Oncogene-induced basement membrane invasiveness in human mammary epithelial cells

Expression of the intermediate filament protein vimentin, and loss of the cellular adhesion protein uvomorulin (E-cadherin) have been associated with increased invasiveness of established human breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, we have further examined these relationships in oncogenically transformed human mammary epithelial cells. A normal human mammary epithelial strain, termed 184, was previously immortalized with benzo[a]pyrene, and two distinct sublines were derived (A1N4 and 184B5). These sublines were infected with retroviral vectors containing a single or two oncogenes of the nuclear, cytoplasmic, and plasma membrane-associated type (v-rasH, v-rasKi, v -mos, SV40T and c -myc). All infectants have been previously shown to exhibit some aspects of phenotypic transformation. In the current study, cellular invasiveness was determined in vitro using Matrigel, a reconstituted basement membrane extract. Lineage-specific differences were observed with respect to low constitutive invasiveness and invasive changes after infection with ras, despite similar ras-induced transformation of each line. Major effects on cellular invasiveness were observed after infection of the cells with two different oncogenes (v-rasH + SV40T and v -rasH + v -mos). In contrast, the effects of single oncogenes were only modest or negligible. All oncogenic infectants demonstrated increased attachment to laminin, but altered secretion of the 72 kDa and 92 kDa gelatinases was not associated with any aspect of malignant progression. Each of the two highly invasive double oncogene transformants were vimentinpositive and uvomorulin-negative, a phenotype indicative of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) previously associated with invasiveness of established human breast cancer cell lines. Weakly invasive untransformed mammary epithelial cells in this study were positive for both vimentin and uvomorulin, suggesting that uvomorulin may over-ride the otherwise vimentin-associated invasiveness.

Methicillin Resistance In Staphylococci : Horizontal Transfer of Mobile Genetic Element (SCCmec) Between Staphylococcal Species

Regardless of the existence of antibiotics, infectious diseases are the leading causes of death in the world. Staphylococci cause many infections of varying severity, although they can also exist peacefully in many parts of the human body. Most often Staphylococcus aureus colonises the nose, and that colonisation is considered to be a risk factor for spread of this bacterium. S. aureus is considered to be the most important Staphylococcus species. It poses a challenge to the field of medicine, and one of the most problematic aspects is the drastic increase of the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains in hospitals and community world-wide, including Finland. In addition, most of the clinical coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) isolates express resistance to methicillin. Methicillin-resistance in S. aureus is caused by the mecA gene that encodes an extra penicillin-binding protein (PBP) 2a. The mecA gene is found in a mobile genomic island called staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec). The SCCmec consists of the mec gene and cassette chromosome recombinase (ccr)gene complexes. The areas of the SCCmec element outside the ccr and mec complex are known as the junkyard J regions. So far, eight types of SCCmec(SCCmec I- SCCmec VIII) and a number of variants have been described. The SCCmec island is an acquired element in S. aureus. Lately, it appears that CNS might be the storage place of the SCCmec that aid the S. aureus by providing it with the resistant elements. The SCCmec is known to exist only in the staphylococci. The aim of the present study was to investigate the horizontal transfer of SCCmec between the S. aureus and CNS. One specific aim was to study whether or not some methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains are more inclined to receive the SCCmec than others. This was done by comparing the genetic background of clinical MSSA isolates in the health care facilities of the Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District in 2001 to the representatives of the epidemic MRSA (EMRSA) genotypes, which have been encountered in Finland during 1992-2004. Majority of the clinical MSSA strains were related to the EMRSA strains. This finding suggests that horizontal transfer of SCCmec from unknown donor(s) to several MSSA background genotypes has occurred in Finland. The molecular characteristics of representative clinical methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE) isolates recovered in Finnish hospitals between 1990 and 1998 were also studied, examining their genetic relation to each other and to the internationally recognised MRSE clones as well, so as to ascertain the common traits between the SCCmec elements in MRSE and MRSA. The clinical MRSE strains were genetically related to each other; eleven PFGE types were associated with sequence type ST2 that has been identified world-wide. A single MRSE strain may possess two SCCmec types III and IV, which were recognised among the MRSA strains. Moreover, six months after the onset of an outbreak of MRSA possessing a SCCmec type V in a long-term care facility in Northern Finland (LTCF) in 2003, the SCCmec element of nasally carried methicillin-resistant staphylococci was studied. Among the residents of a LTCF, nasal carriage of MR-CNS was common with extreme diversity of SCCmec types. MRSE was the most prevalent CNS species. Horizontal transfer of SCCmec elements is speculated to be based on the sharing of SCCmec type V between MRSA and MRSE in the same person. Additionally, the SCCmec element of the clinical human S. sciuri isolates was studied. Some of the SCCmec regions were present in S. sciuri and the pls gene was common in it. This finding supports the hypothesis of genetic exchange happening between staphylococcal species. Evaluation of the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal colonisation is necessary in order to understand the apparent emergence of these strains and to develop appropriate control strategies. SCCmec typing is essential for understanding the emergence of MRSA strains from CNS, considering that the MR-CNS may represent the gene pool for the continuous creation of new SCCmec types from which MRSA might originate.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Finland: recent changes in the epidemiology, long-term facility aspects, and phenotypic and molecular detection of isolates

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important bacteria that cause disease in humans, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has become the most commonly identified antibiotic-resistant pathogen in many parts of the world. MRSA rates have been stable for many years in the Nordic countries and the Netherlands with a low MRSA prevalence in Europe, but in the recent decades, MRSA rates have increased in those low-prevalence countries as well. MRSA has been established as a major hospital pathogen, but has also been found increasingly in long-term facilities (LTF) and in communities of persons with no connections to the health-care setting. In Finland, the annual number of MRSA isolates reported to the National Infectious Disease Register (NIDR) has constantly increased, especially outside the Helsinki metropolitan area. Molecular typing has revealed numerous outbreak strains of MRSA, some of which have previously been associated with community acquisition. In this work, data on MRSA cases notified to the NIDR and on MRSA strain types identified with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing at the National Reference Laboratory (NRL) in Finland from 1997 to 2004 were analyzed. An increasing trend in MRSA incidence in Finland from 1997 to 2004 was shown. In addition, non-multi-drug resistant (NMDR) MRSA isolates, especially those resistant only to methicillin/oxacillin, showed an emerging trend. The predominant MRSA strains changed over time and place, but two internationally spread epidemic strains of MRSA, FIN-16 and FIN-21, were related to the increase detected most recently. Those strains were also one cause of the strikingly increasing invasive MRSA findings. The rise of MRSA strains with SCCmec types IV or V, possible community-acquired MRSA was also detected. With questionnaires, the diagnostic methods used for MRSA identification in Finnish microbiology laboratories and the number of MRSA screening specimens studied were reviewed. Surveys, which focused on the MRSA situation in long-term facilities in 2001 and on the background information of MRSA-positive persons in 2001-2003, were also carried out. The rates of MRSA and screening practices varied widely across geographic regions. Part of the NMDR MRSA strains could remain undetected in some laboratories because of insufficient diagnostic techniques used. The increasing proportion of elderly population carrying MRSA suggests that MRSA is an emerging problem in Finnish long-term facilities. Among the patients, 50% of the specimens were taken on a clinical basis, 43% on a screening basis after exposure to MRSA, 3% on a screening basis because of hospital contact abroad, and 4% for other reasons. In response to an outbreak of MRSA possessing a new genotype that occurred in a health care ward and in an associated nursing home of a small municipality in Northern Finland in autumn 2003, a point-prevalence survey was performed six months later. In the same study, the molecular epidemiology of MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains were also assessed, the results to the national strain collection compared, and the difficulties of MRSA screening with low-level oxacillin-resistant isolates encountered. The original MRSA outbreak in LTF, which consisted of isolates possessing a nationally new PFGE profile (FIN-22) and internationally rare MLST type (ST-27), was confined. Another previously unrecognized MRSA strain was found with additional screening, possibly indicating that current routine MRSA screening methods may be insufficiently sensitive for strains possessing low-level oxacillin resistance. Most of the MSSA strains found were genotypically related to the epidemic MRSA strains, but only a few of them had received the SCCmec element, and all those strains possessed the new SCCmec type V. In the second largest nursing home in Finland, the colonization of S. aureus and MRSA, and the role of screening sites along with broth enrichment culture on the sensitivity to detect S. aureus were studied. Combining the use of enrichment broth and perineal swabbing, in addition to nostrils and skin lesions swabbing, may be an alternative for throat swabs in the nursing home setting, especially when residents are uncooperative. Finally, in order to evaluate adequate phenotypic and genotypic methods needed for reliable laboratory diagnostics of MRSA, oxacillin disk diffusion and MIC tests to the cefoxitin disk diffusion method at both +35°C and +30°C, both with or without an addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) to the Müller Hinton test medium, and in-house PCR to two commercial molecular methods (the GenoType® MRSA test and the EVIGENETM MRSA Detection test) with different bacterial species in addition to S. aureus were compared. The cefoxitin disk diffusion method was superior to that of oxacillin disk diffusion and to the MIC tests in predicting mecA-mediated resistance in S. aureus when incubating at +35°C with or without the addition of NaCl to the test medium. Both the Geno Type® MRSA and EVIGENETM MRSA Detection tests are usable, accurate, cost-effective, and sufficiently fast methods for rapid MRSA confirmation from a pure culture.

Negative nuclear Overhauser effects as probes of macromolecular structure

Nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) and circular dichroism (CD) techniques have been used to probe @-turn conformations in acyclic and cyclic peptides containingPro-Xsequences. The model peptides studied are of the type Piv-Pro-X-NHMe (X = Aib, D-Ala, Gly, Val, and Leu) and Boc-Cys-Pro-X-C s NHMe (X = Aib, L-Ala, D-Ala, Gly, and Leu). In the acyclic series, observation of NOES between Pro C"H and X-NH, together with solvent and temperature dependence of NH chemical shifts, establishes a 4 - 1 hydrogen bond stabilized type I1 @-turn in the Gly, D-Ala, and Aib peptides, in CDC13 and (CD3)2S0. A positive n-r* CD band at -225-230 nm appears to be characteristic of this structure. For the acyclic Pro-Leu peptide the observation of NOE's for both Pro and Leu C"H resonances on saturation of Leu NH is compatible with a type V bend or consecutive y-turn conformation. In the cyclic disulfide series the Pro-Aib and Pro-D-Ala peptides favor type I1 @-turns, whereas all other peptides adopt type I (111) conformations. All the cyclic disulfides exhibit an intense negative CD band at -228-230 nm. The results suggest thatgeneralcorrelations between CD spectral type and specific 0-turn conformations may not be obtained. Evidence for solvent-dependent structural changes in the Pro-Aib sequence in both cyclic and acyclic peptides is presented.

Support vector machine for evaluating seismic-liquefaction potential using shear wave velocity

The use of the shear wave velocity data as a field index for evaluating the liquefaction potential of sands is receiving increased attention because both shear wave velocity and liquefaction resistance are similarly influenced by many of the same factors such as void ratio, state of stress, stress history and geologic age. In this paper, the potential of support vector machine (SVM) based classification approach has been used to assess the liquefaction potential from actual shear wave velocity data. In this approach, an approximate implementation of a structural risk minimization (SRM) induction principle is done, which aims at minimizing a bound on the generalization error of a model rather than minimizing only the mean square error over the data set. Here SVM has been used as a classification tool to predict liquefaction potential of a soil based on shear wave velocity. The dataset consists the information of soil characteristics such as effective vertical stress (sigma'(v0)), soil type, shear wave velocity (V-s) and earthquake parameters such as peak horizontal acceleration (a(max)) and earthquake magnitude (M). Out of the available 186 datasets, 130 are considered for training and remaining 56 are used for testing the model. The study indicated that SVM can successfully model the complex relationship between seismic parameters, soil parameters and the liquefaction potential. In the model based on soil characteristics, the input parameters used are sigma'(v0), soil type. V-s, a(max) and M. In the other model based on shear wave velocity alone uses V-s, a(max) and M as input parameters. In this paper, it has been demonstrated that Vs alone can be used to predict the liquefaction potential of a soil using a support vector machine model. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

High-pressure studies on lithium fast-ion conductors

The variation of resistivity of the lithium fast-ion conductor Li3+y Ge1−yO4 (y = 0.25, 0.6, 0.72) has been studied with hydrostatic pressure up to 70 kbar and compared with that of Li16−2x Znx (GeO4)4(x = 1, 2). Both types showed pronounced resistivity maxima between 20–30 kbar and marked decrease thereafter. Measurements as a function of temperature between 120–300 K permitted the determination of activation energies and prefactors that also showed corresponding maxima. The activation volumes (ΔV) of the first type of compound varied between 4.34 to −4.90 cm3/mol at 300 K and decreased monotonically with increasing temperature. For the second type ΔV was much smaller, varied with pressure between 0.58 and −0.24 cm3/mol, and went through a maximum with increasing temperature. High-pressure studies were also conducted on aged samples, and the results are discussed in conjunction with results of impedance measurements and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. The principal effect of pressure appears to be variations of the sum of interatomic potentials and hence barrier height, which also causes significant changes in entropy.

Draft Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus 118 (ST772), a Major Disease Clone from India

We report the draft genome sequence of an ST772 Staphylococcus aureus disease isolate carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type V from a pyomyositis patient. Our de novo short read assembly is similar to 2.8 Mb and encodes a unique Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) phage with structural genes similar to those of phi 7247PVL and novel lysogenic genes at the N termini.

Draft Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus ST672, an Emerging Disease Clone from India

We report the draft genome sequence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain ST672, an emerging disease clone in India, from a septicemia patient. The genome size is about 2.82 Mb with 2,485 open reading frames (ORFs). The staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) element (type V) and immune evasion cluster appear to be different from those of strain ST772 on preliminary examination.

Viscoelastic Behavior of Human Lamin A Proteins in the Context of Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Lamins are intermediate filament proteins of type V constituting a nuclear lamina or filamentous meshwork which lines the nucleoplasmic side of the inner nuclear membrane. This protein mesh provides a supporting scaffold for the nuclear envelope and tethers interphase chromosome to the nuclear periphery. Mutations of mainly A-type lamins are found to be causative for at least 11 human diseases collectively termed as laminopathies majority of which are characterised by aberrant nuclei with altered structural rigidity, deformability and poor mechanotransduction behaviour. But the investigation of viscoelastic behavior of lamin A continues to elude the field. In order to address this problem, we hereby present the very first report on viscoelastic properties of wild type human lamin A and some of its mutants linked with Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) using quantitative rheological measurements. We observed a dramatic strain-softening effect on lamin A network as an outcome of the strain amplitude sweep measurements which could arise from the large compliance of the quasi-cross-links in the network or that of the lamin A rods. In addition, the drastic stiffening of the differential elastic moduli on superposition of rotational and oscillatory shear stress reflect the increase in the stiffness of the laterally associated lamin A rods. These findings present a preliminary insight into distinct biomechanical properties of wild type lamin A protein and its mutants which in turn revealed interesting differences.

Análise do perfil de genes relacionados ao SST5 e SST6, formação de biofilme e invasão em cepas de Escherichia coli enteroagregativa

A Escherichia coli enteroagregativa (EAEC) é um patotipo emergente e heterogêneo que causa a diarréia aguda ou persistente em indivíduos de diferentes faixas etárias e em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Além disso, EAEC é um dos principais agentes etiológicos da diarréia dos viajantes. O padrão de aderência agregativa de EAEC está associado ao plasmídeo de aderência agregativa (pAA). Genes presentes no plasmídeo e no cromossomo codificam proteínas envolvidas na secreção extracelular de fatores de virulência na superfície ou diretamente na célula hospedeira. A capacidade de produção de muco e biofilme, elaboração de toxinas, aderência e indução de inflamação intensa na mucosa intestinal são importantes características da patogenicidade de EAEC. Nesse estudo, determinamos o perfil genotípico de genes do sistema de secreção Tipo V (SST5) e sistema de secreção Tipo VI (SST6) em cepas de EAEC. Os genes do SST5 ocorreram com mais frequência que os genes do SST6. A presença de pelo menos um gene do SST5 foi detectada em 79% das cepas, enquanto que os genes relacionados ao SST6 foram detectados em apenas 42% das cepas analisadas. A produção de biofilme foi observada em teste quantitativo e verificamos que 67% das cepas produziram biofilme. No teste qualitativo, o tipo de biofilme que predomina é o biofilme moderado (11 cepas), seguido do biofilme forte (9 cepas) e do biofilme discreto (4 cepas). A presença ou ausência de genes do SST5 e SST6 não parece interferir com a capacidade de produção de biofilme, nem com o tipo de biofilme formado. Em ensaios de citotoxicidade, apenas 25% das cepas EAEC (sobrenadante) causaram redução significativa na viabilidade de células T84 avaliada pelo teste de redução com MTT. Nossos resultados mostram que as cepas EAEC isoladas de crianças com diarréia aguda ou de grupo controle são invasoras para células T84. Ao compararmos a capacidade invasora das cepas clinicas e controle, observamos que a média do índice de internalização obtido nas 15 cepas do grupo clinico foi de 5,7% 1,7 e para as 9 cepas do grupo controle foi de 2.4 % 0,7; entretanto essa diferença observada não foi estatisticamente significativa. Não foi possível correlacionar o perfil genotípico dos genes do SST5 e SST6 com o perfil fenotípico analisado (formação de biofilme, citotoxicidade e invasão).O que pode ser atribuído a heterogeneidade genotípica e fenotípica, uma característica relevante de cepas EAEC.

Faint supernovae and supernova impostors: case studies of SN 2002kg/NGC 2403-V37 and SN 2003gm

Photometric and spectroscopic observations of the faint Supernovae (SNe) 2002kg and 2003gm, and their precursors, in NGC 2403 and NGC 5334, respectively, are presented. The properties of these SNe are discussed in the context of previously proposed scenarios for faint SNe: low-mass progenitors producing underenergetic SNe; SNe with ejecta constrained by a circumstellar medium; and outbursts of massive Luminous Blue Variables (LBVs). The last scenario has been referred to as 'Type V SNe', 'SN impostors' or 'fake SNe'.

Comparison of virulence genes found in draft genomes of F. necrophorum

Fusobacterium necrophorum is a causative agent of persistent sore throat syndrome, tonsillar abscesses and Lemierre’s syndrome (LS) in humans. LS is characterised by thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein and bacteraemia. It is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium which to date has no available reference genome. Draft genomes suggest it to be a single circular chromosome of approximately 2.2Mb. A reference strain of each of the two F. necrophorum subspecies and a clinical isolate from a LS patient were sequenced on a Roche 454 GS-FLX+. Sequence data was assembled using Roche GS Assembler and the resulting contigs annotated using xBASE, Pfam and BLAST. The annotation data was mined for gene products associated with virulence revealing a leukotoxin, haemolysin, filamentous haemagglutinnin, adhesin, hemin receptor, phage genes, CRISPR-associated proteins, ecotin and a putative type V secretion system. Data will be presented on comparative genomics of the three strains, with a focus on putative virulence genes. Tools such as Artemis Comparison Tool and ClustalO were used for sequence alignments and PhyML was used to generate phylogenetic trees. Conserved motifs associated with virulence were also located. Understanding variations at the genomic level may help to explain the increased virulence of some F. necrophorum strains.

Le VEGF induit la synthèse du PAF par l’entremise de l’activation du VEGFR-2 : identification des phosphotyrosines impliquées

Notre laboratoire a démontré que la capacité proinflammatoire du vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A165) implique la synthèse endothéliale du facteur d’activation plaquettaire (PAF) via l’activation du récepteur tyrosine kinase homodimérique VEGFR-2/R-2. La synthèse du PAF requiert l’activation de la p38 MAPK et p42/44 MAPK qui activent la phospholipase A2 secrétée de type V (sPLA2-V). Nous avons découvert que la synthèse aigue de prostacycline (PGI2) induite par le VEGF-A165 requiert l’activation des récepteurs hétérodimériques VEGFR-1/R-2. L’activation sélective des récepteurs du VEGF peut donc agir comme balance dans la synthèse de facteurs pro-(PAF) et anti-(PGI2) inflammatoire. Cependant, les tyrosines impliquées dans la transphosphorylation de VEGFR-2/R-2 menant à la synthèse du PAF sont inconnues. Par mutagenèse dirigée, nous avons effectué des transfections transitoires de cellules endothéliales avec des plasmides codant pour le VEGFR-2 dont les tyrosines ciblées ont été remplacées de façon séquentielle par une phénylalanine. Un vecteur vide pcDNA a été utilisé comme contrôle négatif. La stimulation des cellules endothéliales de l’aorte bovine (BAEC) transfectées avec le VEGF-A165 (1nM) pendant 15 minutes augmente la synthèse du PAF de 300%, laquelle était similaire dans les BAEC non transfectées. Dans les BAEC transfectées avec les vecteurs pcDNA codant pour les mutations Y801F, Y1059F, Y1175F et Y1214F, nous avons observé une réduction de 54, 73, 68, et 57% respectivement de la synthèse du PAF induite par le VEGF par rapport au pcDNA témoin. Nos résultats apportent un nouvel aperçu sur le mécanisme par lequel le VEGF induit la synthèse du PAF qui est connu pour sa contribution dans l’activité pro-inflammatoire du VEGF.

Étude sur le Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méthicilline chez le porc à l'abattoir au Québec, Canada

Le Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méthicilline (SARM) est un pathogène important qui a été identifié comme agent d‟infection chez les animaux d‟élevage et les travailleurs exposés à ces animaux. Au Canada, très peu d‟informations sont disponibles concernant les SARMs d‟origine porcine. L‟objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence des SARMs provenant de porcs à l‟abattoir, de caractériser leur résistance aux antibiotiques ainsi que d‟évaluer le niveau de séroconversion des porcs envers le S. aureus chez les animaux porteurs ou non du SARM. Un total de 107 isolats ont été identifiés positifs aux SARMs sur 660 échantillons. La prévalence de SARMs à l‟abattoir A était de 30,8% et de 23,8% à l‟abattoir B. La susceptibilité aux antibiotiques a été déterminée en utilisant la méthode de micro-dilution de Sensititre. Tous les isolats ont démontré une sensibilité envers la ciprofloxacine, la gatifloxacine, la gentamicine, la lévofloxacine, le linézolide, la quinupristine/dalfopristine, la rifampicine, la streptomycine, le triméthoprime/sulfaméthoxazole et la vancomycine. De la résistance a été observée envers la daptomycine (0,93%), l‟érythromycine (29%), la clindamycine (29%), la tétracycline (98,1%). De plus, 30% des SARMs isolés étaient résistants à plus de deux antibiotiques autres que les β-lactamines. Par typage, deux clones prédominants ont été obtenus ainsi que deux types de SCCmec (type V et possiblement un nouveau type comprenant les cassettes III et IVb). 15 clones ont été identifiés par typage MLVA, comprenant les clones prédominants VI (40.1%; 43/107) et XI (17.7%; 19/107). Deux souches de SARMs ont été caractérisées par biopuce à ADN et des gènes d‟antibiorésistance, de typage (SCCmec et MLST) et de virulence ont été identifiés. Sans considération pour le site de colonisation, les porcs SA-/MRSA- (n=34) et les porcs SA+ (n=194) montrent, respectivement, des taux de séroconversion de 20.6% et 32.5%. Les porcs colonisés par un SARM à un site de iv prélèvement et non colonisés par un SA à l‟autre site (n=18) montrent une séroconversion (5.6%) significativement (P < 0.05) plus faible comparativement aux porcs colonisés par SA à un ou deux sites de prélèvement et n‟ayant pas de SARM. Nos résultats démontrent que les porcs provenant d‟abattoir peuvent être colonisés par des SARMs multi-résistants aux antibiotiques. De plus, ces SARMs sont possiblement capable de coloniser leurs hôtes sans stimuler la production d‟anticorps et ce par l‟atténuation de la réponse immunitaire ou par la colonisation de porcs qui sont moins immunocompétents.

Étude de la biogenèse de l'autotransporteur AIDA-I d'Escherichia coli

Les autotransporteurs monomériques, appartenant au système de sécrétion de type V, correspondent à une famille importante de facteurs de virulence bactériens. Plusieurs fonctions, souvent essentielles pour le développement d’une infection ou pour le maintien et la survie des bactéries dans l’organisme hôte, ont été décrites pour cette famille de protéines. Malgré l’importance de ces protéines, notre connaissance de leur biogenèse et de leur mécanisme d’action demeure relativement limitée. L’autotransporteur AIDA-I, retrouvé chez diverses souches d’Escherichia coli, est un autotransporter multifonctionnel typique impliqué dans l’adhésion et l’invasion cellulaire ainsi que dans la formation de biofilm et d’agrégats bactériens. Les domaines extracellulaires d’autotransporteurs monomériques sont responsables de la fonctionnalité et possèdent pratiquement tous une structure caractéristique d’hélice β. Nous avons mené une étude de mutagenèse aléatoire avec AIDA-I afin de comprendre la base de la multifonctionnalité de cette protéine. Par cette approche, nous avons démontré que les domaines passagers de certains autotransporteurs possèdent une organisation modulaire, ce qui signifie qu’ils sont construits sous la forme de modules fonctionnels. Les domaines passagers d’autotransporteurs peuvent être clivés et relâchés dans le milieu extracellulaire. Toutefois, malgré la diversité des mécanismes de clivage existants, plusieurs protéines, telles qu’AIDA-I, sont clivées par un mécanisme qui demeure inconnu. En effectuant une renaturation in vitro d’AIDA-I, couplée avec une approche de mutagenèse dirigée, nous avons démontré que cette protéine se clive par un mécanisme autocatalytique qui implique deux acides aminés possédant un groupement carboxyle. Ces résultats ont permis la description d’un nouveau mécanisme de clivage pour la famille des autotransporteurs monomériques. Une des particularités d’AIDA-I est sa glycosylation par une heptosyltransférase spécifique nommée Aah. La glycosylation est un concept plutôt récent chez les bactéries et pour l’instant, très peu de protéines ont été décrites comme glycosylées chez E. coli. Nous avons démontré que Aah est le prototype pour une nouvelle famille de glycosyltransférases bactériennes retrouvées chez diverses espèces de protéobactéries. La glycosylation d’AIDA-I est une modification cytoplasmique et post-traductionnelle. De plus, Aah ne reconnaît pas une séquence primaire, mais plutôt un motif structural. Ces observations sont uniques chez les bactéries et permettent d’élargir nos connaissances sur la glycosylation chez les procaryotes. La glycosylation par Aah est essentielle pour la conformation d’AIDA-I et par conséquent pour sa capacité de permettre l’adhésion. Puisque plusieurs homologues d’Aah sont retrouvés à proximité d’autotransporteurs monomériques putatifs, cette famille de glycosyltranférases pourrait être importante, sinon essentielle, pour la biogenèse et/ou la fonction de nombreux autotransporteurs. En conclusion, les résultats présentés dans cette thèse apportent de nouvelles informations et permettent une meilleure compréhension de la biogenèse d’une des plus importantes familles de protéines sécrétées chez les bactéries Gram négatif.