P Systems Goedelization

This paper presents a method for assigning natural numbers to Transition P systems based on a Gödelization process. The paper states step by step the way for obtaining Gödel numbers for each one of the fundamental elements of Transition P systems –multisets of objects, evolution rules, priorities relation, membrane structure- until defining the Gödel number of a given Transition P system.

Asymmetric Cipher Protocol Using Decomposition Problem

The asymmetric cipher protocol based on decomposition problem in matrix semiring M over semiring of natural numbers N is presented. The security parameters are defined and preliminary security analysis is presented.

Алгоритмы Решения Систем Линейных Диофантовых Уравнений в Дискретных Областях

Abstract.The algorithms for computation of minimal supported set of solutions for systems of linear Diophantine homogeneous equations over set of natural numbers and basis of systems of linear Diophantine homogeneous and inhomogeneous equations in ring and field of remainders on modulo of a number.

A Representation of Binary Matrices

Христина Костадинова, Красимир Йорджев - В статията се обсъжда представянето на произволна бинарна матрица с помощта на последователност от цели неотрицателни числа. Разгледани са някои предимства и недостатъци на това представяне като алтернатива на стандартното, общоприето представяне чрез двумерен масив. Показано е, че представянето на бинарните матрици с помощта на наредени n-торки от естествени числа води до по-бързи алгоритми и до съществена икономия на оперативна памет. Използуван е апарата на обектно-ориентираното програмиране със синтаксиса и семантиката на езика C++.

Metodología Multimedia y Evolución del Pensamiento Matemático Ordinal Prenumérico en escolares de 3 a 7 años

En esta investigación se aborda el problema de analizar y conocer una parte de la evolución del Pensamiento Ordinal prenumérico y recursivo en escolares de 3 a 7 años, como parte y fundamento de la evolución cognitiva del Pensamiento Numérico y Aritmético, y comprobar si la utilización de una metodología de investigación basada en la tecnología multimedia (Metodología Multimedia) proporciona información válida y relevante sobre dicha evolución. Para el desarrollo del estudio se ha empleado una metodología mixta con dos componentes principales: • La componente teórica, dirigida a fundamentar y validar el marco conceptual así como el procedimiento y los resultados obtenidos. Dicha fundamentación en los niveles matemático, epistemológico y fenomenológico se complementa con los antecedentes específicos de los dos campos básicos del estudio: pensamiento ordinal y tecnología multimedia. • La componente empírica, orientada a obtener información sobre los comportamientos de sujetos en torno a los aspectos fundamentales del problema de investigación, mediante la aplicación de los bloques de tareas multimedia, el análisis e interpretación de las respuestas, la identificación de las estrategias utilizadas y los errores cometidos, la determinación de perfiles y niveles de competencias ordinales y la determinación de las características básicas del desarrollo y la evolución con la edad de dichas capacidades y competencias. La culminación del estudio teórico ha consistido en la construcción de un modelo evolutivo de competencias ordinales y recursivas (MECOR) ), que proporciona un marco interpretativo de las características, regularidades y evolución del Pensamiento Ordinal Preinductivo en escolares de 3 a 7 años, y de un modelo general para el diseño del ítem multimedia (MGDIM) que permite establecer un procedimiento general que hemos definido y denominado "Metodología Multimedia" para la investigación en Educación Matemática, y en otras áreas educativas, idónea para su utilización en estudios de masas. Las construcciones anteriores han permitido, como consecuencia, la elaboración de un instrumento metodológico operativo para el estudio de las características del pensamiento ordinal y su evolución en sujetos de 3 a 7 años de edad. Desde el punto de vista empírico se aplica el instrumento multimedia construido incluyendo los mecanismos necesarios para el registro automático de todas las interacciones de los sujetos con todas y cada una de las tareas del estudio, minimizando la interacción investigador--sujeto, constatándose la libertad y espontaneidad de las respuestas de los sujetos, la gran variedad de datos obtenidos y la facilidad de análisis de los comportamientos que proporcionan los instrumentos utilizados. Además de las indicadas, la investigación realiza las siguientes aportaciones: • Una explicación detallada de la evolución de una parte de las capacidades ordinales y recursivas en escolares de 3 a 7 años. • Una caracterización de niveles de competencia y determinación de las edades más frecuentes en las que tienen lugar los cambios de nivel. • La detección y clasificación de los errores cometidos y las estrategias utilizadas. • La identificación de las edades a las que aparece: a) el uso de capacidades recursivas frente al mero etiquetaje, b) la distinción entre cantidad continua y discreta en la resolución de tareas ordinales, c) el conteo ordinal frente a otras estrategias en la resolución de tareas ordinales con cantidades discretas. • Una descripción general de las capacidades, competencias y estrategias asociadas a los estados del modelo (MECOR) por grupos de edad. • La determinación de modelos de ajuste no lineales para la evolución de las medias de las valoraciones por grupos de edad para cada una de las capacidades tratadas y la comprobación de que dichos modelos son más precisos que los ajustes lineales correspondientes. • Ejemplos prácticos de ítems multimedia para el desarrollo de investigaciones futuras. Sobre la relevancia de la investigación, podemos destacar entre otros los siguientes motivos: la necesidad de conocer en profundidad las características del pensamiento matemático de los alumnos de la etapa de Educación Infantil para mejorar el diseño y desarrollo didáctico del proceso formativo en dicha etapa, así como la necesidad de encontrar procedimientos y métodos orientados a disminuir los inconvenientes tradicionales que surgen en las investigaciones con sujetos de tan corta edad. Por otra parte creemos que el estudio es del máximo interés por la novedad de los instrumentos utilizados, la importancia del tema analizado y la proyección que los conocimientos pueden tener sobre nuevas formas de ver y tratar los contenidos matemáticos, nuevos métodos de investigación así como nuevas formas de abordar el diseño y desarrollo didáctico en las etapas de Educación Infantil y Primaria. Desde el punto de vista de la metodología, consideramos de vital importancia la validación de una metodología nueva que puede aportar información privilegiada sobre el aprendizaje y la cognición de sujetos cuyos comportamientos y respuestas se han caracterizado desde hace tiempo por su enorme dificultad de interpretación y, consecuentemente, por las dudas en cuanto a la validez y fiabilidad de los resultados. En este sentido creemos que estamos ante una de las metodologías que pueden aportar avances notables en el campo de la investigación en Educación Matemática.

Generando números de Pitágoras

Este trabajo busca mostrar una forma general de encontrar arreglos de tres números naturales (tercias) que cumplen la relación de Pitágoras, es decir que la suma del cuadrado de los dos menores de como resultado el cuadrado del mayor, a través de un proceso mucho más general que los conocidos hasta ahora, llegando incluso a proponer unas fórmulas que, en función de dos parámetros permite encontrar dichos conjuntos de tres elementos, cuyos resultados se los presenta en unas tablas. Los resultados afirman la idea de que existe un infinito número de tercias que cumplen la relación de Pitágoras. Luego veremos cómo se puede usar estas tablas para construir relaciones donde la suma de los cuadrados de más de dos números es igual al cuadrado de otro.

Lower numbers of natural killer T cells in HIV-1 and Mycobacterium leprae co-infected patients

Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogeneous population of lymphocytes that recognize antigens presented by CD1d and have attracted attention because of their potential role linking innate and adaptive immune responses. Peripheral NKT cells display a memory-activated phenotype and can rapidly secrete large amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon antigenic activation. In this study, we evaluated NKT cells in the context of patients co-infected with HIV-1 and Mycobacterium leprae. The volunteers were enrolled into four groups: 22 healthy controls, 23 HIV-1-infected patients, 20 patients with leprosy and 17 patients with leprosy and HIV-1-infection. Flow cytometry and ELISPOT assays were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We demonstrated that patients co-infected with HIV-1 and M.leprae have significantly lower NKT cell frequencies [median 0.022%, interquartile range (IQR): 0.0070.051] in the peripheral blood when compared with healthy subjects (median 0.077%, IQR: 0.0320.405, P < 0.01) or HIV-1 mono-infected patients (median 0.072%, IQR: 0.0300.160, P < 0.05). Also, more NKT cells from co-infected patients secreted interferon-? after stimulation with DimerX, when compared with leprosy mono-infected patients (P = 0.05). These results suggest that NKT cells are decreased in frequency in HIV-1 and M.leprae co-infected patients compared with HIV-1 mono-infected patients alone, but are at a more activated state. Innate immunity in human subjects is strongly influenced by their spectrum of chronic infections, and in HIV-1-infected subjects, a concurrent mycobacterial infection probably hyper-activates and lowers circulating NKT cell numbers.

Atlantic journal, and friend of knowledge. In eight numbers. Containing about 160 original articles and tracts on natural and historical sciences, the description of about 150 new plants, and 100 new animals or fossils. Many vocabularies of languages, historical and geological facts, &c.

Caption title: nos. 1-4, Atlantic journal, and firend of knowledge; a cyclopedic journal and review of universal science and knowledge: historical, natural, and medical arts and sciences. -- nos. 5-8, Atlantic journal and friend of knowledge; a quarterly journal of historical and natural sciences, useful knowledge, &c.

Mnemonics : or, The new science of artificial memory; explained in its application to the study of numbers, the sciences, and to useful occupations of life, whereby the natural memory is greatly assisted and strenghtened ...

Preface signed: T. W. D.

Natural enemies of Paropsis atomaria Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in south-eastern Queensland eucalypt plantations

Abstract A field survey for natural enemies of Paropsis atomaria was conducted at two south-eastern Queensland Eucalyptus cloeziana plantation sites during 2004–2005. Primary egg and larval parasitoids and associated hyperparasitoids were identified to genus or species, and parasitism rates were determined throughout the season. Predators were identified to family level but their impact was not quantified. P. atomaria adults were also examined as potential hosts for parasitic mites and nematodes. An undescribed species of Neopolycystus (Pteromalidae) was the major primary egg parasitoid species reared from egg batches, parasitising half of all egg batches collected. Three hyperparasitoid species (Baeoanusia albifunicle (Encyrtidae), Neblatticida sp. (Encyrtidae) and Aphaneromella sp. (Platygasteridae) were present, representing around one-quarter to one-third of all emergent wasps; this is the first host association record for Neopolycystus–B. albifunicle. In contrast to populations of P. atomaria from the Australian Capital Territory, primary larval parasitism was very low, around 1%, and attributable only to the tachinid flies Anagonia sp. and Paropsivora sp. However, the presence of the sit-and-wait larval hyperparasitoid, Perilampus sp. (Perilampidae) was high, emerging from around 17% of tachinid pupae, with planidia infesting a further 40% of unparasitised hosts. Three species of podapolipid mites parasitised sexually mature P. atomaria adults, while no nematodes were found in this study. Spiders were the most common predators and their abundance was positively correlated with P. atomaria adult and egg numbers. Although natural enemy species composition was identical between our two study sites, significant differences in abundance and frequency were found between sites

An application of near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopy to the study of natural halotrichites : halotrichite, apjohnite and wupatkiite

Near-infrared (NIR) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been used to determine the mineralogical character of isomorphic substitutions for Mg2+ by divalent transition metals Fe, Mn, Co and Ni in natural halotrichite series. The minerals are characterised by d-d transitions in NIR region 12000-7500 cm-1. NIR spectrum of halotrichite reveals broad feature from 12000 to 7500 cm-1 with a splitting of two bands resulting from ferrous ion transition 5T2g ® 5Eg. The presence of overtones of OH- fundamentals near 7000 cm-1 confirms molecular water in the mineral structure of the halotrichite series. The appearance of the most intense peak at around 5132 cm-1 is a common feature in the three minerals and is derived from combination of OH- vibrations of water molecules and 2 water bending modes. The influence of cations like Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ shows on the spectra of halotrichites. Especially wupatkiite-OH stretching vibrations in which bands are distorted conspicuously to low wave numbers at 3270, 2904 and 2454 cm-1. The observation of high frequency 2 mode in the infrared spectrum at 1640 cm-1 indicates coordination of water molecules is strongly hydrogen bonded in natural halotrichites. The splittings of bands in 3 and 4 (SO4)2- stretching regions may be attributed to the reduction of symmetry from Td to C2v for sulphate ion. This work has shown the usefulness of NIR spectroscopy for the rapid identification and classification of the halotrichite minerals.

Comparison of Nucleotide Sequences between Northern and Southern Philippine Isolates of Rice Grassy Stunt Virus Indicates Occurrence of Natural Genetic Reassortment

Rice grassy stunt virus is a member of the genus Tenuivirus, is persistently transmitted by a brown planthopper, and has occurred in rice plants in South, Southeast, and East Asia (similar to North and South America). We determined the complete nucleotide (nt) sequences of RNAs 1 (9760 nt), 2 (4069 nt), 3 (3127 nt), 4 (2909 nt), 5 (2704 nt), and 6 (2590 nt) of a southern Philippine isolate from South Cotabato and compared them with those of a northern Philippine isolate from Laguna (Toriyama et al., 1997, 1998). The numbers of nucleotides in the terminal untranslated regions and open reading frames were identical between the two isolates except for the 5′ untranslated region of the complementary strand of RNA 4. Overall nucleotide differences between the two isolates were only 0.08% in RNA 1, 0.58% in RNA 4, and 0.26% in RNA 5, whereas they were 2.19% in RNA 2, 8.38% in RNA 3, and 3.63% in RNA 6. In the intergenic regions, the two isolates differed by 9.12% in RNA 2, 11.6% in RNA 3, and 6.86% in RNA 6 with multiple consecutive nucleotide deletion/insertions, whereas they differed by only 0.78% in RNA 4 and 0.34% in RNA 5. The nucleotide variation in the intergenic region of RNA 6 within the South Cotabato isolate was only 0.33%. These differences in accumulation of mutations among individual RNA segments indicate that there was genetic reassortment in the two geographical isolates; RNAs 1, 4, and 5 of the two isolates came from a common ancestor, whereas RNAs 2, 3, and 6 were from two different ancestors.

Natural convection and heat transfer in attics subject to periodic thermal forcing

The heat transfer through the attics of buildings under realistic thermal forcing has been considered in this study. A periodic temperature boundary condition is applied on the sloping walls of the attic to show the basic flow features in the attic space over diurnal cycles. The numerical results reveal that, during the daytime heating stage, the flow in the attic space is stratified; whereas at the night-time cooling stage, the flow becomes unstable. A symmetrical solution is seen for relatively low Rayleigh numbers. However, as the Ra gradually increases, a transition occurs at a critical value of Ra. Above this critical value, an asymmetrical solution exhibiting a pitchfork bifurcation arises at the night-time. It is also found that the calculated heat transfer rate at the night-time cooling stage is much higher than that during the daytime heating stage.

Viscous dissipation effects on natural convection from a vertical plate with uniform surface heat flux placed in a thermally stratified media

In the present study we investigate the effect of viscous dissipation on natural convection from a vertical plate placed in a thermally stratified environment. The reduced equations are integrated by employing the implicit finite difference scheme of Keller box method and obtained the effect of heat due to viscous dissipation on the local skin friction and local Nusselt number at various stratification levels, for fluids having Prandtl numbers of 10, 50, and 100. Solutions are also obtained using the perturbation technique for small values of viscous dissipation parameters $\xi$ and compared to the finite difference solutions for 0 · $\xi$ · 1. Effect of viscous dissipation and temperature stratification are also shown on the velocity and temperature distributions in the boundary layer region.

Effects of corrugation frequency and aspect ratio on natural convection within an enclosure having sinusoidal corrugation over a heated top surface

Natural convection of a two-dimensional laminar steady-state incompressible fluid flow in a modified rectangular enclosure with sinusoidal corrugated top surface has been investigated numerically. The present study has been carried out for different corrugation frequencies on the top surface as well as aspect ratios of the enclosure in order to observe the change in hydrodynamic and thermal behavior with constant corrugation amplitude. A constant flux heat source is flush mounted on the top sinusoidal wall, modeling a wavy sheet shaded room exposed to sunlight. The flat bottom surface is considered as adiabatic, while the both vertical side walls are maintained at the constant ambient temperature. The fluid considered inside the enclosure is air having Prandtl number of 0.71. The numerical scheme is based on the finite element method adapted to triangular non-uniform mesh element by a non-linear parametric solution algorithm. The results in terms of isotherms, streamlines and average Nusselt numbers are obtained for the Rayleigh number ranging from 10^3 to 10^6 with constant physical properties for the fluid medium considered. It is found that the convective phenomena are greatly influenced by the presence of the corrugation and variation of aspect ratios.