Desenvolvimento de antenas de microfita com Patch em anel utilizando materiais ferrimagnéticos e metamateriais

In general, the materials used as substrates in the project of microstrip antennas are: isotropic, anisotropic dielectrics and ferrimagnetic materials (magnetic anisotropy). The use of ferrimagnetic materials as substrates in microstrip patch antennas has been concentrated on the analysis of antennas with circular and rectangular patches. However, a new class of materials, called metamaterials, has been currently the focus of a great deal of interest. These materials exhibit bianisotropic characteristics, with permittivity and permeability tensors. The main objective of this work is to develop a theoretical and numerical analysis for the radiation characteristics of annular ring microstrip antennas, using ferrites and metamaterials as substrates. The full wave analysis is performed in the Hankel transform domain through the application of the Hertz vector potentials. Considering the definition of the Hertz potentials and imposing the boundary conditions, the dyadic Green s function components are obtained relating the surface current density components at the plane of the patch to the electric field tangential components. Then, Galerkin s method is used to obtain a system of matrix equations, whose solution gives the antenna resonant frequency. From this modeling, it is possible to obtain numerical results for the resonant frequency, radiation pattern, return loss, and antenna bandwidth as a function of the annular ring physical parameters, for different configurations and substrates. The theoretical analysis was developed for annular ring microstrip antennas on a double ferrimagnetic/isotropic dielectric substrate or metamaterial/isotropic dielectric substrate. Also, the analysis for annular ring microstrip antennas on a single ferrimagnetic or metamaterial layer and for suspended antennas can be performed as particular cases

Antenas de microfita com patch quase-fractal para aplicações em Redes WPAN/WLAN

The microstrip antennas are in constant evidence in current researches due to several advantages that it presents. Fractal geometry coupled with good performance and convenience of the planar structures are an excellent combination for design and analysis of structures with ever smaller features and multi-resonant and broadband. This geometry has been applied in such patch microstrip antennas to reduce its size and highlight its multi-band behavior. Compared with the conventional microstrip antennas, the quasifractal patch antennas have lower frequencies of resonance, enabling the manufacture of more compact antennas. The aim of this work is the design of quasi-fractal patch antennas through the use of Koch and Minkowski fractal curves applied to radiating and nonradiating antenna s edges of conventional rectangular patch fed by microstrip inset-fed line, initially designed for the frequency of 2.45 GHz. The inset-fed technique is investigated for the impedance matching of fractal antennas, which are fed through lines of microstrip. The efficiency of this technique is investigated experimentally and compared with simulations carried out by commercial software Ansoft Designer used for precise analysis of the electromagnetic behavior of antennas by the method of moments and the neural model proposed. In this dissertation a study of literature on theory of microstrip antennas is done, the same study is performed on the fractal geometry, giving more emphasis to its various forms, techniques for generation of fractals and its applicability. This work also presents a study on artificial neural networks, showing the types/architecture of networks used and their characteristics as well as the training algorithms that were used for their implementation. The equations of settings of the parameters for networks used in this study were derived from the gradient method. It will also be carried out research with emphasis on miniaturization of the proposed new structures, showing how an antenna designed with contours fractals is capable of a miniaturized antenna conventional rectangular patch. The study also consists of a modeling through artificial neural networks of the various parameters of the electromagnetic near-fractal antennas. The presented results demonstrate the excellent capacity of modeling techniques for neural microstrip antennas and all algorithms used in this work in achieving the proposed models were implemented in commercial software simulation of Matlab 7. In order to validate the results, several prototypes of antennas were built, measured on a vector network analyzer and simulated in software for comparison

Analysis and design of reconfigurable multimode multiport microstrip antennas for mimo systems and diversity schemes

Las comunicaciones inalámbricas han transformado profundamente la forma en la que la gente se comunica en el día a día y es, sin lugar a dudas, una de las tecnologías de nuestro tiempo que más rápidamente evoluciona. Este rápido crecimiento implica retos enormes en la tecnología subyacente, debido y entre otros motivos, a la gran demanda de capacidad de los nuevos servicios inalámbricos. Los sistemas Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) han despertado mucho interés como medio de mejorar el rendimiento global del sistema, satisfaciendo de este modo y en cierta medida los nuevo requisitos exigidos. De hecho, el papel relevante de esta tecnología en los actuales esfuerzos de estandarización internacionales pone de manifiesto esta utilidad. Los sistemas MIMO sacan provecho de los grados de libertad espaciales, disponibles a través del entorno multitrayecto, para mejorar el rendimiento de la comunicación con una destacable eficiencia espectral. Con el fin de alcanzar esta mejora en el rendimiento, la diversidad espacial y por diagrama han sido empleadas tradicionalmente para reducir la correlación entre los elementos radiantes, ya que una correlación baja es condición necesaria, si bien no suficiente, para dicha mejora. Tomando como referencia, o punto de partida, las técnicas empleadas para obtener diversidad por diagrama, esta tesis doctoral surge de la búsqueda de la obtención de diversidad por diagrama y/o multiplexación espacial a través del comportamiento multimodal de la antena microstrip, proponiendo para ello un modelo cuasi analítico original para el análisis y diseño de antenas microstrip multipuerto, multimodo y reconfigurables. Este novedoso enfoque en este campo, en vez de recurrir a simulaciones de onda completa por medio de herramientas comerciales tal y como se emplea en las publicaciones existentes, reduce significativamente el esfuerzo global de análisis y diseño, en este último caso por medio de guías de diseño generales. Con el fin de lograr el objetivo planteado y después de una revisión de los principales conceptos de los sistemas MIMO que se emplearán más adelante, se fija la atención en encontrar, implementar y verificar la corrección y exactitud de un modelo analítico que sirva de base sobre la cual añadir las mejoras necesarias para obtener las características buscadas del modelo cuasi analítico propuesto. Posteriormente y partiendo del modelo analítico base seleccionado, se exploran en profundidad y en diferentes entornos multitrayecto, las posibilidades en cuanto a rendimiento se refiere de diversidad por diagrama y multiplexación espacial, proporcionadas por el comportamiento multimodal de las antenas parche microstrip sin cargar. Puesto que cada modo de la cavidad tiene su propia frecuencia de resonancia, es necesario encontrar formas de desplazar la frecuencia de resonancia de cada modo empleado para ubicarlas en la misma banda de frecuencia, manteniendo cada modo al mismo tiempo tan independiente como sea posible. Este objetivo puede lograrse cargando adecuadamente la cavidad con cargas reactivas, o alterando la geometría del parche radiante. Por consiguiente, la atención en este punto se fija en el diseño, implementación y verificación de un modelo cuasi analítico para el análisis de antenas parche microstrip multipuerto, multimodo y cargadas que permita llevar a cabo la tarea indicada, el cuál es una de las contribuciones principales de esta tesis doctoral. Finalmente y basándose en el conocimiento adquirido a través del modelo cuasi analítico, se proporcionan y aplican guías generales para el diseño de antenas microstrip multipuerto, multimodo y reconfigurables para sistemas MIMO, con el fin de mejorar su diversidad por diagrama y/o su capacidad por medio del comportamiento multimodal de las antenas parche microstrip. Se debe destacar que el trabajo presentado en esta tesis doctoral ha dado lugar a una publicación en una revista técnica internacional de un alto factor de impacto. De igual manera, el trabajo también ha sido presentado en algunas de las más importantes conferencias internacionales en el ámbito de las antenas ABSTRACT Wireless communications have deeply transformed the way people communicate on daily basis and it is undoubtedly one of the most rapidly evolving technologies of our time. This fast growing behaviour involves huge challenges on the bearing technology, due to and among others reasons, the high demanding capacity of new wireless services. MIMO systems have given rise to considerable interest as a means to enhance the overall system performance, thus satisfying somehow the new demanding requirements. Indeed, the significant role of this technology on current international standardization efforts, highlights this usefulness. MIMO systems make profit from the spatial degrees of freedom available through the multipath scenario to improve the communication performance with a remarkable spectral efficiency. In order to achieve this performance improvement, spatial and pattern diversity have been traditionally used to decrease the correlation between antenna elements, as low correlation is a necessary but not sufficient condition. Taking as a reference, or starting point, the techniques used to achieve pattern diversity, this Philosophiae Doctor (Ph.D.) arises from the pursuit of obtaining pattern diversity and/or spatial multiplexing capabilities through the multimode microstrip behaviour, thus proposing a novel quasi analytical model for the analysis and design of reconfigurable multimode multiport microstrip antennas. This innovative approach on this field, instead of resorting to full-wave simulations through commercial tools as done in the available publications, significantly reduces the overall analysis and design effort, in this last case through comprehensive design guidelines. In order to achieve this goal and after a review of the main concepts of MIMO systems which will be followed used, the spotlight is fixed on finding, implementing and verifying the correctness and accuracy of a base quasi analytical model over which add the necessary enhancements to obtain the sought features of the quasi analytical model proposed. Afterwards and starting from the base quasi analytical model selected, the pattern diversity and spatial multiplexing performance capabilities provided by the multimode behaviour of unloaded microstrip patch antennas under different multipath environments are fully explored. As each cavity mode has its own resonant frequency, it is required to find ways to displace the resonant frequency of each used mode to place them at the same frequency band while keeping each mode as independent as possible. This objective can be accomplished with an appropriate loading of the cavity with reactive loads, or through the alteration of the geometry of the radiation patch. Thus, the focus is set at this point on the design, implementation and verification of a quasi analytical model for the analysis of loaded multimode multiport microstrip patch antennas to carry out the aforementioned task, which is one of the main contributions of this Ph.D. Finally and based on the knowledge acquired through the quasi analytical model, comprehensive guidelines to design reconfigurable multimode MIMO microstrip antennas to improve the spatial multiplexing and/or diversity system performance by means of the multimode microstrip patch antenna behaviour are given and applied. It shall be highlighted that the work presented in this Ph.D. has given rise to a publication in an international technical journal of high impact factor. Moreover, the work has also been presented at some of the most important international conferences in antenna area.

Ground Plane Slot Structures for Isolation of Cosited Microstrip Antennas

Ground plane slot structures have been shown to reduce coupling between cosited antennas. Although some such structures have already been reported, no analytical model exists to describe their behavior and there are no design guidelines. In this work, the behavior of reported ground plane structures is used as a clue to obtain generalizable information about such structures' behavior. The structures' scalability and excitation behavior is investigated. Next a circuit model is derived that describes the interaction of microstrip patch antennas with a ground plane slot structure based on mutual admittances between the ground plane slots and the effective slots at the antennas' radiating edges. The circuit model leads to design guidelines for the ground plane slot structure and an approximate relationship between mutual admittances which must be satisfied in order to isolate the antennas. Finally, we present a novel ground plane slot structure that mitigates some of the disadvantages of earlier designs.

Design, development, and testing of X-band amplifying reflectarrays

The design and development of two X-band amplifying reflectarrays is presented. The arrays use dual-polarized aperture coupled patch antennas with FET transistors and phasing circuits to amplify a microwave signal and to radiate it in a chosen direction. Two cases are considered, one when a reflectarray converts a spherical wave due to a feed horn into a plane wave radiated into a boresight direction, and two, when the reflectarray converts a spherical wave due to a dual-polarized four-element feed array into a co-focal spherical wave. This amplified signal is received in an orthogonal port of the feed array so that the entire structure acts as a spatial power combiner. The two amplifying arrays are tested in the near-field zone for phase distribution over their apertures to achieve the required beam formation. Alternatively, their radiation patterns or gains are investigated.

Desenvolvimento de substrato cerâmico BiNbO4 para antenas de microfita de sistemas de comunicações sem fio

The main purpose of this work was the development of ceramic dielectric substrates of bismuth niobate (BiNbO4) doped with vanadium pentoxide (V2O5), with high permittivity, used in the construction of microstrip patch antennas with applications in wireless communications systems. The high electrical permittivity of the ceramic substrate provided a reduction of the antenna dimensions. The numerical results obtained in the simulations and the measurements performed with the microstrip patch antennas showed good agreement. These antennas can be used in wireless communication systems in various frequency bands. Results were satisfactory for antennas operating at frequencies in the S band, in the range between 2.5 GHz and 3.0 GHz.

Desenvolvimento de antenas de microfita e antenas DRA Broadband

The search for ever smaller device and without loss of performance has been increasingly investigated by researchers involving applied electromagnetics. Antennas using ceramics materials with a high dielectric constant, whether acting as a substract element of patch radiating or as the radiant element are in evidence in current research, that due to the numerous advantages offered, such as: low profile, ability to reduce the its dimensions when compared to other devices, high efficiency of ratiation, suitability the microwave range and/or millimeter wave, low temperature coefficient and low cost. The reason for this high efficiency is that the dielectric losses of ceramics are very low when compared to commercially materials sold used in printed circuit boards, such as fiberglass and phenolite. These characteristics make ceramic devices suitable for operation in the microwave band. Combining the design of patch antennas and/or dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) to certain materials and the method of synthesis of these powders in the manufacture of devices, it s possible choose a material with a dielectric constant appropriate for the design of an antenna with the desired size. The main aim of this work is the design of patch antennas and DRA antennas on synthesis of ceramic powders (synthesis by combustion and polymeric precursors - Pe- chini method) nanostructured with applications in the microwave band. The conventional method of mix oxides was also used to obtain nanometric powders for the preparation of tablets and dielectric resonators. The devices manufactured and studied on high dielectric constant materials make them good candidates to have their small size compared to other devices operating at the same frequency band. The structures analyzed are excited by three different techniques: i) microstrip line, ii) aperture coupling and iii) inductive coupling. The efficiency of these techniques have been investigated experimentally and compared with simulations by Ansoft HFSS, used in the accurate analysis of the electromagnetic behavior of antennas over the finite element method (FEM). In this thesis a literature study on the theory of microstrip antennas and DRA antenna is performed. The same study is performed about the materials and methods of synthesis of ceramic powders, which are used in the manufacture of tablets and dielectric cylinders that make up the devices investigated. The dielectric media which were used to support the analysis of the DRA and/or patch antennas are analyzed using accurate simulations using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) based on the relative electrical permittivity (er) and loss tangent of these means (tand). This work also presents a study on artificial neural networks, showing the network architecture used and their characteristics, as well as the training algorithms that were used in training and modeling some parameters associated with the devices investigated

Análise neurocomputacional de Antenas de microfita multibanda para sistemas de comunicação sem fio

This work presents a study of implementation procedures for multiband microstrip patch antennas characterization, using on wireless communication systems. An artificial neural network multilayer perceptron is used to locate the bands of operational frequencies of the antenna for different geometrics configurations. The antenna is projected, simulated and tested in laboratory. The results obtained are compared in order to validate the performance of archetypes that resulted in a good one agreement in metric terms. The neurocomputationals procedures developed can be extended to other electromagnetic structures of wireless communications systems

Análise de antenas de microfita em rampa com múltiplas camadas dielétricas

The present work deals with the ana1ysis of microstrip patch antennas printed on tapered dielectric substrates. We investigate the influence ofthe substrate height variations on the properties of configurations such as microstrip patch antennas, microstrip patch antennas with overlay and suspendeô microstrip patch antennas. The dielectric substrates can be isotropic or anisotropic ones. This accurate analysis is based on the full-wave formulation. It is carried out initially for the determination of the impedance matrix, through the use of the spectral¬domain immitance approach. We use a model based on a segmentation of the considered line into uniform microstrip line subsections. Normalized phase constants and characteristic impedances are obtained by means of the Galerkin numerical technique. Then, the cascaded combination of the uniform microstrip subsections are analyzed through an interactive procedure. Numerical results are presented for the input reflection coefficient, voltage standing wave ratio, resonant frequency, and radiation pattems ofthe E_plane and H-plane diagrams. It is found that the variations in the substrate height profile produce a great influence on the bandwidth of microstrip antennas. This procedure gives bandwidth improvements without altering considerably the resonant frequency. Furthermore, the tapered microstrip antenna can be used as a lightweight altemative for bandwidth control and to eXtend the use of microstiip antenna technology to a wider variety of applications. Finally, suggestions for the continuity of this work are presented

Análise teórica e experimental de superfícies seletivas de freqüência e suas aplicações em antenas planares

This work presents a theoretical and numerical analysis of structures using frequency selective surfaces applied on patch antennas. The FDTD method is used to determine the time domain reflected fields. Applications of frequency selective surfaces and patch antennas cover a wide area of telecommunications, especially mobile communications, filters and WB antennas. scattering parameters are obteained from Fourier Transformer of transmited and reflected fields in time domain. The PML are used as absorbing boundary condition, allowing the determination of the fields with a small interference of reflections from discretized limit space. Rectangular patches are considered on dielectric layer and fed by microstrip line. Frequency selective surfaces with periodic and quasi-periodic structures are analyzed on both sides of antenna. A literature review of the use of frequency selective surfaces in patch antennas are also performed. Numerical results are also compared with measured results for return loss of analyzed structures. It is also presented suggestions of continuity to this work

Estudo de antenas patches de microfita miniaturizadas em banda larga para aplicação em dispositivos móveis e portáteis

This work presents techniques used to design and manufacture microstrip patch antennas for applications in portable and mobile devices. To do so, are evaluated several factors that can influence the performance of microstrip patch antennas. Miniaturization techniques are studied and employed in order to apply this type of antenna in mobile and / or mobile. The theories of microstrip patch antennas are addressed by analyzing characteristics such as constitution, kinds of patches, substrates, feeding methods, analysis methods, the main advantages and disadvantages and others. Techniques for obtaining broadband microstrip patch antennas were surveyed in literature and exemplified mainly by means of simulations and measurements. For simulations of the antennas was used the commercial software . In addition, antenna miniaturization techniques have been studied as a main concern the fundamental limits of antennas with special attention to electrically small antennas because they are directly linked to the microstrip patch antennas. Five design antennas are proposed to demonstrate the effectiveness of techniques used to obtain the microstrip patch antennas broadband and miniaturized for use in mobile devices and/or portable. For this, the proposed antennas were simulated, built and measured. The antennas are proposed to be used in modern systems of wireless communications such as DTV, GPS, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.11, etc. The simulations of the antennas were made in business and computer programs. The measured results were obtained with a parser Vector of networks of the Rhode and Schwarz model ZVB 14

Desenvolvimento de antenas de microfita com aberturas nos patches condutores através do método da segmentação

Microstrip antennas are widely used in modern telecommunication systems. This is particularly due to the great variety of geometries and because they are easily built and integrated to other high frequency devices and circuits. This work presents a study of the properties of the microstrip antenna with an aperture impressed in the conducting patch. Besides, the analysis is performed for isotropic and anisotropic dielectric substrates. The Multiport Network Model MNM is used in combination with the Segmentation Method and the Greens function technique in the analysis of the considered microstrip antenna geometries. The numerical analysis is performed by using the boundary value problem solution, by considering separately the impedance matrix of the structure segments. The analysis for the complete structure is implemented by choosing properly the number and location of the neighboor element ports. The numerial analysis is performed for the following antenna geometries: resonant cavity, microstrip rectangular patch antenna, and microstrip rectangular patch antenna with aperture. The analysis is firstly developed for microstrip antennas on isotropic substrates, and then extended to the case of microstrip antennas on anisotropic substrates by using a Mapping Method. The experimental work is described and related to the development of several prototypes of rectangular microstrip patch antennas wtih and without rectangular apertures. A good agreement was observed between the simulated and measured results. Thereafter, a good agreement was also observed between the results of this work and those shown in literature for microstrip antennas on isotropic substrates. Furthermore, results are proposed for rectangular microstrip patch antennas wtih rectangular apertures in the conducting patch

Análise de antenas de microfita com patches circulares sobre substratos anisotrópicos usando o método dos potenciais de Hertz

This work consists on the theoretical and numerical analysis of some properties of circular microstrip patch antennas on isotropic and uniaxial anisotropic substrates. For this purpose, a full wave analysis is performed, using Hertz Vector Potentials method in the Hankel Transform domain. In the numerical analysis, the moment method is also used in order to determine some characteristics of the antenna, such as: resonant frequency and radiation pattern. The definition of Hertz potentials in the Hankel domain is used in association with Maxwell´s equations and the boundary conditions of the structures to obtain the Green´s functions, relating the components of the current density on the patch and the tangential electric field components. Then, the Galerkin method is used to generate a matrix equation whose nontrivial solution is the complex resonant frequency of the structure. In the analysis, a microstrip antenna with only one isotropic dielectric layer is initially considered. For this structure, the effect of using superconductor patches is also analyzed. An analysis of a circular microstrip antenna on an uniaxial anisotropic dielectric layer is performed, using the Hertz vector potentials oriented along the optical axis of the material, that is perpendicular to the microstrip ground plane. Afterwards, the circular microstrip antenna using two uniaxial anisotropic dielectric layers is investigated, considering the particular case in which the inferior layer is filled by air. In this study, numerical results for resonant frequency and radiation pattern for circular microstrip antennas on isotropic and uniaxial anisotropic substrates are presented and compared with measured and calculated results found in the literature

Antenas planares integradas com FSSs para aplicações em sistemas de comunicações sem fio

This work presents a theoretical and experimental analysis about the properties of microstrip antennas with integrated frequency selective surfaces (Frequency Selective Surface - FSS). The integration occurs through the insertion of the FSS on ground plane of microstrip patch antenna. This integration aims to improve some characteristics of the antennas. The FSS using patch-type elements in square unit cells. Specifically, the simulated results are obtained using the commercial computer program CST Studio Suite® version 2011. From a standard antenna, designed to operate in wireless communication systems of IEEE 802.11 a / b / g / n the dimensions of the FSS are varied to obtain an optimization of some antenna parameters such as impedance matching and selectivity in the operating bands. After optimization of the investigated parameters are built two prototypes of microstrip patch antennas with and without the FSS ground plane. Comparisons are made of the results with the experimental results by 14 ZVB network analyzer from Rohde & Schwarz ®. The comparison aims to validate the simulations performed and show the improvements obtained with the FSS in integrated ground plane antenna. In the construction of prototypes, we used dielectric substrates of the type of Rogers Corporation RT-3060 with relative permittivity equal to 10.2 and low loss tangent. Suggestions for continued work are presented

Co-simulazione e co-progetto non lineare/elettromagnetico di sistemi wireless non convenzionali

L’attività di ricerca contenuta in questa tesi si è concentrata nello sviluppo e nell’implementazione di tecniche per la co-simulazione e il co-progetto non lineare/elettromagnetico di sistemi wireless non convenzionali. Questo lavoro presenta un metodo rigoroso per considerare le interazioni tra due sistemi posti sia in condizioni di campo vicino che in condizioni di campo lontano. In sostanza, gli effetti del sistema trasmittente sono rappresentati da un generatore equivalente di Norton posto in parallelo all’antenna del sistema ricevente, calcolato per mezzo del teorema di reciprocità e del teorema di equivalenza. La correttezza del metodo è stata verificata per mezzo di simulazioni e misure, concordi tra loro. La stessa teoria, ampliata con l’introduzione degli effetti di scattering, è stata usata per valutare una condizione analoga, dove l’elemento trasmittente coincide con quello ricevente (DIE) contenuto all’interno di una struttura metallica (package). I risultati sono stati confrontati con i medesimi ottenibili tramite tecniche FEM e FDTD/FIT, che richiedono tempi di simulazione maggiori di un ordine di grandezza. Grazie ai metodi di co-simulazione non lineari/EM sopra esposti, è stato progettato e verificato un sistema di localizzazione e identificazione di oggetti taggati posti in ambiente indoor. Questo è stato ottenuto dotando il sistema di lettura, denominato RID (Remotely Identify and Detect), di funzioni di scansione angolare e della tecnica di RADAR mono-pulse. Il sistema sperimentale, creato con dispositivi low cost, opera a 2.5 GHz ed ha le dimensioni paragonabili ad un normale PDA. E’ stato sperimentata la capacità del RID di localizzare, in scenari indoor, oggetti statici e in movimento.