal light nuclei and the peripheral darker portions of San Just amber can be attributed to processes of diagenetic alteration that preferentially took place in the external amber border colonized by microorganisms (fungi or bacteria) when the resin was still liquid or slightly polymerized. δ13Camber values of different pieces of the same sample, from the nucleus to the external part, are remarkably homogeneous, as are δ13Camber values of the darker peripheral portions and lighter inner parts of the same samples. Hence, neither invasive microorganisms, nor diagenetic alteration, changed the bulk isotopic composition of the amber. δ13C values of different amber samples range from -21.1 to -24 , as expected for C3 plant-derived material. C-isotope analysis, coupled to palaeobotanical, TG and DTG data and infra-red spectra, suggests that San Just amber was exuded by only one conifer species, belonging to either the Cheirolepidiaceae or Aracauriaceae, coniferous families probably living under stable palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological conditions.

Nike-nostovipuja mekanisia vipuja

kuv., 21 x 29 cm

Kestävä liiketoiminta kansainvälisessä sopimusvalmistuksessa: Case Nike

Tässä kandidaatintyössä esitellään kestävään kehitykseen, yritysten sosiaaliseen vastuuseen sekä sopimusvalmistukseen liittyvää teoriaa ja sovelletaan sitä tämän jälkeen case -yritys Niken toiminnan tutkimiseen ja arviointiin. Työn tavoitteena on muodostaa selkeä kuva Niken toiminnasta yritysvastuullisuuden sekä kestävän kehityksen hyväksi ja esitellä aihealueeseen liittyvä teoria sekä käsitteet. Työn avulla pyritään tekemään myös jonkinasteisia yleistyksiä suuryritysten vaikutuksista kohdealueisiin sopimusvalmistuksen yhteydessä. Työ on toteutettu osittain kirjallisuuskatsauksena ja osittain tapaustutkimuksena hyödyntäen pääasiallisesti elektronista tiedonhakua. Tutkimuksen tuloksena voidaan todeta, että Niken tämänhetkinen tilanne yritysvastuullisuuden saralla on erinomainen ja se on kestävän kehityksen alalla edelläkävijä. Nike on säilyttänyt toiminnassaan ja koko tuotantoketjussaan kestävät periaatteet sopimusvalmistuksen tuomista laajoista verkostoista ja sidosryhmäsuhteista huolimatta. Yritysten sosiaalinen vastuu sekä sopimusvalmistus ovat tuoneet Niken brändille laajamittaista arvostusta ja tätä kautta välillisesti taloudellista menestystä. Uhratuista resursseista huolimatta Nike pärjää tällä hetkellä taloudellisesti paremmin, kuin ennen vastuullisuuden sekä kestävien toimintamallien laajempaa implementaatiota. Myös tulevaisuus näyttää Niken kohdalla valoisalta.

Mother of Pearl and Amber Handle Interlocking Knife and Fork

The blade on the knife is printed "Balboa". The knife and fork fit into eachother. There is some rust on the blade and marks on the handle. The knife and fork each measure 18cm. When they are joined they measure 19cm.

Juicio a la NIKE : dinámica para reflexionar sobre el consumo responsable.

Resumen del documento

Archaeological Baltic amber: degradation mechanisms and conservation measures

The aim of this project was to achieve a deep understanding of the mechanisms by which Baltic amber degrades, in order to develop techniques for preventive conservation of archaeological amber objects belonging to the National Museum of Denmark’s collections. To examine deterioration of Baltic amber, a starting point was to identify and monitor surface and bulk properties which are affected during degradation. The way to operate consisted of the use of accelerated ageing to initiate degradation of raw Baltic amber samples in different conditions of relative humidity, oxygen exposure or pH and, successively, of the use of non/micro-destructive techniques to identify and quantify changes in visual, chemical and structural properties. A large piece of raw Baltic amber was used to prepare several test samples for two different kinds of accelerated ageing: thermal-ageing and photo-ageing. During the ageing, amber samples were regularly examined through several analytical techniques related to different information: appearance/colour change by visual examination, photography and colorimetry; chemical change by infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and elemental analysis; rate of oxidation by oxygen measurement; qualitative analysis of released volatiles by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The obtained results were analysed through both critical evaluation and statistical study. After the interpretation of the achieved data, the main relations between amber and environmental factors during the degradation process became clearer and it was possible to identify the major pathways by which amber degrades, such as hydrolysis of esters into alcohols and carboxylic acids, thermal-oxidation and photo-oxidation of terpenoid components, depolymerisation and decomposition of the chemical structure. At the end it was possible to suggest a preventive conservation strategy based on the control of climatic, atmospheric and lighting parameters in the environment where Baltic amber objects are stored and displayed.

Description of an ancient social bee trapped in amber using diagnostic radioentomology

The application of non-invasive imaging technologies using X-radiation (diagnostic radioentomology, ‘DR’) is demonstrated for the study of amber-entombed social bees. Here, we examine the external and internal morphology of an Early Miocene (Burdigalian) stingless bee (Apinae: Meliponini) from the Dominican Republic using non-destructive X-ray microtomography analysis. The study permits the accurate reconstruction of features otherwise obscured or impossible to visualize without destroying the sample and allows diagnosis of the specimen as a new species, Proplebeia adbita Greco and Engel.

Rediscovery of the Moratalla amber (Murcia, Spain): a Cretaceous outcrop in the southernmost end of the peninsular amber strip

This study is a contribution of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness project CGL2011-23948/BTE.

Amber: its physical properties and geological occurrence / by Oliver C. Farrington, Curator of Geology.

no.3(1923)