Differentiation of Haemonchus placei from Haemonchus contortus by PCR and by morphometrics of adult parasites and third stage larvae

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Multivariate morphometrics and allometry and allometry in a polymorphic ant

In this paper we describe how morphological castes can be distinguished using multivariate statistical methods combined with jackknife estimators of the allometric coefficients. Data from the polymorphic ant, Camponotus rufipes, produced two distinct patterns of allometric variation, and thus two morphological castes. Morphometric analysis distinguished different allometric patterns within the two castes, with overall variability being greater in the major workers. Caste-specific scaling variabilities were associated with the relative importance of first principal component. The static multivariate allometric coefficients for each of 10 measured characters were different between castes, but their relative magnitudes within castes were similar. Multivariate statistical analysis of worker polymorphism in ants is a more complete descriptor of shape variation than, and provides statistical and conceptual advantages over, the standard bivariate techniques commonly used.

Differentiation processes in treecreepers (Aves: Certhia): phylogeny, vocalisations, morphometrics

Evolutionary processes within the bird genus Certhia (treecreepers) are investigated and taxonomic uncertainties clarified. The original seven species of the genus have Holarctic distribution, are uniform morphologically and hence difficult to distinguish. I employed four methodological approaches. 1. Molecular phylogeny using the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene largely established relationships and revealed two cryptic species. 2. Call and song recordings from all species and many subspecies were evaluated sonagraphically. The nine phylospecies outlined in Part 1 were clearly delimited from one another by time and frequency parameters. They comprise a monophyletic group of "motif singers" and a purely southeast Asian group of "trill singers". Song-character differences were generally consistent with molecular phylogeny (strong phylogenetic signals). 3. Central European Certhia familiaris in the field responded territorially to playback of verses of allopatric "motif singer" taxa, but usually more weakly than to their own subsequently presented songs. No song characters were unambiguously recognised as species-specific. 4. Standard body dimensions of nearly 2000 museum specimens characterise species and subspecies biometrically and reveal geographic trends. Lengths of bill and hind claw proved important parameters to explain the treecreeper lifestyle (climbing and feeding on tree trunks). In the Himalayas (highest species density) tail dimensions are also significant.

Volumetric morphometrics

Geometric morphometrics (GMM) methods are very popular in physical anthropology. One disadvantage common to the existingGMM methods is that despite significant advancements in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)technology, these methods still depend on landmarks or features that are either digitized directly from subject surface or extractedfrom surface models or outlines derived from a laser surface scan or from a CTor MRI scan. All the rest image contents contained ina CTor MRI scan are ignored by these methods. In this paper, we present a complementary solution called Volumetric Morphometrics(VMM). With VMM, we are aiming for a paradigm shift from landmarks and surfaces used in existing GMM approaches todisplacements and volumes in the new VMM approaches, taking the full advantage of modern CTand MRI technology. Preliminaryvalidation results on ancient human skulls are presented.

Morphometrics data on Holocene Melanopsidae of Lake Petea

The dataset includes measurements of Microcolpia parreyssii parreyssii (Philippi, 1847) and Microcolpia parreyssii sikorai (Brusina, 1903) from Holocene deposits of Lake Petea near Oradea, Romania. Additionally, the tps-files generated with the program TpsDig2 and containing pairwise x,y-coordinates describing the outlines of the digitized images are supplied. Finally, the matrix of Fourier coefficients resulting from the Fast Fourier Transform is provided.

(Tables 1+4) Sample site substratum and morphometrics and damage levels of different populations of Laternula elliptica around Antarctica

We document differences in shell damage and shell thickness in a bivalve mollusc (Laternula elliptica) from seven sites around Antarctica with differing exposures to ice movement. These range from 60% of the sea bed impacted by ice per year (Hangar Cove, Antarctic Peninsula) to those protected by virtually permanent sea ice cover (McMurdo Sound). Patterns of shell damage consistent with blunt force trauma were observed in populations where ice scour frequently occurs; damage repair frequencies and the thickness of shells correlated positively with the frequency of iceberg scour at the different sites with the highest repair rates and thicker shells at Hangar Cove (74.2% of animals damaged) compared to the other less impacted sites (less than 10% at McMurdo Sound). Genetic analysis of population structure using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) revealed no genetic differences between the two sites showing the greatest difference in shell morphology and repair rates. Taken together, our results suggest that L. elliptica exhibits considerable phenotypic plasticity in response to geographic variation in physical disturbance.

(Table 1) Morphometrics of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) fluke planforms

In this study, we compared the fluke geometries of male and female narwhals, which may be associated with hydrodynamic effects. Computerized tomography (CT) scanning was used to obtain data for analyses of the three-dimensional geometry of the flukes. The flukes from four narwhals (two males and two females) were obtained from aboriginal hunters in the vicinity of Broughton Island, Canada. The body lengths of the animals ranged from 2.98 to 3.60 m. Both males had erupted, upper left tusks. Standard body measurements were made including the span of the fluke (i.e., linear distance between fluke tips).

Morphometrics of seagrasses at species level, Moreton Bay, Australia determined from core samples collected in 2012-2013

Seagrass meadows are important marine carbon sinks, yet they are threatened and declining worldwide. Seagrass management and conservation requires adequate understanding of the physical and biological factors determining carbon content in seagrass sediments. Here, we identified key factors that influence carbon content in seagrass meadows across several environmental gradients in Moreton Bay, SE Queensland. Sampling was conducted in two regions: (1) Canopy Complexity, 98 sites on the Eastern Banks, where seagrass canopy structure and species composition varied while turbidity was consistently low; and (2) Turbidity Gradient, 11 locations across the entire bay, where turbidity varied among sampling locations. Sediment organic carbon content and seagrass structural complexity (shoot density, leaf area, and species specific characteristics) were measured from shallow sediment and seagrass biomass cores at each location, respectively. Environmental data were obtained from empirical measurements (water quality) and models (wave height). The key factors influencing carbon content in seagrass sediments were seagrass structural complexity, turbidity, water depth, and wave height. In the Canopy Complexity region, carbon content was higher for shallower sites and those with higher seagrass structural complexity. When turbidity varied along the Turbidity Gradient, carbon content was higher at sites with high turbidity. In both regions carbon content was consistently higher in sheltered areas with lower wave height. Seagrass canopy structure, water depth, turbidity, and hydrodynamic setting of seagrass meadows should therefore be considered in conservation and management strategies that aim to maximize sediment carbon content.

Elemental microchemistry, fatty acid profile and geometric morphometrics signatures of goose barnacles (Pollicipes pollicipes) reveal their place of origin

Os produtos provenientes do mar têm um importante papel a nível socioeconómico, gastronómico e no legado cultural das comunidades piscatórias e costeiras de Portugal. O Percebe Pollicipes pollicipes é na Península Ibérica o recurso biológico do intertidal mais explorado pelo ser humano, devido à sua enorme popularidade e consequente procura, fazendo em algumas ocasiões disparar o preço de mercado até 150€/kg, gerando na sobreexploração dos stocks existentes. No entanto, na área marinha protegida da Reserva Natural da Berlenga, a apanha do percebe é fortemente regulada, tendo-se tornado em Portugal num bom exemplo da gestão de recursos marinhos. Com o intuito de prevenir fraudes, adulteração alimentar ou quaisquer outras práticas que possam induzir o consumidor em erro a Comissão Europeia declara que, o consumidor tem o direito de receber informação correcta acerca dos produtos que adquire, para além de definir regras para a correcta aplicação destas regras. Métodos analíticos que possibilitem identificar a origem do percebe, tornam-se deste modo importantes ferramantas no desenvolvimento de um selo de Denominação de Origem Protegida (DOP) e na gestão comercial do produto. Deste modo, investigou-se se o Percebe possui diferenças específicas de cada local de captura, através da forma da unha (CS), da composição microquímica da unha (EM) e do perfil de ácidos gordos (FA). A análise foi efectuada em indivíduos recolhidos em 3 locais na Reserva Natural das Berlengas e 7 ao longo de 300 km da costa Portuguesa. Em cada indivíduo analisou-se a forma da unha (CS) através da morfometria geométrica, a composição microquímica da unha (EM) através de ICP-MS e o perfil de ácidos gordos do músculo através de GC-FID. A análise das funções discriminantes (DFA) quer para a EM quer para a FA em separado obteve um elevado sucesso de reclassificação (77,6 % e 99% respectivamente, através de validação cruzada), enquanto que EM combinado com FA permitiu um sucesso de reclassificação de 100 %. A análise discriminante baseada apenas na CS, demonstrou um baixo sucesso (29,6 %) .Estes resultados demonstram que a composição microquímica da unha e o perfil de ácidos gordos do músculo de Percebe, poderá ser uma ferramenta de elevada importância, na determinação da origem do Percebe. Esta abordagem poderá ser utilizada para identificar a origem dos percebes comercializados, bem como ajudar no desenvolvimento de um selo DOP, aumentando ao mesmo tempo o valor potencial dos recursos biológicos provenientes de áreas marinhas protegidas em Portugal.

Encephalization And Diversification Of The Cranial Base In Platyrrhine Primates.

The cranial base, composed of the midline and lateral basicranium, is a structurally important region of the skull associated with several key traits, which has been extensively studied in anthropology and primatology. In particular, most studies have focused on the association between midline cranial base flexion and relative brain size, or encephalization. However, variation in lateral basicranial morphology has been studied less thoroughly. Platyrrhines are a group of primates that experienced a major evolutionary radiation accompanied by extensive morphological diversification in Central and South America over a large temporal scale. Previous studies have also suggested that they underwent several evolutionarily independent processes of encephalization. Given these characteristics, platyrrhines present an excellent opportunity to study, on a large phylogenetic scale, the morphological correlates of primate diversification in brain size. In this study we explore the pattern of variation in basicranial morphology and its relationship with phylogenetic branching and with encephalization in platyrrhines. We quantify variation in the 3D shape of the midline and lateral basicranium and endocranial volumes in a large sample of platyrrhine species, employing high-resolution CT-scans and geometric morphometric techniques. We investigate the relationship between basicranial shape and encephalization using phylogenetic regression methods and calculate a measure of phylogenetic signal in the datasets. The results showed that phylogenetic structure is the most important dimension for understanding platyrrhine cranial base diversification; only Aotus species do not show concordance with our molecular phylogeny. Encephalization was only correlated with midline basicranial flexion, and species that exhibit convergence in their relative brain size do not display convergence in lateral basicranial shape. The evolution of basicranial variation in primates is probably more complex than previously believed, and understanding it will require further studies exploring the complex interactions between encephalization, brain shape, cranial base morphology, and ecological dimensions acting along the species divergence process.

Dimorfismo sexual alar em Aedes scapularis (Diptera: Culicidae)

A detecção do sexo de mosquitos da família Culicidae é importante em estudos faunísticos e epidemiológicos, pois somente as fêmeas possuem competência vetora para patógenos. O dimorfismo sexual de genitália e de apêndices cefálicos é, em geral, facilmente visível em culicídeos. As asas também podem ser dimórficas e assim poderiam complementar o procedimento de sexagem. No entanto, tal distinção não é facilmente notável à observação direta. Visando descrever formalmente o dimorfismo sexual alar em Aedes scapularis, um culicídeo vetorialmente competente para arbovírus e filárias, asas de machos e fêmeas foram comparadas usando-se métodos de morfometria geométrica e análise estatística multivariada. Nestas análises, populações dos municípios São Paulo e Pariquera-Açu (Estado de São Paulo) foram amostradas. A forma das asas mostrou evidente dimorfismo sexual, o que permitiu um índice de acurácia de 100% em testes-cegos de reclassificação, independentemente da origem geográfica. Já o tamanho alar foi sexualmente dimórfico apenas na população de São Paulo. Aparentemente, a forma alar é evolutivamente mais estável que o tamanho, interpretação que está de acordo com a teoria de Dujardin (2008b), de que a forma alar de insetos seria composta por caracteres genéticos quantitativos e pouco influenciada por fatores não-genéticos, enquanto que o tamanho alar seria predominantemente determinado por plasticidade decorrente de influências ambientais.

Wing diagnostic characters for Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex nigripalpus (Diptera, Culicidae)

Wing diagnostic characters for Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex nigripalpus (Diptera, Culicidae). Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex nigripalpus are mosquitoes of public health interest, which can occur sympatrically in urban and semi-urban localities. Morphological identification of these species may be difficult when specimens are not perfectly preserved. In order to suggest an alternative taxonomical diagnosis, wings of these species were comparatively characterized using geometric morphometrics. Both species could be distinguished by wing shape with accuracy rates ranging from 85-100%. Present results indicate that one can identify these species relying only on wing characters when traditional taxonomical characters are not visible.

Genetic-morphometric variation in Culex quinquefasciatus from Brazil and La Plata, Argentina

Variation among natural populations of Culex (Culex) quinquefasciatus Say is associated with different vectorial capacities. The species Cx. quinquefasciatus is present in the equatorial, tropical and subtropical zones in the Brazilian territory, with intermediate forms between Cx. quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens occurring in regions of latitudes around 33°-35°S. Herein, we studied geographically distinct populations of Cx. quinquefasciatus by genetic characterization and analysis of intra-specific wing morphometrics. After morphological analysis, molecular characterization of Cx. quinquefasciatus and intermediate forms was performed by polymerase chain reaction of the polymorphic nuclear region of the second intron of the acetylcholinesterase locus. Additionally, the morphology of adult female wings collected from six locations was analyzed. Wing centroid sizes were significantly different between some geographical pairs. Mean values of R2/R2+3 differed significantly after pairwise comparisons. The overall wing shape represented by morphometric characters could be divided into two main groupings. Our data suggest that Brazilian samples are morphologically and genetically distinct from the Argentinean samples and also indicated a morphological distinction between northern and southern populations of Brazilian Cx. quinquefasciatus. We suggest that wing morphology may be used for preliminary assessment of population structure of Cx. quinquefasciatusin Brazil

Morphometric and genetic changes in a population of Apis mellifera after 34 years of Africanization

Though the replacement of European bees by Africanized honey bees in tropical America has attracted considerable attention, little is known about the temporal changes in morphological and genetic characteristics in these bee populations. We examined the changes in the morphometric and genetic profiles of an Africanized honey bee population collected near where the original African swarms escaped, after 34 years of Africanization. Workers from colonies sampled in 1968 and in 2002 were morphometrically analyzed using relative warps analysis and an Automatic Bee Identification System (ABIS). All the colonies had their mitochondrial DNA identified. The subspecies that mixed to form the Africanized honey bees were used as a comparison for the morphometric analysis. The two morphometric approaches showed great similarity of Africanized bees with the African subspecies, Apis mellifera scutellata, corroborating with other markers. We also found the population of 1968 to have the pattern of wing venation to be more similar to A. m. scutellata than the current population. The mitochondrial DNA of European origin, which was very common in the 1968 population, was not found in the current population, indicating selective pressure replacing the European with the African genome in this tropical region. Both morphometric methodologies were very effective in discriminating the A. mellifera groups; the non-linear analysis of ABIS was the most successful in identifying the bees, with more than 94% correct classifications.

Morphological variation and reproductive incompatibility of three coconut-mite-associated populations of predatory mites identified as Neoseiulus paspalivorus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Predatory mites identified as Neoseiulus paspalivorus DeLeon (Phytoseiidae) have been considered as agents for classical biological control of the coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Eriophyidae), in Africa and elsewhere. Preliminary identification of geographically distinct populations as belonging to the same species (N. paspalivorus) was based on their morphological similarity. However, laboratory studies recently conducted have shown large differences in feeding behaviors and biological characteristics among individuals collected from three geographic origins: Brazil (South America), Benin and Ghana (West Africa). As morphologically similar specimens do not necessarily belong to the same species, we evaluated under laboratory conditions, reproductive compatibility between the specimens from three geographic locations to ascertain their conspecificity. Morphological measurements were also made to determine whether there is a means of discriminating between them. Inter-population crosses showed complete reproductive isolation between the three geographic populations, but interpopulation discontinuities in morphometric characters were absent. These results indicate that the tested specimens are distinct biological entities despite morphological similarity. Further molecular genetic studies are therefore proposed, including screening for endosymbionts and assessment of genetic differentiation, to determine the cause of reproductive incompatibility and to clarify the taxonomic relationship between those populations.