Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acari, Macrochelidae) and a species of Uroseius (Acari, Polyaspididae) phoretic on Musca domestica (Diptera, Muscidae): effects on dispersal and colonization of poultry manure

Differences in the phoresy of the mites Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli, 1972) (Macrochelidae) and Uroseius sp. (Polyaspidae) on the house fly, Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) and the similarities in their phoretic dispersal and parasitism are discussed, altogether with the effects on predator-prey interactions. The prevalence and intensity of phoresy in the mite species were significantly related to the attachment site on the hosts. The phoresy of Uroseius sp. was correlated with temperature but not with rainfall and relative humidity. Selective pressure in the environment resulted in displacement and the emergence of local and regional populations. These results suggest that in each habitat the populations will use different resources and will show several relationships with other species, as well as a selection for morphological and behavioral types.

Nota sôbre a infestação de Musca domestica Linneau, 1758 por um Fimoceto do gênero Empusa

The authors give biological data and a histological study of infestation of Musca domestica LINNEU, 1758 by a Phycomycetes of the genus Empusa.

Modificación de las condiciones ambientales para la mejora de la calidad de diferentes variedades de manzana (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Cataluña es la primera región productora de manzana de España y dedicaba a su cultivo 14.901 ha en el año 2002 de un total nacional de 44.764 ha. Por otra parte en esta especie se está asistiendo a un incremento constante de la competencia con fruta procedente de otros países, principalmente Francia, Italia, Chile, Argentina y Nueva Zelanda que gozan de condiciones climatológicas mas favorables a la producción de manzana de calidad, especialmente en lo referido a la coloración de los frutos y su firmeza. En España la producción se ubica principalmente en el Valle del Ebro, mientras que en Cataluña las principales zonas de producción son Lleida y Girona. Dichas zonas se caracterizan por veranos cálidos y calurosos con pluviometrías escasas y por tanto poco favorables a a la coloración óptima de los frutos de variedades bicolores como ‘Mondial Gala’ o ‘Fuji’. A pesar de ello las principales zonas productoras de España cuentan con la ventaja de ser las primeras en acceder a los mercados tanto de España como de la UE debido a la mayor precocidad, siendo este un aspecto de interés en variedades del grupo ‘Gala’, de amplia difusión en los últimos años. En base a ello se deduce que para hacer frente a la creciente competencia global la mejora de la calidad es un aspecto clave para garantizar el futuro del sector productor.

Evaluation of different Cypermethrin formulations and concentrations in the control of Musca domestica

Cypermethrin (4 g/l, 5 g/l wettable powder and 7 ml/l, 10 ml/l emulsifiable concentrate) was tested, under laboratory conditions, against the adult Musca domestica. As a standard for comparison, a 6 ml/l concentrate suspension formulation of deltamethrin was used. One and twenty-four hours after application, mortality counts showed that the substances under test killed, respectively, more than 80% and 85% of the exposed insects. Under the conditions of the test, cypermethrin was considered effective in the control of the house fly.

Resistance of Musca domestica L. populations to cyromazine (insect growth regulator) in Brazil

Five field populations of Musca domestica L. collected in poultry farms were bioassayed in order to detect possible resistance to the larvicide cyromazine in Brazil. The concentrations used were 0, 0.5, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 2, 4 and 8 ppm. Three populations (Petrópolis, RJ, Montes Claros, MG and Promissão, SP) were resistant, while the other two populations (Ibiuna, SP and Monte Mor, SP) were more susceptible than the reference pathern used by the World Health Organization. The presence of three resistant house fly populations to cyromazine in Brazilian poultry farms strongly suggests that the operational aspects of larvicide use are important for the resistance development. Cyromazine is applied as a feed-through, both in Brazil and in the USA, where resistance has already been documented. However, in Denmark, where it was approved only as a topical manure spray, no case of resistance has yet been detected.

Isolation of fungi in Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Muscidae) captured at two natural breeding grounds in the municipality of Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The objective of this study was to isolate and identify fungal species found in natural association with adults of Musca domestica. The adult insects were collected from two natural breeding grounds: hog pens and an urban sanitary landfill. The isolated fungi were identified as: Aspergillus flavus (23.8%), A. niger var. niger (14.4%), Penicillium corylophilum (21.4%), P. fellutanum (11.9%), Cladosporium cladosporoides (4.7%), Fusarium sp. (4.7%), Alternaria alternata (11.9%), Curvularia brachyspora (2.4%), Mycelia sterilia (2.4%) and the Mucorales order (2.4%).

Resultats de dos anys de Lluita Obligatòria pel control de la mosca de la fruita (Ceratitis capitata) en presseguers de les comarques de l’Alt i Baix Empordà

Estudi sobre el treball realitzat durant els anys 2005 i 2006 en més de 300 ha de presseguers de l'Alt i el Baix Empordà que contempla aspectes biològics de C. capitata, la metodologia de seguiment i control utilitzada durant els dos anys, avaluacions realitzades a camp així com l’anàlisi de les dades obtingudes

Phenology of Spalangia endius Walker (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) in pupae of Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera, Muscidae) under laboratory conditions

This work describes the phenology of Spalangia endius Walker in pupae of Musca domestica Linnaeus under laboratory conditions. In order to understand the developmental cycle of Spalangia endius under laboratory conditions, 360 Musca domestica pupae aged from 24 to 48 hours were exposed to 15 S. endius pairs for a period of 24 hours at 26 ± 2ºC. These pupae were kept in a BOD incubator at the same temperature, with a relative humidity of <70%, and 12 hours photophase. Fifteen hymenopteran specimens were dissected daily to evaluate their stage and development time. The phenology concluded that S. endius had a development cycle of 19 days with an incubation period of 24 hours. The development of the larvae of S. endius occurred in the subsequent eight days, during which a series of morphological alterations were observed. The pre-pupal stage occurred on the tenth day, where the movement ceased and elimination of the meconium started. The pupal stage occurred from the 11th to the 19th day, with emergence of males first, followed by female emergence approximately 24 hours later. These results allowed the evaluation of aspects of the detailed bionomics of the development of S. endius in order to record and program production of this parasitoid, thus optimizing its utilization as a biological control agent.

Interaction between Musca domestica L. and its predator Muscina stabulans (Fallén) (Diptera, Muscidae): effects of prey density and food source abundance

Interaction between Musca domestica L. and its predator Muscina stabulans (Fallén) (Diptera, Muscidae): Effects of prey density and food source abundance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of prey density and food source abundance on the predatory behavior of Muscina stabulans over M. domestica. Three predator/prey proportions were evaluated (1:1, 1:3 and 1:6), using 100 third instar predator larvae against second instar prey larvae. Each proportion was maintained using three different levels of food substrate (25, 50 and 100 g). The experiments were carried out in triplicate in BOD incubators (25ºC, UR 70% ± 10% and 12 h photoperiod). The mortality of the M. domestica larvae was 100% under all conditions, except in the 1:6 predator/prey proportion, at the 50g and 100g food substrate levels, where it was 99.99% and 99.22%, respectively. There was a significant increase in the development period of M. stabulans in relation to the increase in prey density and decrease in quantity of food substrate. An increase in the proportion of individuals and a reduction in the amount of resource slowed down larval development. Muscina stabulans pupal weight was proportional to the increase in prey density and the amount of food substrate. The proportion or the density influenced the survival of M. stabulans, with no difference in relation to the amount of food source and consequently in the interaction of the factors. There was no difference between the 1:1 and 1:3 predator-prey densities, with both differing from the 1:6 density.

Caracterização molecular da mosca-branca (Bemisia spp.) no Brasil

A análise de RAPD foi utilizada para avaliar a variabilidade genética de 12 populações brasileiras de Bemisia spp. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Foram analisados dez primers que permitiram a detecção de polimorfismo entre as amostras testadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os indivíduos analisados provenientes de uma colônia mantida desde 1983 apresentaram perfis de RAPD próximos do padrão de B. tabaci oriunda da Califórnia, EUA. As outras populações analisadas apresentaram padrões semelhantes ao de B. tabaci raça B (=B. argentifolii), também oriunda da Califórnia, EUA, indicando a grande disseminação deste último biótipo no Brasil. A análise fenética dos dados dessas populações revelou uma alta homogeneidade entre os indivíduos do biótipo B de B. tabaci.

Pupas de mosca-dos-chifres, Haematobia irritans, em massas fecais de bovinos Nelore no Pantanal

Este estudo foi realizado na Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Pantanal, Corumbá, MS, durante o período de junho/92 a maio/94. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de massas fecais de bovinos da raça Nelore com o objetivo de quantificar populações de Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera, Muscidae) e parasitóides que se desenvolvem nessas pupas. Durante dois anos foram coletadas 588 pupas da mosca-dos-chifres e observados 10% de parasitismo. As espécies de parasitóides (Hymenoptera) estudadas foram: Spalangia nigroaenea (Pteromalidae), S. endius (Pteromalidae), Rhoptromeris sp. (Eucoilidae) e Trichopria haematobiae (Diapriidae). A espécie S. nigroaenea, responsável por 91,5% do parasitismo em H. irritans, tem pequena seletividade quanto ao hospedeiro, assim como as demais espécies observadas.

Efeito do controle químico da mosca-branca na incidência do vírus-do-mosaico-dourado e na produtividade do feijoeiro

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de inseticidas no controle da mosca-branca (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, 1994) na incidência do vírus-do-mosaico-dourado e na produtividade do feijoeiro. Utilizou-se de tratamento de sementes com imidacloprid ou thiamethoxam, e de pulverizações de inseticidas, em intervalos semanais. O experimento foi realizado no campo, em área irrigada, em Petrolina, PE, em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Houve redução significativa no número médio de ovos, de ninfas e de adultos da mosca-branca e na porcentagem de infecção pelo vírus-do-mosaico-dourado do feijoeiro. A produtividade nas parcelas tratadas variou de 1.930 a 2.405 kg/ha, enquanto na testemunha foi de 1.490 kg/ha. Não foi observada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, no número de vagens/planta e peso de 100 sementes.