Measurement of the neutron (^3He) spin structure function at low Q^2 : a connection between the Bjorken and Drell-Hearn-Gerasimov sum rules

The spin dependent cross sections, σT_1/2 and σT_3/2 , and asymmetries, A_∥ and A_⊥ for ³He have been measured at the Jefferson Lab's Hall A facility. The inclusive scattering process ³He(e,e)X was performed for initial beam energies ranging from 0.86 to 5.1 GeV, at a scattering angle of 15.5°. Data includes measurements from the quasielastic peak, resonance region, and the deep inelastic regime. An approximation for the extended Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn integral is presented at a 4-momentum transfer Q² of 0.2-1.0 GeV².

Also presented are results on the performance of the polarized ³He target. Polarization of ³He was achieved by the process of spin-exchange collisions with optically pumped rubidium vapor. The ³He polarization was monitored using the NMR technique of adiabatic fast passage (AFP). The average target polarization was approximately 35% and was determined to have a systematic uncertainty of roughly ±4% relative.

Spectroscopy of neutron-rich Dy168,170: Yrast band evolution close to the NpNn valence maximum

The yrast sequence of the neutron-rich dysprosium isotope Dy168 has been studied using multinucleon transfer reactions following collisions between a 460-MeV Se82 beam and an Er170 target. The reaction products were identified using the PRISMA magnetic spectrometer and the γ rays detected using the CLARA HPGe-detector array. The 2+ and 4+ members of the previously measured ground-state rotational band of Dy168 have been confirmed and the yrast band extended up to 10+. A tentative candidate for the 4+→2+ transition in Dy170 was also identified. The data on these nuclei and on the lighter even-even dysprosium isotopes are interpreted in terms of total Routhian surface calculations and the evolution of collectivity in the vicinity of the proton-neutron valence product maximum is discussed. © 2010 The American Physical Society.

Particle transfer and fusion cross-section for super-heavy nuclei in dinuclear system

Within the dinuclear system (DNS) conception, instead of solving the Fokker-Planck equation (FPE) analytically, the master equation is solved numerically to calculate the fusion probability of super-heavy nuclei, so that the harmonic oscillator approximation to the potential energy of the DNS is avoided. The relative motion concerning the energy, the angular momentum and the fragment deformation relaxations is explicitly treated to couple with the diffusion process. The nucleon transition probabilities, which are derived microscopically, are related with the energy dissipation of the relative motion. Thus they are time dependent. Comparing with the analytical solution of FPE at the equilibrium, our time-dependent results preserve more dynamical effects. The calculated evaporation residue cross-sections for one-neutron emission channel of Pb-based reactions are basically in agreement with the known experimental data within one order of magnitude.

The dynamics of water in hydrated white bread investigated using quasielastic neutron scattering

Kargl, Florian; Sj?str?m, J.; Fernandez-Alonso, F.; Swenson, J., (2007) 'The dynamics of water in hydrated white bread investigated using quasielastic neutron scattering', Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19 pp.415119 RAE2008

Neutron quasi-elastic scattering in disordered solids: a Monte Carlo study of metal-hydrogen systems

The dynamic structure factor of neutron quasi-elastic scattering has been calculated by Monte Carlo methods for atoms diffusing on a disordered lattice. The disorder includes not only variation in the distances between neighbouring atomic sites but also variation in the hopping rate associated with each site. The presence of the disorder, particularly the hopping rate disorder, causes changes in the time-dependent intermediate scattering function which translate into a significant increase in the intensity in the wings of the quasi-elastic spectrum as compared with the Lorentzian form. The effect is particularly marked at high values of the momentum transfer and at site occupancies of the order of unity. The MC calculations demonstrate how the degree of disorder may be derived from experimental measurements of the quasi-elastic scattering. The model structure factors are compared with the experimental quasi-elastic spectrum of an amorphous metal-hydrogen alloy.

Solid and liquid charge-transfer complex formation between 1-methylnaphthalene and 1-alkyl-cyanopyridinium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl}imide ionic liquids

Liquid charge-transfer (CT) complexes were observed to form on contacting electron-rich aromatics with electron withdrawing group appended 1-alkyl-4-cyanopyridinium ionic liquids (ILs). Cooling below the melting point of the ionic liquid resulted in crystallisation of ionic liquid from the complex for 2-cyano and 3-cyano pyridinium isomers and in the formation of a 1 : 1 IL : aromatic crystalline CT-complex with the 4-cyanopyridinium isomer. The liquid structure of a 1 : 1 mixture of 1-methyl-4-cyanopyridinium bis{(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl} imide with 1-methylnaphthalene has been probed by neutron diffraction experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. A high degree of correlation between the experimental data and the simulations was found with a significant displacement of the anions from around the cation by the aromatic species and the resulting structure having pi-pi stacks between the cations and the aromatic.

Association and liquid structure of pyridine-acetic acid mixtures determined from neutron scattering using a ‘free proton’ EPSR simulation model

The liquid structure of pyridine-acetic acid mixtures have been investigated using neutron scattering at various mole fractions of acetic acid, χHOAc = 0.33, 0.50, and 0.67, and compared to the structures of neat pyridine and acetic acid. Data has been modelled using Empirical Potential Structure Refinement (EPSR) with a ‘free proton’ reference model, which has no prejudicial weighting towards either the existence of molecular or ionised species. Analysis of the neutron scattering results shows the existence of hydrogen-bonded acetic acid chains with pyridine inclusions, rather than the formation of an ionic liquid by proton transfer.

Temperature- and Pressure-induced Proton Transfer in the 1:1 Adduct Formed between Squaric Acid and 4,4 '-Bipyridine

We have applied a combination of spectroscopic and diffraction methods to study the adduct formed between squaric acid and bypridine, which has been postulated to exhibit proton transfer associated with a single-crystal to single-crystal phase transition at ca. 450 K. A combination of X-ray single-crystal and very-high flux powder neutron diffraction data confirmed that a proton does transfer from the acid to the base in the high-temperature form. Powder X-ray diffraction measurements demonstrated that the transition was reversible but that a significant kinetic energy barrier must be overcome to revert to the original structure. Computational modeling is consistent with these results. Modeling also revealed that, while the proton transfer event would be strongly discouraged in the gas phase, it occurs in the solid state due to the increase in charge state of the molecular ions and their arrangement inside the lattice. The color change is attributed to a narrowing of the squaric acid to bipyridine charge-transfer energy gap. Finally, evidence for the possible existence of two further phases at high pressure is also presented.

Dihydrogen in cation-substituted zeolites X - an inelastic neutron scattering study

An inelastic neutron scattering (INS) study of the rotational - vibrational spectrum of dihydrogen sorbed by zeolite X having substituted sodium, calcium and zinc cations is reported. The rotational - vibrational spectrum of H-2 was observed at low energy transfer ( below ca. 25 meV, 202 cm(-1)); the vibration was that of the H-2 molecule against the binding site (H-2 - X, not H - H). The vibration frequency was proportional to the polarising power of the cation (Na+ < Ca2+ < Zn2+). Polarisation of the H-2 molecule dominated the interaction of H-2 with this binding site. The total scattering intensity was proportional to the dihydrogen dose. However the vibrational intensities became constant at ca. 0.3 wt% showing that the H-2 binding sites had saturated. Additional dihydrogen appeared as unbound or weakly bound dihydrogen exhibiting recoil.

A complete atomistic model of molten polyethylene from neutron scattering data: a new methodology for polymer structure

A new approach to the study of the local organization in amorphous polymer materials is presented. The method couples neutron diffraction experiments that explore the structure on the spatial scale 1–20 Å with the reverse Monte Carlo fitting procedure to predict structures that accurately represent the experimental scattering results over the whole momentum transfer range explored. Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics techniques are also used to produce atomistic models independently from any experimental input, thereby providing a test of the viability of the reverse Monte Carlo method in generating realistic models for amorphous polymeric systems. An analysis of the obtained models in terms of single chain properties and of orientational correlations between chain segments is presented. We show the viability of the method with data from molten polyethylene. The analysis derives a model with average C-C and C-H bond lengths of 1.55 Å and 1.1 Å respectively, average backbone valence angle of 112, a torsional angle distribution characterized by a fraction of trans conformers of 0.67 and, finally, a weak interchain orientational correlation at around 4 Å.

The impact of charge transfer and structural disorder on the thermoelectric properties of cobalt intercalated TiS2

A family of phases, CoxTiS2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.75) has been prepared and characterised by powder X-ray and neutron diffraction, electrical and thermal transport property measurements, thermal analysis and SQUID magnetometry. With increasing cobalt content, the structure evolves from a disordered arrangement of cobalt ions in octahedral sites located in the van der Waals’ gap (x ≤ 0.2), through three different ordered vacancy phases, to a second disordered phase at x ≥ 0.67. Powder neutron diffraction reveals that both octahedral and tetrahedral inter-layer sites are occupied in Co0.67TiS2. Charge transfer from the cobalt guest to the TiS2 host affords a systematic tuning of the electrical and thermal transport properties. At low levels of cobalt intercalation (x < 0.1), the charge transfer increases the electrical conductivity sufficiently to offset the concomitant reduction in |S|. This, together with a reduction in the overall thermal conductivity leads to thermoelectric figures of merit that are 25 % higher than that of TiS2, ZT reaching 0.30 at 573 K for CoxTiS2 with 0.04 ≤ x ≤ 0.08. Whilst the electrical conductivity is further increased at higher cobalt contents, the reduction in |S| is more marked due to the higher charge carrier concentration. Furthermore both the charge carrier and lattice contributions to the thermal conductivity are increased in the electrically conductive ordered-vacancy phases, with the result that the thermoelectric performance is significantly degraded. These results illustrate the competition between the effects of charge transfer from guest to host and the disorder generated when cobalt cations are incorporated in the inter-layer space.

Transfer coefficient measurements of uranium to the organs of Wistar rats, as a function of the uranium content in the food

Groups of animals (Wistar rats) were fed with rations doped with uranyl nitrate at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 100 ppm. The uranium content in the ashes of the organs was measured by the neutron-fission track counting technique. The most striking result is that the transfer coefficients, as a function of the uranium concentration, exhibit a concave shape with a minimum around 20ppm-U for all organs. Explanations to interpret this finding are tentatively given. (C) 2001 Elsevier B.V. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Messung des elektrischen Neutron-Formfaktors in der Reaktion 3 He(e,e'n)pp bei Q 2 = 1.58 (GeV/c) 2

Die elektromagnetischen Nukleon-Formfaktoren sind fundamentale Größen, welche eng mit der elektromagnetischen Struktur der Nukleonen zusammenhängen. Der Verlauf der elektrischen und magnetischen Sachs-Formfaktoren G_E und G_M gegen Q^2, das negative Quadrat des Viererimpulsübertrags im elektromagnetischen Streuprozess, steht über die Fouriertransformation in direkter Beziehung zu der räumlichen Ladungs- und Strom-Verteilung in den Nukleonen. Präzise Messungen der Formfaktoren über einen weiten Q^2-Bereich werden daher für ein quantitatives Verständnis der Nukleonstruktur benötigt.rnrnDa es keine freien Neutrontargets gibt, gestaltet sich die Messung der Neutron-Formfaktoren schwierig im Vergleich zu der Messung am Proton. Konsequenz daraus ist, dass die Genauigkeit der vorhandenen Daten von Neutron-Formfaktoren deutlich geringer ist als die von Formfaktoren des Protons; auch der vermessene Q^2-Bereich ist kleiner. Insbesondere der elektrische Sachs-Formfaktor des Neutrons G_E^n ist schwierig zu messen, da er aufgrund der verschwindenden Nettoladung des Neutrons im Verhältnis zu den übrigen Nukleon-Formfaktoren sehr klein ist. G_E^n charakterisiert die Ladungsverteilung des elektrisch neutralen Neutrons und ist damit besonders sensitiv auf die innere Struktur des Neutrons.rnrnIn der hier vorgestellten Arbeit wurde G_E^n aus Strahlhelizitätsasymmetrien in der quasielastischen Streuung vec{3He}(vec{e}, e'n)pp bei einem Impulsübertrag von Q^2 = 1.58 (GeV/c)^2 bestimmt. Die Messung fand in Mainz an der Elektronbeschleunigeranlage Mainzer Mikrotron innerhalb der A1-Kollaboration im Sommer 2008 statt. rnrnLongitudinal polarisierte Elektronen mit einer Energie von 1.508 GeV wurden an einem polarisierten ^3He-Gastarget, das als effektives, polarisiertes Neutrontarget diente, gestreut. Die gestreuten Elektronen wurden in Koinzidenz mit den herausgeschlagenen Neutronen detektiert; die Elektronen wurden in einem magnetischen Spektrometer nachgewiesen, durch den Nachweis der Neutronen in einer Matrix aus Plastikszintillatoren wurde der Beitrag der quasielastischen Streuung am Proton unterdrückt.rnrnAsymmetrien des Wirkungsquerschnitts bezüglich der Elektronhelizität sind bei Orientierung der Targetpolarisation in der Streuebene und senkrecht zum Impulsübertrag sensitiv auf G_E^n / G_M^n; mittels deren Messung kann G_E^n bestimmt werden, da der magnetische Formfaktor G_M^n mit vergleichsweise hoher Präzision bekannt ist. Zusätzliche Messungen der Asymmetrie bei einer Polarisationsorientierung parallel zum Impulsübertrag wurden genutzt, um systematische Fehler zu reduzieren.rnrnFür die Messung inklusive statistischem (stat) und systematischem (sys) Fehler ergab sich G_E^n = 0.0244 +/- 0.0057_stat +/- 0.0016_sys.

Production and characterization of a custom-made 228Th source with reduced neutron source strength for the Borexino experiment

A custom-made 228Th source of several MBq activity was produced for the Borexino experiment for studying the external background of the detector. The aim was to reduce the unwanted neutron emission produced via (alpha,n) reactions in ceramics used typically for commercial 228Th sources. For this purpose a ThCl4 solution was converted chemically into ThO2 and embedded into a gold foil. The paper describes the production and the characterization of the custom-made source by means of gamma-activity, dose rate and neutron source strength measurements. From gamma-spectroscopic measurements it was deduced that the activity transfer from the initial solution to the final source was >91% (at 68% C.L.) and the final activity was (5.41+-0.30) MBq. The dose rate was measured by two dosimeters yielding 12.1 mSv/h and 14.3 mSv/h in 1 cm distance. The neutron source strength of the 5.41 MBq 228Th source was determined as (6.59+-0.85)/sec.