79 resultados para Myrsine coriacea
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Diploma de Estudios Avanzados
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The conservation of birds and their habitats is essential to maintain well-functioning ecosystems including human-dominated habitats. In simplified or homogenized landscapes, patches of natural and semi-natural habitat are essential for the survival of plant and animal populations. We compared species composition and diversity of trees and birds between gallery forests, tree islands and hedges in a Colombian savanna landscape to assess how fragmented woody plant communities affect forest bird communities and how differences in habitat characteristics influenced bird species traits and their potential ecosystem function. Bird and tree diversity was higher in forests than in tree islands and hedges. Soil depth influenced woody species distribution, and canopy cover and tree height determined bird species distribution, resulting in plant and bird communities that mainly differed between forest and non-forest habitat. Bird and tree species and traits widely co-varied. Bird species in tree islands and hedges were on average smaller, less specialized to habitat and more tolerant to disturbance than in forest, but dietary differences did not emerge. Despite being less complex and diverse than forests, hedges and tree islands significantly contribute to the conservation of forest biodiversity in the savanna matrix. Forest fragments remain essential for the conservation of forest specialists, but hedges and tree islands facilitate spillover of more tolerant forest birds and their ecological functions such as seed dispersal from forest to the savanna matrix.
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The leatherback turtle Dermochelys coriacea is considered to be at serious risk of global extinction, despite ongoing conservation efforts. Intensive long-term monitoring of a leatherback nesting population on Sandy Point (St. Croix, US Virgin Islands) offers a unique opportunity to quantify basic population parameters and evaluate effectiveness of nesting beach conservation practices. We report a significant increase in the number of females nesting annually from ca. 18-30 in the 1980s to 186 in 2001, with a corresponding increase in annual hatchling production from ca. 2000 to over 49,000. We then analyzed resighting data from 1991 to 2001 with an open robust-design capture-mark-recapture model to estimate annual nester survival and adult abundance for this population. The expected annual survival probability was estimated at ca. 0.893 (95% CL 0.87-0.92) and the population was estimated to be increasing ca. 13% pa since the early 1990s. Taken together with DNA fingerprinting that identify mother-daughter relations, our findings suggest that the increase in the size of the nesting population since 1991 was probably due to an aggressive program of beach protection and egg relocation initiated more than 20 years ago. Beach protection and egg relocation provide a simple and effective conservation strategy for this Northern Caribbean nesting population as long as adult survival at sea remains relatively high. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Estimating rare events from zero-heavy data (data with many zero values) is a common challenge in fisheries science and ecology. For example, loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) account for less than 1% of total catch in the U.S. Atlantic pelagic longline fishery. Nevertheless, the Southeast Fisheries Science Center (SEFSC) of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) is charged with assessing the effect of this fishery on these federally protected species. Annual estimates of loggerhead and leatherback bycatch in a fishery can affect fishery management and species conservation decisions. However, current estimates have wide confidence intervals, and their accuracy is unknown. We evaluate 3 estimation methods, each at 2 spatiotemporal scales, in simulations of 5 spatial scenarios representing incidental capture of sea turtles by the U.S. Atlantic pelagic longline fishery. The delta-log normal method of estimating bycatch for calendar quarter and fishing area strata was the least biased estimation method in the spatial scenarios believed to be most realistic. This result supports the current estimation procedure used by the SEFSC.
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A Área de Proteção Ambiental de Massambaba concentra diversas formações vegetais com uma grande riqueza florística e endemismos. Infelizmente esta área está sujeita à ação antrópica tanto que alguns fragmentos se encontram degradados. Para recuperar ecologicamente esta vegetação é importante compreender os mecanismos de sucessão ecológica. Como se sabe pouco sobre interações entre plantas de restinga, e menos ainda sob o prisma da alelopatia (efeito negativo que uma planta exerce em outras, ao liberar metabólitos secundários para o seu entorno),objetivou-se a realização de ensaios biológicos com espécies nativas. Inicialmente determinamos as melhores condições de extração de metabólitos, e por fim realizamos bioensaios com 18 espécies (Allagoptera aenaria, Andira legalis, Byrsonima sericea, Clusia fluminensis, Couepia ovalifolia, Erythroxylum ovalifolium, Eugenia copacabanensis, Eugenia selloi, Garcinia brasiliensis, Guapira opposita, Maytenus obtusifolia, Myrsine parvifolia, Neomitranthes obscura, Ocotea notata, Pouteria caimito, Renvoizea trinii, Tocoyena bullata e Vitex megapotamica). A aplicação dos extratos foi sobrea germinação e ocrescimento inicial de sementes de alface. Para isso, folhas destas espécies foram coletadas sazonalmente na formação arbustiva aberta não inundável (fácies alta) na restinga de Massambaba para o preparo de extratos aquosos. Os extratos foram obtidos a através da secagem das folhas à60C para posterior maceração, aquecimento, diluição e filtração, obtendo-se as concentrações de 5 e 10% de concentração (peso/volume). Os parâmetros para avaliar a fitotoxidez foram:a porcentagem ea velocidade de germinação e o comprimento da raiz após sete dias de crescimento em placas de Petri umedecidas com os extratos. Além desses três parâmetros, foi utilizado o índice de efeito global, que transforma as três variáveis em um índice único e uma analise de agrupamento (distância euclidiana, método de Ward) para classificá-las em espécies de fraca, média ou alta fitotoxidez de acordo com o valor do índice. A inibição do crescimento foi observada em todas as espécies, e verificou-se diferenças sazonais significativas, com destaque no inverno. Isso sugere que as diferenças os entre níveis de fitotoxidez estejam correlacionada são ambiente e à genética. Se a ação inibitória das espécies com maior efeito alelopático for comprovada, novas estratégias podem ser elaboradas para a reintrodução em projetos de conservação ambiental
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Offshore pound net leaders in the southern portion of Chesapeake Bay in Virginia waters were documented to incidentally take protected loggerhead, Caretta caretta, and Kemp’s ridley, Lepidochelys kempii, sea turtles. Because of these losses, NOAA’s National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) in 2004 closed the area to offshore pound net leaders annually from 6 May to 15 July and initiated a study of an experimental leader design that replaced the top two-thirds of the traditional mesh panel leader with vertical ropes (0.95 cm) spaced 61 cm apart. This experimental leader was tested on four pound net sites on the eastern shore of Chesapeake Bay in 2004 and 2005. During the 2 trial periods, 21 loggerhead and Kemp’s ridley sea turtles were found interacting with the control leader and 1 leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea, was found interacting with the experimental leader. Results of a negative binomial regression analysis comparing the two leader designs found the experimental leader significantly reduced sea turtle interactions (p=0.03). Finfish were sampled from the pound nets in the study to assess finfish catch performance differences between the two leader designs. Although the conclusions from this element of the experiment are not robust, paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test results determined no significant harvest weight difference between the two leaders. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests did not reveal any substantive size selectivity differences between the two leaders.
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Estimates of incidental marine mammal, sea turtle, and seabird mortality in the California drift gillnet fishery for broadbill swordfish, Xiphias gladius, and common thresher shark, Alopias vulpinus, are summarized for the 7-year period, 1996 to 2002. Fishery observer coverage was 19% over the period (3,369 days observed/17,649 days fished). An experiment to test the effectiveness of acoustic pingers on reducing marine mammal entanglements in this fishery began in 1996 and resulted in statistically significant reductions in marine mammal bycatch. The most commonly entangled marine mammal species were the short-beaked common dolphin, Delphinus delphis; California sea lion, Zalophus californianus; and northern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis. Estimated mortality by species (CV and observed mortality in parentheses) from 1996 to 2002 is 861 (0.11, 133) short-beaked common dolphins; 553 (0.16, 103) California sea lions; 151 (0.25, 31) northern right whale dolphins; 150 (0.21, 27) northern elephant seals, Mirounga angustirostris; 54 (0.41, 10) long-beaked common dolphins, Delphinus capensis; 44 (0.53, 6) Dall’s porpoise, Phocoenoides dalli; 19 (0.60, 5) Risso’s dolphins, Grampus griseus; 11 (0.71, 2) gray whales, Eschrichtius robustus; 7 (0.83, 2) sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus; 7 (0.96, 1) short-finned pilot whales, Globicephala macrorhychus; 12 (1.06, 1) minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata; 5 (1.05, 1) fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus; 11 (0.68, 2) unidentified pinnipeds; 33 (0.52, 4) leatherback turtles, Dermochelys coriacea; 18 (0.57, 3) loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta; 13 (0.73, 3) northern fulmars, Fulmarus glacialis; and 6 (0.86, 2) unidentified birds.
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本文对木通科植物进行全面分类学修订,确认8属35种(包括16亚种)。这8个属是:猫儿屎属(Decaisnea,1种),串果藤属(Sinofranchetia,1种),牛藤果属(parvatia,2种),野木瓜属(Stauntonia,24种),长萼木通属(Archakebia,1种),木通属(Akebia,4种),拉氏藤属(Lardizabala,1种)和勃奎拉属(Boquila,1种)。我们建立了1个新属(长萼木通属Archakebia)、4个新种(短蕊八月瓜Stauntonia brachyandra,厚叶八月瓜S.crassifolia,离丝野木瓜S.libera和墨脱八月瓜S.medogensis)和5个新亚种(长萼三叶木通Akebia trifolialassp. longisepala,线叶五风藤Stauntonia angustifolia ssp. linearifolia,三叶五风藤S.a.ssp, trifoliata,海南野木瓜S.chinensis ssp. hainaensis和纸叶八月瓜S.latifolia ssp. chartacea),重新组合了8个名称(Parvatia brunoniana ssp. elliptica,Stauntonia angustifolia,S. chapaensis,S.coriacea,S.grandiflora,S.latifolia,S.obovatifoliola .ssp. urophylla和S.pterocaulis)和归并了32个类群(种及种下等级)。 我们对1989年系统进行了补充,在拉氏藤族(tribe Lardizabaleae)中建立两个亚族,并对野木瓜属(Stauntonia)提出一个详尽的属下分类系统,包括两个亚属4个组。本修订主要根据作者对近七千余份腊叶标本的研究和野外考察结果撰写而成。在前一部分中,我们全面阐述木通科形态性状特征及其演化意义,并应用于科下种上分类群的划分及其亲缘关系讨论。在此基~础上,我们进一步确认串果藤族(Sinofranchetieae)和猫儿屎族(Decaisneeae)均为木通科植物早期演化的分支,也是系统位置比较孤立的类群;拉氏藤族(Lardizabaleae)与亚洲类群分开的历史很长,其内部分化也很显著;木通族(Akebineae)是木通科植物演化的主干,也是较晚近时期发生的类群,它正处在强烈分化之中,存在有各种演化式样,是木通科植物分类实践的难点。 作者仍然认为木通科植物是毛茛类与木兰类之间联系的扭带,它可能在白垩纪初期就已经在联合古陆上起源,并在古陆分裂之前就发生了东亚及南美两群植物的隔离事件。 我们在本文后一部分(即分类处理)中,描述了每个种(共35种)的性状特征、物候期、生态习性及其与近缘种的关系,并作出种分布图和形态线描图。最后列出所研究标本的索引(中英对照)。
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芍药属Paeonia是芍药科Paeoniacea内唯一的一个属。包括大约35个种,间断性的分布于北温带地区。其内三个组分别是牡丹组(sect. Moutan)、北美芍药组(sect. Onaepia)和芍药组(sect. Paeonia)。芍药组是芍药属中最大,也是唯一具有染色体倍性变化的一个组,现有大约25个种。其中,大约半数的种是四倍体(2n=20),主要分布于地中海地区。虽然有证据表明四倍体类群大多为异源起源,但芍药属内一致的核型、相似的形态和重叠的地理分布使得它们的起源和分类一直存在很大的争议。本研究利用了4个细胞核DNA片段(乙醇脱氢酶基因-Adh1和 Adh2;nrDNA的内转录间隔区-ITS;甘油-3磷酸乙酰转移酶基因-GPAT)和4个叶绿体DNA片段(matK基因;基因间隔区trnL-trnF、psbA-trnH和rps16-trnQ)对芍药组的网状进化进行部分重建。并在此基础上,对推测为杂交起源的P. anomala进行了形态学和细胞发生的研究。主要研究结果如下: 1. 芍药组的系统学 利用多个DNA分子标记(cpDNA: matK, rps16-trnQ; nrDNA: ITS, Adh1, Adh2),芍药组的二倍体和四倍体类群的系统发育被部分重建。基于最大简约法、贝叶斯法和最大似然法的系统发育分析表明: (a) 除P. tenuifolia之外,所有地中海地区分布的二倍体类群构成一个单系分支。该支与亚洲分布的二倍体类群以及P. tenuifolia成并系关系。 (b) 核和叶绿体DNA系统发育树的不一致,以及ITS、Adh基因的多态性的分析,表明部分二倍体类群间和四倍体类群间都存在杂交事件。这些类群包括:中国新疆阿勒泰地区分布的二倍体种P. anomala和P. intermedia(杂种个体XJ053);高加索地区分布的二倍体种P. tenuifolia和P. daurica(杂种个体H9933);土耳其分布的四倍体种P. mascula和P. kesrouanensis(杂交个体在两个居群中检测到)。 (c) 不一致的核和叶绿体DNA系统发育树,以及Adh基因表现出的相同多态性模式进一步支持早先的推测,即四倍体类群P. arietina是异源四倍体。同时扩大的数据分析显示P. obovata近缘类群为其母系亲本,P. tenuifolia近缘类群为其父系亲本。此外,形态上具有一定分化的两个亚种P. arietina ssp. arietina和P. arietina ssp. parnassica是多次起源。 (d) 现今地中海分布类群的近缘种参与了四倍体种P. kesrouanensis 和P. coriacea,以及P. wittmanniana和P. mascula的物种形成。依据Adh序列种内的多态性,初步推测P. kesrouanensis 和P. coriacea可能是异源四倍体,其另一个亲本与P. arietina母系亲本近源。而P. wittmanniana和P. mascula可能是同源四倍体。 (e) P. saueri和P. peregrina的两个亲本类群分别与P. tenuifolia和现今地中海分布二倍体种的近缘类群。 (f) Adh1基因序列中近缘的重组类型暗示:四倍体种P. macrophylla和P. banatica很可能是同倍性杂种。 2. P. anomala的杂交起源和细胞发生 P. anomala新疆阿勒泰地区分布的居群核型第一次被报道。该地区分布的类群核型为2A型(核型公式:2n = 2x = 10 = 6m+2sm+2st)。减数分裂的观察统计显示:阿勒泰地区所有检测个体都是臂内倒位杂合子。基于断片大小以及不同个体染色体桥和/或断片出现率的差异,我们发现该类群臂内倒位存在多态性。荧光原位杂交(FISH)证实P. anomala共有8个18S rDNA位点,并且定位了一个倒位片段在3号染色体的短臂上。此外,高频率的棒状二价体和单价体,以及低的同源染色体的配对系数说明该类群同源染色体间存在分化。染色体结构杂合能够导致部分花粉败育,所有被检测个体的花粉败育率约为8.8 – 29.4%。 扩大的居群取样以及多基因(cpDNA: matK, psbA-trnH, rps16-trnQ, trnL-trnF; nrDNA: ITS, Adh1, Adh2, Gpat)的系统发育分析,进一步支持P. anomala杂交起源于P. veitchii 和P. lactiflora的近缘类群。cpDNA片段和核DNA片段(ITS、GPAT)基因树间的不一致,以及P. anomala Adh1和Adh2序列表现出的多态性都支持该类群杂交起源的推测。不过,表型分析显示P. anomala在形态上偏向于P. veitchii。 3. P. obovata Maxim.四倍体类群的起源 与原先基于形态性状的认识不同,P. obovata 四倍体类群并不是一个严格意义上的同源四倍体。它起源于二倍体P. obovata中国和日本分布的两个地理亚种之间的杂交。Adh2基因仅在中国分布二倍体居群的扩增失败支持这一推测。此外,Adh基因系统发育分析显示:间断性分布于中国中部和中国东北部的四倍体类群是独立起源。
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三峡库区一些污染严重的工业企业是当地主要的点源污染源,对周围植物群落产生了巨大危害,而植物是生态系统赖以存在的基础,它的生长发育直接影响到生态系统的结构及其正常功能的实现。本研究按照与点源污染源的距离为梯度,通过在三峡库区兴山县白沙河磷化工厂周围布设了32个植物群落固定样地,并以点源污染无法影响到的植物群落为对照,进行样地的野外群落学调查;在每个样地取不同种植物叶片100克左右和样地0~20cm土壤500克,以石灰滤纸法同步进行大气氟化物的取样。样品带回室内应用氟离子选择电极法,测定大气氟化物含量、植物叶片氟的累积量和土壤水溶性氟的含量。同时在野外调查时使用PAM2100叶绿素荧光仪测定植物最大光化学效率即Fv/Fm的值。通过野外调查试验和相关的室内分析,研究了(1):点源污染对三峡库区陆生植物群落组成和物种多样性的影响;(2):点源污染中的主要污染物对植物及土壤环境的影响;(3):不同物种叶片最大光化学效率Fv/Fm对污染胁迫响应的差异。结果如下: 点源污染对植物群落物种丰富度以及Pielou均匀度指数均有不同程度的影响,对于群落结构相对简单的马尾松林和柏木林的不利影响更为显著。相对于污染区来说,对照区中物种重要值的集中程度有所下降。许多物种的重要值在污染区与对照区有明显的变化。马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、檵木(Loropetalum chinense )、铁仔(Myrsine africana)、卷柏(Selaginella tamariscina )等对照区重要值较污染区为高,黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana )、菱叶海桐(Pittosporum truncatum)、君迁子(Diospyros lotus)等污染区的重要值较对照区为高。群落中有些物种比如柏木(Cupressus funebris)的天然更新也受到污染的影响。 污染区土壤pH值大多低于对照区,但是与离污染源距离的相关性不强。污染区有些物种比如马尾松、柏木等叶片中的全氟含量与大气中氟化物的含量和土壤水溶性氟含量明显正相关。但是另外有些物种氟的累积量受点源污染的影响不显著,比如菱叶海桐、翅柃(Eurya alata)等在污染严重的样地内生存状况仍然很好。 在距离点源污染近的样地内,大多数物种的最大光化学效率Fv/Fm的值显著下降。栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、马尾松和柏木等的Fv/Fm值与距污染源的距离呈明显的正相关,都是随着离污染源越来越近而逐渐降低。根据污染区相对对照区Fv/Fm值下降幅度的不同,把植物划分为三种类型:对污染敏感型如柏木、铁仔、檵木等,中等敏感型如油桐(Vernicia fordii)、香叶树(Lindera communis)和不敏感型如山胡椒(Lindera glauca)和 蝴蝶花(Iris japonica)等。
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2009