An analysis of linkage between foreign direct investment and GDP per Capita in Pakistan : A time series analysis

This study aims to investigate the relation between foreign direct investment (FDI) and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in Pakistan. The study is based on a basic Cobb-Douglas production function. Population over age 15 to 64 is used as a proxy for labor in the investigation. The other variables used are gross capital formation, technological gap and a dummy variable measuring among other things political stability. We find positive correlation between GDP per capita in Pakistan and two variables, FDI and population over age 15 to 64. The GDP gap (gap between GDP of USA and GDP of Pakistan) is negatively correlated with GDP per capita as expected. Political instability, economic crisis, wars and polarization in the society have no significant impact on GDP per capita in the long run.

How does corruption hurt growth? Evidences about the effects of corruption on factors productivity and per capita income

Corruption is a phenomenon that plagues many countries and, mostly, walks hand in hand with inefficient institutional structures, which reduce the effectiveness of public and private investment. In countries with widespread corruption, for each monetary unit invested, a sizable share is wasted, implying less investment. Corruption can also be a burden on a nation’s wealth and economic growth, by driving away new investment and creating uncertainties regarding private and social rights. Thus, corruption can affect not only factors productivity, but also their accumulation, with detrimental consequences on a society’s social development. This article aims to analyze and measure the influence of corruption on a country’s wealth. It is implicitly admitted that the degree of institutional development has an adverse effect on the productivity of production factors, which implies in reduced per capita income. It is assumed that the level of wealth and economic growth depends on domestic savings, foster technological progress and a proper educational system. Corruption, within this framework, is not unlike an additional cost, which stifles the “effectiveness” of the investment. This article first discusses the key theories evaluating corruption’s economic consequences. Later, it analyzes the relation between institutional development, factor productivity and per capita income, based on the neoclassical approach to economic growth. Finally, it brings some empirical evidence regarding the effects of corruption on factor productivity, in a sample of 81 countries studied in 1998. The chief conclusion is that corruption negatively affects the wealth of a nation by reducing capital productivity, or its effectiveness.

Impacto sobre a renda per capita de longo prazo de um sistema de aposentadoria de repartição simples

Este trabalho constrói um modelo de gerações sobrepostas em tempo contínuo de acumulação de capital. Os indivíduos passam por dois períodos de vida distintos. No primeiro, que transcorre entre o nascimento até a idade de T anos, os indivíduos ofertam trabalho inelasticamente, consomem e acumulam capital de forma ótima e se defrontam com uma probabilidade de morte nula. No segundo aposentam-se e passam a ter uma probabilidade de morte positiva, auferindo renda do patrimõnio acumulado ej ou recebendo transferências financiadas com imposto distorcido sobre a renda. Neste caso há um sistema de previdência de repartição simples. A partir da agregação das escolhas individuais, encontra-se uma equação para o capital de estado estacionário no sistema fundado e no sistema de repartição simples. Pode-se então calcular a renda de estado estacionário em cada um dos sistemas e a sensibilidade do diferencial de renda com ralação a diversos parâmetros.

Modeling the age-specific per capita growth and reproduction of Rhizobius lophanthae (Col: Coccinellidae)

A per capita model for the growth, development and reproduction of the coccinellid predator Rhizobius lophanthae (Blaisd) feeding on the oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii Bouche (Homoptera: Diaspididae)) was developed. A thermal threshold for development of 9.4 degrees C was found. Under conditions of unlimited food, the relationship of mass at time t+1 to that at t (in days at 25 degrees C) suggests an 8.7 percent growth rate per mg larvae per day at 25 degrees C. An adult female beetle produces approximately 20 eggs per day while consuming an average of 8.5 scales/day. This is approximately 2.16 eggs per scale consumed above the maintenance level of 1.88 scales per day. More precisely, this compensation point is 0.12 mg of prey/mg of predator/day at 25 degrees C and the egestion rate is 1 - beta = 0.63.

Renda e pobreza: medidas per capita versus adulto-equivalente

Incluye Bibliografía

Changes in retirement age and fertility: their effects on economic dependency, per capita income and transfer pension systems

Includes bibliography

Determinação dos clubes de convergência da renda per capita agrícola - uma análise para os municípios cearenses

Este artigo analisa o processo de convergência do valor da produção agrícola dos municípios cearenses utilizando um modelo com efeito threshold no período de 1970 a 1996. Os resultados mostraram a existência de quatro clubes de convergência. Um formado pelo grupo de municípios mais ricos, outro formado pelo grupo de municípios mais pobres e dois grupos intermediários. Os resultados intra-clubes indicam que tanto o capital humano como o capital físico são importantes na explicação do processo de crescimento da agricultura cearense. Já os resultados para a terra mostraram que este fator é importante apenas para os dois clubes mais ricos.

Variation in per capita interaction strength: Thresholds due to nonlinear dynamics and nonequilibrium conditions

I measured the strength of interaction between a marine herbivore and its growing resource over a realistic range of absolute and relative abundances. The herbivores (hermit crabs: Pagurus spp.) have slow and/or weak functional and numerical responses to epiphytic diatoms (Isthmia nervosa), which show logistic growth in the absence of consumers. By isolating this interaction in containers in the field, I mimicked many of the physical and biological variables characteristic of the intertidal while controlling the densities of focal species. The per capita effects of consumers on the population dynamics of their resource (i.e., interaction strength) were defined by using the relationship between hermit crab density and proportional change in the resource. When this relationship is fit by a Weibull function, a single parameter distinguishes constant interaction strength from one that varies as a function of density. Constant interaction strength causes the proportion of diatoms to fall linearly or proportionally as hermit crab density increases whereas per capita effects that increase with density cause an accelerating decline. Although many mathematical models of species interactions assume linear dynamics and invariant parameters, at least near equilibrium, the per capita effects of hermit crabs on diatoms varied substantially, apparently crossing a threshold from weak to strong when consumption exceeded resource production. This threshold separates a domain of coexistence from one of local extinction of the resource. Such thresholds may help explain trophic cascades, resource compensation, and context-dependent interaction strengths, while indicating a way to predict trophic effects, despite nonlinearities, as a function of vital rates.