Active crop sensor to detect variability of nitrogen supply and biomass on sugarcane fields

Nitrogen management has been intensively studied on several crops and recently associated with variable rate on-the-go application based on crop sensors. Such studies are scarce for sugarcane and as a biofuel crop the energy input matters, seeking high positive energy balance production and low carbon emission on the whole production system. This article presents the procedure and shows the first results obtained using a nitrogen and biomass sensor (N-Sensor (TM) ALS, Yara International ASA) to indicate the nitrogen application demands of commercial sugarcane fields. Eight commercial fields from one sugar mill in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, varying from 15 to 25 ha in size, were monitored. Conditions varied from sandy to heavy soils and the previous harvesting occurred in May and October 2009, including first, second, and third ratoon stages. Each field was scanned with the sensor three times during the season (at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m stem height), followed by tissue sampling for biomass and nitrogen uptake at ten spots inside the area, guided by the different values shown by the sensor. The results showed a high correlation between sensor values and sugarcane biomass and nitrogen uptake, thereby supporting the potential use of this technology to develop algorithms to manage variable rate application of nitrogen for sugarcane.

不同氮肥管理措施对草坪生长和无机氮淋洗的影响

本研究采用室外盆栽试验，模拟运动场坪床结构，研究不同氮肥种类、不同施氮频率、施氮和降雨时间间隔对草地早熟禾草坪质量、草坪生长和无机氮淋洗的影响，并探讨在北京地区气候条件下，草坪在不同氮肥管理措施下的氮素去向及环境风险。主要结论如下： 1. 氮肥种类对草坪质量和草坪生长有显著影响。试验前期（春季），草坪颜色和密度质量、草坪草生长速度和草屑全氮含量的排序为尿素 > CU3M（自研包膜尿素）> IBDU（进口缓释肥），而试验后期（秋季）则为CU3M = IBDU > 尿素。草坪合格颜色质量持续时间和成坪速度的排序为尿素 > CU3M > IBDU。在新建草坪选择缓释肥进行早春施肥时，应混施一定比例的速效肥。 2. 施氮频率对草坪外观质量评分、草坪生长速度、草屑总生物量、草屑全氮含量和根系分布状况有显著影响。U6处理的草坪合格颜色质量持续时间最长，增加施氮频率没有降低新建草坪生长速度和草屑全氮含量的波动幅度。 3. 夏季（6~8月）渗漏液体积占全年的比例最高，为75.0%~82.4%。新建草坪初期的淋洗风险较大，渗漏液硝态氮浓度在第1次超过10 mg N•L-1，尿素分6次施用可降低这次的渗漏液硝态氮浓度。在合理施氮量内，草坪成熟后的无机氮淋洗量很小，且草坪对雨水中的无机氮有吸收和过滤作用。 4. 春季施用氮肥的吸收利用率为48.0%~72.6%，草屑吸收量最高，占38.5%~48.7%，地上部吸收量占19.6%~22.1%，根系吸收量在7.3%以下。施肥处理的无机氮淋洗损失量仅为0.23~0.42 g N•m-2，与CK无显著差异，草地早熟禾12 g N•m-2的年施氮量对环境的风险很小。 5. 初秋施氮5 g N•m-2，可以保持草地早熟禾秋季的良好颜色和密度质量，草坪草氮素吸收利用率高达87.4%~99.7%，其中草屑带走量占24.3%~34.2%，地上部吸收量占43.3%~59.6%，根系吸收量占14.2%~19.1%。 6. 施氮和模拟降雨的时间间隔对渗漏液硝态氮浓度有显著影响，间隔6 d和9 d模拟降雨后的渗漏液硝态氮浓度最高，显著高于间隔3 d和12 d模拟降雨的结果。初秋合理施氮的渗漏液硝态氮浓度在1.0 mg N•L-1 以下，环境风险较小。

日光温室豇豆产量和品质对水分和氮素水平的响应

依据在日光温室条件下的田间试验,研究了水分和氮素水平对豇豆产量和品质的影响,以期筛选较佳水分和氮素控制指标,为豇豆优质高产提供依据。结果表明:同一氮肥处理下,豇豆产量随土壤水分含量增加而显著增加,达到土壤相对含水量(RH)75%~85%时产量最高,豇豆高产较佳的水分和养分组合为:氮肥120 kg/hm2,壤RH为60%~85%。水分对豇豆鲜菜可溶性糖含量影响不明显;在水分充足条件下氮肥能提高豇豆的可溶性糖含量;水分有助于提高豇豆的Vc含量,水分、氮肥适宜豇豆可获得较高的Vc含量。豇豆硝酸盐含随施氮量增加显著增大。在氮素水平为60~120 kg/hm2条件下,水分对豇豆硝酸盐含量影响不明显,在氮素水平为180kg/hm2条件下,水分明显增加豇豆硝酸盐含量。按照蔬菜中硝酸盐含量安全标准,在氮水平为60~120 kg/hm2条件下豇豆的硝酸盐含量均在250 mg/kg以下,达到一级安全标准。氮水平120 kg/hm2是较佳的豇豆安全施肥量。综合考虑水分和氮肥对豇豆安全品质、营养品质以及产量的效应,建议豇豆生产中氮肥用量为120 kg/hm2左右,田间持水量保持在60%~85%。

垃圾渗滤液场外硝化－原位反硝化脱氮协同填埋场温室气体减排

垃圾卫生填埋是国内外城市垃圾的主要处置方法。垃圾渗滤液是渗入填埋场垃圾的降水混合垃圾降解过程中产生的物质而形成的混合物，是垃圾填埋场向环境排放的主要污染物。渗滤液由于其所含高浓度有机和无机污染物，且其中很多物质有生物毒性或难生物降解，难于治理。特别是到填埋晚期，渗滤液中高浓度的氨氮更是增加了治理的难度。渗滤液场外硝化－原位反硝化是填埋场氮管理的新途径。本文利用从环境中筛选出优势硝化功能菌对渗滤液中的高浓度氨氮进行生物硝化，经硝化后的渗滤液回灌至以垃圾柱模拟的生物反应器填埋场，在填埋场内实现原位反硝化。 上述目标通过以下两部分来实现： 第一部分：渗滤液场外硝化。首先从污水厂的硝化污泥中富集并筛选出硝化功能菌，在模拟氨氮废水中优化。将驯化的硝化功能菌接种于连续式完全混合反应器（CSTR）进行高氨氮渗滤液硝化研究。在200余天的连续运行中，反应器硝化和有机物去除效果良好。在最大氨氮负荷和有机物负荷分别为0.65 g N l-1 d-1 和3.84 g COD l-1 d-1时，氨氮和COD去除率分别高于99%和57%。实验过程中发现，游离氨（FA）和溶解氧（DO）浓度对反应器中亚硝酸盐的积累影响很大。 第二部分：渗滤液原位反硝化。本文利用一个垃圾填充柱模拟生物反应器填埋场，研究了硝化渗滤液回灌对垃圾降解的影响，和回灌的硝化渗滤液中TON（总氧化态氮）对填埋场生物反应器产甲烷作用的影响。最后利用变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）分析了硝化渗滤液回灌对垃圾填埋场菌群结构的影响。结果表明：回灌的TON被完全还原，反硝化为主要反应，最大TON负荷为28.6 mg N kg-1 TS d-1。当垃圾柱TON负荷大于11.4 mg N kg-1 TS d-1时，出现了产甲烷抑制，抑制作用随TON负荷的增加而加强。在此过程中，反硝化逐渐代替产甲烷作用成为填埋场内垃圾降解的主要反应，且更多产生的是清洁的氮气，而非温室气体甲烷。直到实验结束时，回灌硝化渗滤液的垃圾柱的甲烷产量仅相当于对照的2.5%，并且回灌的硝化渗滤液还加速了填埋场垃圾的降解与稳定。通过DGGE进行菌群结构分析发现，由于TON对填埋场的长期作用，反硝化菌增多而产甲烷菌减少。 Landfill still remains the chief method for MSW management around the world. Leachate is a mixture of rainfall permeating through landfill and organic and inorganic matters generated during decomposition of the wastes in the landfills, characterized as highly complicated and refractory wastewater. Ex-situ nitrification and sequential in-situ denitrification represents a novel approach to nitrogen management at landfills. In the present paper, nitrification was carried out in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) inoculated with nitrifying bacteria which were isolated from municipal WWTP of Chengdu city. The nitrified leachate from CSTR was recirculated to a lab-scale municipal solid waste (MSW) column where in-situ denitrification took place. The above object was achived through two parts as following: First, ex-situ nitification of leachate. After acclimated in simulated wastewater for 3 month, nitrifying bacteria isolated from WWTP nitrifying sludge were added to the CSTR for nitrification. The results over 200 days showed that the maximum nitrogen loading rate (NLR) and the maximum organic loading rate (OLR) was 0.65 g N l-1 d-1 and 3.84 g COD l-1 d-1, respectively. The ammonia and COD removal was over 99% and 57%, respectively. Moreover, the effects of free ammonia (FA) and dissolved oxygen (DO) on nitrification were investigated. Second, in-situ denitrification was studied in a municipal solid waste (MSW) column. Variation of nitrified leachate and its effects on the decomposition of municipal solid waste (MSW) were studied in a lab-scale MSW column to which nitrified leachate was recirculated. Additionally, DGGE was employed to investigate the microbial community of both MSW columns. The results suggested: complete reduction of total oxidized nitrogen (TON) was obtained with maximum TON load of 28.6 mg N kg-1 TS d-1 and denitrification was the main reaction responsible. Methanogenesis inhibition was observed while TON load was over 11.4 mg N kg-1 TS d-1 and the inhibition was enhanced with the increase of TON load. Denitrification gradually took over methanogenesis to become the main reaction responsible for decomposition of MSW while nitrogen gas, a clean byproduct, was generated instead. Till the end of the experiment, the average weekly methane production in the denitrification column was as low as 2.5% of that of the control, and the rate of decompition and stability of MSW was accelerated by the recirculation of the nitrified leachate.Owing to long term exposure of nitrified leachate to landfill, denitrifying bacteria increased and methanogen decreased.

Fontes, doses e modo de aplicação de nitrogênio em feijoeiro no sistema plantio direto

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Glyphosate como regulador de crescimento em arroz de terras altas

The lodging of some rice cultivars at harvest time can lead to significant losses in yield, and the inappropriate water and nitrogen management, under high-tech conditions, can aggravate the problem. The use of vegetal regulators is an alternative to reduce lodging, however, information on this topic are rare. The study aimed to evaluate the application of glyphosate sub doses (26 g ha -1, 52 g ha -1, 78 g ha -1, 104 g ha -1, 130 g ha -1, 156 g ha -1, and 182 g ha -1) on agronomical traits, development, and yield of upland rice crops irrigated by aspersion, during the floral differentiation period. The experiment was carried out in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, through the agricultural years of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010. The increase of glyphosate sub doses, at the floral differentiation period of the Primavera cultivar, reduced the plants height, panicle size, and, consequently, yield. Sub doses higher than or equal to 78 g ha -1 eliminated the plants lodging process.

Inoculação de sementes com bactéria diazotrófica e aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura e foliar em milho

Considering the importance of nitrogen management and its biological fixation with diazotrophic bacteria, this study was carried out aiming to evaluate the agronomic performance of maize, in response to seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and nitrogen application in side-dressing and leaf. The experiment was conducted in Selvíria, Mato Grosso of Sul State, Brazil, during the growing season 2010/2011, on a clayey Rhodic Haplustox (20° 20' S and 51° 24' W, with altitude of 340 m). Sixteen treatments were established with four replications, in randomized blocks with the combination of the factors A. brasilense (with and without inoculante), nitrogen rate (0 and 90 kg ha-1, in V5 growth stage) and urea leaf application (0, 4, 8 and 12%: application in V5 and V8 growth stage). The maize hybrid used was the DKB 390 YG®, sowed in the row spacing of 0.9 m. Parameters measured were productive and morphological components of culture and crop yield. Increase in maize yield by seed inoculation with A. brasilense was observed. The application of 90 kg ha -1 of nitrogen in side-dressing provided higher chlorophyll leaf index, stalk diameter and prolificacy, however, the yield not was increased. The application of urea leaf did not agronomic efficiency and, therefore, should not be used as the unique form of supply and alternative to nitrogen addition to crop.

Uso do clorofilômetro portátil na determinação da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura em cultivares de feijoeiro

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Medidor de clorofila na avaliação de nutrição nitrogenada na cultura do alho vernalizado

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Resposta da segunda soqueira da cana-de-açúcar à aplicação de nitrogênio na presença e ausência de silício

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

Manejo do solo e do nitrogênio em milho cultivado em dois espaçamentos entrelinhas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Lâminas de água, inoculação de sementes com Azospirillum brasilense e doses de nitrogênio em arroz terras altas

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Fontes, doses e parcelamento do nitrogênio em feijoeiro de inverno no sistema plantio direto

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Resposta do arroz a doses e épocas de aplicação do regulador de crescimento etil-trinexapac

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Consórcio de milho e Urochloa ruziziensis e inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense e seu efeito residual associado à adubação nitrogenada em feijoeiro de inverno

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS