988 resultados para Modificações
Resumo:
Trata-se de um estudo dos principais aspectos na alocação dos dispêndios públicos do Estado de São Paulo, ao longo do periodo de 1979 a 1990, que busca compreender as diferenças e semelhanças ocorridas na estrutura dos gastos públicos entre difentes períodos e governos.
Resumo:
Introdução: A existência de uma nítida relação entre níveis insulinêmicos anormais e a ocorrência de distúrbios labirínticos tem sido demonstrada em vários trabalhos. Entre as alterações metabólicas, estudos apontam a hiperinsulinemia como sendo uma das causas mais freqüentes de síndromes cocleovestibulares. Objetivo: Neste trabalho, foram monitorizados os limiares das emissões otoacústicas por produtos de distorção durante a hiperinsulinemia provocada aguda em modelo animal, com o objetivo de verificar a existência de alterações eletrofisiológicas nas células ciliadas externas cocleares. Materiais e método: Foram estudadas sete ovelhas no grupo controle e sete ovelhas no grupo estudo, dosando-se os níveis de insulina e glicose simultaneamente ao registro das emissões otoacústicas por produtos de distorção de 10 em 10 minutos até o tempo de 90 minutos. O grupo controle recebeu soro fisiológico, e o grupo estudo, injeção em bolo de 0,1 U/kg de peso de insulina humana regular. Os resultados foram submetidos à avaliação estatística. Resultados: O método empregado foi apropriado para promover a hipoglicemia e a hiperinsulinemia desejadas, não havendo modificações nos limiares dos produtos de distorção no grupo controle durante o tempo total do experimento. O grupo estudo apresentou uma diminuição nos limiares dos produtos de distorção em relação ao grupo controle, bem mais nítida nas freqüências acima de 1.500 Hz e após o tempo de 60 minutos (P < 0,001). Conclusão: O estudo das emissões otoacústicas durante a hiperinsulinemia provocada aguda em ovelhas determinou uma significativa modificação eletrofisiológica nas células ciliadas externas da cóclea, verificada pela variação nos limiares dos produtos de distorção nas altas freqüências após o tempo de 60 minutos.
Resumo:
Este estudo trata das relações professor-aluno, - tal como estas ocorrem atualmente em nossas escolas e das possíveis modificações que poder~o advir do uso do computador na escola. Identificamos, inicialmente, as relações hoje existentes em nossas escolas entre professores e alunos como sendo de poder. Descrevemos, portanto, o que entendemos por poder, como este se manifesta na sala de aula e quais as suas consequências. Posteriormente, descrevemos o nosso ideal de escola, ou seja, uma escola onde as relações de poder n~o estejam presentes, onde professores e alunos trabalhem lado a lado na busca do saber. Passamos, então, ao estudo do computador na educação, visando identificar mudanças nas relações professor-aluno decorrentes de seu uso. Para tal, analisamos, primeiramente, as opiniões emitidas por diversos estudiosos do assunto. A seguir, relatamos os diversos usos do computador na sala de aula, identificando os elementos que podem propiciar mudanças. Finalmente, descrevemos os resultados da experiência que realizamos no Instituto de Educação do Rio de Janeiro. Concluímos que o uso do computador na sala de aula pode ocasionar mudanças positivas nas relações professor-aluno, rompendo, em maior ou menor escala, de acordo com o seu uso, com as relações de poder a que nos referimos anteriormente. Concluímos ainda que a preparação do profissional que irá lidar com o computador na sala de aula é de extrema importância, não apenas no sentido técnico, mas principalmente no sentido de ter claros em mente os objetivos que se pretendem alcançar através do uso do computador na escola.
Resumo:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Resumo:
O Eucalyptus grandis é uma das espécies mais cultivadas no Brasil devido à sua produtividade e qualidade da madeira. Avaliaram-se o efeito da aplicação de lodo de esgoto tratado (0 a 40 t ha-1 base seca) e uma dose de adubo mineral nos atributos físicos e químicos da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis de árvores com cinco anos de idade, no Município de Itatinga, São Paulo, Brasil. O tipo de solo foi caracterizado como Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico (argila = 120 g kg-1 na camada de 0-20 cm) e o clima, como mesotérmico úmido (Cwa), segundo a classificação de Köeppen. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. O diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP), a altura das árvores e o volume de madeira foram obtidos em todas as parcelas de oito árvores com DAP na classe de maior freqüência. As caracterizações físicas e químicas da madeira foram realizadas de acordo com as normas da ABTCP, TAPPI e ABNT. O lodo de esgoto diminuiu a densidade básica da madeira, mas não afetou os teores de celulose, lignina, extrativos e o poder calorífico da madeira. O decréscimo de densidade da madeira pela adubação com lodo de esgoto foi compensado pela maior produtividade de madeira.
Resumo:
Changes introduced by cardiopulmonar and neuromuscular training on basal serum insulin-like grow factor-1 (IGF-1) and cortisol levels, functional autonomy and quality of life in elderly women The aim of this study was to compare the effects of strength and aerobic training on basal serum IGF-1 and Cortisol levels, functional autonomy (FA) and quality of life (QoL) in elderly women after 12 weeks of training. The subjects were submitted the strength training (75-85% 1-RM) with weight exercises (SG; n=12; age=66.08 ± 3,37 years; BMI=26,77 ± 3,72 kg/m2), aerobic training with aquatic exercises (AG; n=13; age=68,69 ± 4,70 years; BMI=29,19 ± 2,96 kg/m2) and control group (CG; n=10; age=68,80 ± 5,41 years; BMI=29,70 ± 2,82 kg/m2). Fasting blood was analyzed to measure basal IGF-1 and cortisol levels by chemiluminescence method. The t-Student test showed increased IGF-1 in the SG (p<0.05) for intragroup comparison. The Repeated-measure ANOVA presented increased IGF-1 (p<0.05) in the SG compared to the other two groups. There were no differences in cortisol levels. All the FA tests (GDLAM autonomy protocol) presented decreased significant in the time marked in seconds to the SG. The same results were found in the AG, except in the rise from a sitting position test. The autonomy index presented significant improvements (p<0.05) in the SG related to the AG and CG and in the AG to the CG. The SG showed increased QoL (p<0.05) (by WHOQOL-Old questionnaire) in the facet 1 (sensorial functioning) and facet 5 (death and dying). Thus, the SG obtained positive changes on IGF-1 and FA levels when compared to the AG. This suggests that strength training can indicated to decrease the effects of ageing.
Resumo:
Modern agriculture is undergoing profound changes, with demands for more efficient management practices in the production systems used in each area. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate the effect of different covering species on a no-tillage system; to find the results of lime application on soil surface after sowing those forage species; measure the effects on soil chemical properties and subsequent effect on corn yield; and to determine the dry matter produced by each species used. The experiment was conducted on November, 2002, in the town of Palotina, Parana State, Brazil. A randomized block design was used, with 4 repetitions, in a 2x6 factorial scheme -two depths of soil sampling (0-10 and 10-20 cm) and six types of forage covering on the soil (Mucuna deeringiana, Crotalaria juncea, Setaria incana, Pennisetum glancum and Eleusine gracilis, as well as a mix of all these species). 3 t ha(-1) of dolomitic limestone were applied in total surface area, without amending. The covering species associated with the surface limestone application showed improvement in soil fertility, mainly in the layer of 10-20 cm, with prominence to Elensine gracilis, Crotalaria juncea and Setaria incana. Eleusine gracilis and Crotalaria juncea featured the largest dry matter production; however, the great amount of straw of Eleusine gracilis damaged the productivity of corn. Grain and corn straw productivity was higher when previously cultivated along with Setaria incana and the mix of forage species covering.
Resumo:
The objective of the current piece of research is to reflect upon the diverse changes that have occurred in the social and spatial dynamics of the Macaíba fair in the period between 1960 and 2006. During the second half of the 19th century, Macaíba had in the commerce one of this principle economic base a contribution for which the city became one of the main commercial warehouses of the East coast of the Rio Grande do Norte region. This helped lead to the growth of Macaíba s fair, which proved to be one of the most important existing in the state until the 1970 s. In the last two decades of the 20th century, certain elements represented challenges to the fair at Macaíba. These challenges stimulated substantial changes in the fair s dynamics which include the growth and expansion of the commercial and service sector, primarily though supermarkets; consolidation among the commercial and distribution networks, represented by the Central Office of Supply of the Rio Grande do Norte S/A (Ceasa/RN), by the wholesale and refrigeration companies; and the modernization of transportation methods, which permitted an expanded reach for these networks. Even with all these changes, the fair continues to be one of the strongest aspects of the city being the center of resistance against the surge of new forms of commerce and consumption in the city (notable the supermarkets) and the diffusion of other aspects of globalization. The fair has economic importance, as it offers a popular marketplace for the commercialization of very different products and a means for supplying goods to the residents of the city and the rural communities of Macaíba and the surrounding municipalities; and socio-cultural importance in that the fair is a place where popular tradition is expressed, a place where a great number of parallel activities occur, a place for meeting again and again, of conversations, of manifestations of culture and art, and of socialization in all of its dimensions
Resumo:
The soil solarization is used in small properties as an alternative for control of phytopathogens and weeds, besides it also can affect the availability of some nutrients and phytotoxic elements in the soil. Thus, one experiment was carried out as a three-factor factorial (solarized and not solarized soil x with and without addition of vegetable residue x four collection times) for evaluation of variations of pH, organic matter, phosphorus, total nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium and aluminum in a soil characterized as Distrofic Red Latosoil, in Botucatu county (SP). The incorporated vegetable residue was constituted of crop remains of kale (Brassica oleraceae var. acephala L.) fresh and triturated. Soil samples of each treatment were collected from zero to Urn of depth, at 7, 21, 35, and 49 days after solarization treatment, from January to March of 2001. Soil chemical analyses were done as well as the soil temperature were monitored on the treatments. The solarized soil with kale organic residues addition treatment presented higher values of pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and minor values of aluminum.
Resumo:
Since the sport of football field as the main focus and it is directly related to sports phenomenon up to understood of changes occurring in the rules and game systems over the years. The main aim was analyzed the historical changes in the soccer with relation to the game systems and rules, and their consequences. The research is qualitative type and uses the bibliographic collection as instrument. For this, it was searched in the published literature data about the present study subject. The results indicated for a soccer tactics and rules set that it was constructed with the evolution and consolidation of the soccer. It was concluded that the game system had suffered many alterations during the historical process of soccer development, but this process leaved poured the spectacle of the game. In the other way, the rules had suffered great alterations with regard to the soccer primaries, but after its consolidation as universal sport, they had remained almost the same, having assisted in the maintenance of the soccer characteristics and status.
Resumo:
This paper discusses the formation of microstructures with different volume fractions, as an outcome of a specific heat treatment, with the following phases: ferrite, martensite, bainite and retained austenite. For the microstructure characterization it is developed a chemical etching that allows to distinguish the phases by optical microscopy. The evaluation of the mechanical properties is done based on the results of tensile and fatigue tests. The experimental results show that appropriate heat treatments can contribute to a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the steel. In this process it is essential to control the fraction volume, morphology of the phases, and grain size.
Resumo:
Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the periodontal ligament changes after induced dental movement of the upper incisor in diabetic rats. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) with 105 days of age were used. The rats were divided in four groups: C - normoglicemic animals not submitted to dental movement; CAO - normoglicemic animals submitted to dental movement; D - diabetic animals not submitted the dental movement; DAO - diabetic animals submitted to dental movement. The animals had remained with dental movement devices during 5 days. The number of sanguine vessels and the thickness of the periodontal ligament were evaluated at cervical, medium and apical histological cut regions. Results and Conclusion: At tension side, the dental movement in the animals of group CAO resulted in a thicker periodontal ligament (17.64% apical, 39.28% medium, 51.35% cervical) when compared to C group (p < 0.05 for medium and cervical area). Group DAO exhibited an increase of periodontal ligament thickness of 50.55% (apical), 48.14% (average) and 50% (cervical) when compared to group D (p < 0.05). The periodontal ligament sanguine vessels number did not differed significantly for all groups (p < 0.05). At tension side, bone reabsorption lacunae were observed in CAO, D and DAO groups. The pressure side was not examined in this study phase.
Resumo:
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Resumo:
Pós-graduação em Ciência Florestal - FCA