Segurança do paciente: análise das notificações de eventos em um hospital privado

Pós-graduação em Enfermagem (mestrado profissional) - FMB

Avaliação dos riscos assistenciais relacionados ao uso de equipamentos hospitalares na unidade de terapia intensiva de adultos de um hospital público da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil

Pós-graduação em Bases Gerais da Cirurgia - FMB

Einfluss der Einzeldosisblisterverpackung von festen Oralia auf die Arzneimitteltherapiesicherheit, Information und Zufriedenheit stationär behandelter Patienten in einer prospektiven, multizentrischen Studie

Bei der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Machbarkeit und Qualität der Arzneimittelverteilung von oralen Arzneimitteln in Einzeldosisblisterverpackungen je abgeteilte Arzneiform (EVA) untersucht.rnDie Studie wurde als offene, vergleichende, prospektive und multizentrische Patientenstudie durchgeführt. Als Studienmedikation standen Diovan®, CoDiovan® und Amlodipin in der EVA-Verpackung zur Verfügung. Die Verteilfehlerrate in der EVA- und Kontroll-Gruppe stellte den primären Zielparameter dar. Das Patientenwissen, die Patientenzufriedenheit und die Praktikabilität des EVA-Systems, sowie die Zufriedenheit der Pflegekräfte wurden mithilfe von Fragebogen evaluiert. Insgesamt wurden 2070 gültige Tablettenvergaben bei 332 Patienten in sechs verschiedenen Krankenhäusern geprüft. Es wurde in der EVA-Gruppe ein Verteilungsfehler von 1,8% und in der Kontroll-Gruppe von 0,7% ermittelt. Bei den Patienten-Fragebogen konnten insgesamt 292 Fragebogen ausgewertet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten einen ungenügenden Informationsstand der Patienten über ihre aktuellen, oralen Arzneimittel. In den 80 ausgefüllten Pflegekräfte-Fragebogen gaben über 80% an, dass Fehler beim Richten durch das EVA-System besser erkannt werden können. rnZusammenfassend kann gesagt werden, dass die erhöhte Fehlerrate in der EVA-Gruppe im Vergleich zur Kontroll-Gruppe durch mehrere Störfaktoren bedingt wurde. Grundsätzlich konnte eine sehr positive Resonanz auf das EVA-System bei den Patienten und den Pflegekräften beobachtet werden. rn

Predictors of health care professionals' attitudes towards involvement in safety-relevant behaviours

BACKGROUND Patients can make valuable contributions towards promoting the safety of their health care. Health care professionals (HCPs) could play an important role in encouraging patient involvement in safety-relevant behaviours. However, to date factors that determine HCPs' attitudes towards patient participation in this area remain largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE To investigate predictors of HCPs' attitudes towards patient involvement in safety-relevant behaviours. DESIGN A 22-item cross-sectional fractional factorial survey that assessed HCPs' attitudes towards patient involvement in relation to two error scenarios relating to hand hygiene and medication safety. SETTING Four hospitals in London PARTICIPANTS   Two hundred sixteen HCPs (116 doctors; 100 nurses) aged between 21 and 60 years (mean: 32): 129 female. OUTCOME MEASURES Approval of patient's behaviour, HCP response to the patient, anticipated effects on the patient-HCP relationship, support for being asked as a HCP, affective rating response to the vignettes. RESULTS HCPs elicited more favourable attitudes towards patients intervening about a medication error than about hand sanitation. Across vignettes and error scenarios, the strongest predictors of attitudes were how the patient intervened and how the HCP responded to the patient's behaviour. With regard to HCP characteristics, doctors viewed patients intervening less favourably than nurses. CONCLUSIONS HCPs perceive patients intervening about a potential error less favourably if the patient's behaviour is confrontational in nature or if the HCP responds to the patient intervening in a discouraging manner. In particular, if a HCP responds negatively to the patient (irrespective of whether an error actually occurred), this is perceived as having negative effects on the HCP-patient relationship.

Eventos adversos associados às intervenções dos enfermeiros na preparação e administração de medicação em unidades cirúrgicas

A preocupação com os eventos adversos decorrentes dos cuidados de saúde tem gerado, a nível mundial uma preocupação em criar métodos de trabalho e práticas mais seguras. Contudo, dada a complexidade dos processos, as tecnologias e a natureza humana, associados à maioria das intervenções, existe o risco de efeitos adversos (Tang, Sheu, Wei, & Chen, 2007). O erro de medicação em doentes hospitalizados, segundo Batista (2008), é responsável pela morte de sete mil portugueses por ano. Os erros que acontecem na área da saúde não podem ser totalmente eliminados, mas têm de contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade dos cuidados prestados, isto é, , devemos aprender com os erros e uma forma de o fazer é estudá-los recorrendo à investigação. Este trabalho tem por finalidade obter informações sobre uma realidade pouco ou insuficientemente estudada, a forma como se manifesta e os fatores com que se relaciona, podendo assim contribuir para uma melhor cultura de segurança nos cuidados de saúde, baseada na reflexão e aprendizagem a partir do erro. OBJETIVO Esta investigação tem como objetivos principais identificar a perceção dos enfermeiros sobre os erros de medicação e os processos envolvidos na ocorrência dos mesmos, assim como, caracterizar os erros de medicação observados ou experienciados pelos enfermeiros de unidades cirúrgicas. METODOLOGIA Utilizando a abordagem quantitativa, realizámos um estudo transversal exploratório-descritivo, com a finalidade de analisar a natureza do fenómeno pouco ou deficientemente estudado, a forma como se manifesta e os fatores com que se relaciona. A investigação procura responder à seguinte questão orientadora: Qual a perceção dos enfermeiros das unidades cirúrgicas sobre os erros de medicação? Na colheita de dados utilizou-se uma versão adaptada do questionário auto preenchido de Miasso e Cassiani (2000), composto por questões fechadas e abertas. A análise dos dados, colhidos numa amostra composta por 70 enfermeiros que exercem funções no Departamento Cirúrgico , foi efetuada recorrendo à estatística descritiva e à análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS Da análise das respostas à questão "Como define um erro de medicação?", emergiram três categorias ligadas a falhas de processo, nomeadamente: falhas no cumprimento de regras de segurança, falhas nas políticas e procedimentos, falhas por negligência e uma categoria que define o erro numa perspetiva de resultado, identificando-o com as consequências. Os enfermeiros têm a perceção de que raramente (68,6%) ocorrem erros de medicação e que se cumprem maioritariamente (95,7%) as regras de segurança na preparação e administração de medicação, apesar de existir por vezes (51,4%) o risco da ocorrência de erros. Fatores como: falhas de concentração, presença de um motivo de distração e sobrecarga de trabalho, originam erros de: dosagem (32,9%), administração de medicação não prescrita (28,6%), omissão da administração (24,3%), horário incorreto (21,4%), identificação da medicação preparada (20%) e transcrição do fármaco (21,46%). As medidas a implementar para a diminuição dos mesmos, incidem nos aspetos organizacionais, individuais e ambientais. A maioria dos enfermeiros (72,9%) já praticou ou presenciou o erro de medicação, detetado pelo próprio ou por outro enfermeiro durante alguma das etapas do processo de administração de medicação, ou através da sintomatologia originada ou pela apresentação do medicamento. Contudo a maioria dos enfermeiros considera que a notificação dos erros de medicação, raramente é efetuada. DISCUSÃO Os conhecimentos que os enfermeiros detêm no âmbito da administração de terapêutica, incluem a conceptualização do erro ligado à preparação e administração de medicação, definindo o erro medicação como uma falha no cumprimento das regras de segurança e nas políticas e procedimentos, ou como resultado de negligência que poderá acarretar consequências para o doente. A perceção sobre a ocorrência de erros, e cumprimento das regras de segurança na preparação e administração de medicação traduz-se numa posição inequívoca de que raramente ocorrem erros de medicação, apesar de considerarem existir o risco de ocorrência dos mesmos. Esta noção deve-se provavelmente ao facto de existir a consciência de que os enfermeiros cumprem maioritariamente as regras de segurança preconizadas pelo National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (2007). As causas/fatores apontadas pelos enfermeiros como contributos importantes para a ocorrência de erros são as interrupções, a falta de atenção, a falha de comunicação médico/enfermeiro sobre a alteração da prescrição, a fadiga, a sobrecarga de trabalho, o ruído, a falta de pessoal e a situação de urgência/emergência, indiciando que o erro de medicação envolve uma multiplicidade de fatores na sua maioria relacionados com falhas de concentração, presença de um motivo de distração e sobrecarga de trabalho. Apesar dos enfermeiros terem a perceção que os erros de medicação ocorrem com pouca frequência, consideram que por vezes podem ocorrer certos tipos de erros nomeadamente: erro na prescrição do fármaco, dose/dosagem errada, administração de medicação não prescrita/fármaco errado, omissão da administração, horário incorreto, erros de identificação da medicação preparada e erros na transcrição do fármaco. Estes resultados são concordantes com o referido pela Ordem dos Enfermeiros (2005), A maioria dos enfermeiros considera que a notificação dos erros de medicação raramente é efetuada reconhecendo maior frequência de notificaçãonos casos de potenciais consequências para o doente. Perante a prática de um erro de medicação, a grande parte dos enfermeiros raramente ou nunca colocam a hipótese de efetuar a notificação do erro e a maioria também não o faz se presenciar. A subnotificação deve-se porventura ao facto do erro de medicação ser encarado como assunto "tabu", envolto em medos e receios nomeadamente penais no caso de processo judicial, sentimentos de culpa, medo, angústia, vergonha e conotação por parte do doente, família e restante equipa de saúde de incompetência. Estes dados alertam para a necessidade de um verdadeiro sistema de notificação do erro, visto que o mesmo deve ser efetuado de forma voluntária, anónima e confidencial, não punitivo e justo de forma a motivar os profissionais para a notificação, como recomenda o National Patient Safety Agency (2009). Os enfermeiros que praticaram/presenciaram erros de medicação referem que, se trataram na maioria dos casos de erros de administração de medicação não prescrita/fármaco errado, administração de medicação ao doente errado, erro de dose/dosagem, erro de prescrição do fármaco e horário incorreto. Apesar de os enfermeiros considerarem que raramente ocorrem erros de medicação, a grande maioria (77,14%) sugeriu medidas a implementar para a sua redução, com incidência nos aspetos ao nível da organização, ao nível individual e medidas ambientais. Genericamente a caracterização dos erros de medicação observados ou experienciados pelos enfermeiros coincide com a perceção dos enfermeiros sobre os erros de medicação e os processos envolvidos na ocorrência dos mesmos, pode-se dizer que a principal diferença reside no facto de os enfermeiros percecionarem em abstrato que raramente ocorrem erros de medicação, apesar de considerarem existir o risco da sua ocorrência e de na prática existir uma incidência bastante significativa de ocorrência de erros de medicação. CONCLUSÃO A noção de erro de medicação, por parte dos enfermeiros, está de acordo com a definição consultada na bibliografia. Sendo que estes profissionais têm a perceção de que raramente ocorrem erros de medicação, provavelmente pelo facto de existir a consciência de que os enfermeiros cumprem maioritariamente as regras de segurança na preparação e administração de medicação. No entanto consideram existir o risco de ocorrência de erros e apontam medidas a implementar para diminuição dos mesmos, com incidência nos aspetos ao nível da organização, ao nível individual e medidas ambientais. Os enfermeiros percecionam que o erro de medicação envolve uma multiplicidade de fatores sistematizados em três aspetos fulcrais, que são: as falhas de concentração, a presença de um motivo de distração e a sobrecarga de trabalho. Os tipos de erros que os enfermeiros percecionam como mais frequentes são: erro na prescrição do fármaco, dose/dosagem errada, a administração de medicação não prescrita/fármaco errado, a omissão da administração, horário incorreto, erros de identificação da medicação preparada e erros na transcrição do fármaco. A esmagadora maioria dos enfermeiros admite ter praticado ou presenciado algum tipo de erro de medicação, detetado pelo próprio ou por outro enfermeiro durante alguma das etapas do processo de prescrição, transcrição, preparação e administração, ou através da sintomatologia ocasionada no doente ou ainda pela apresentação do medicamento. Contudo a maioria dos enfermeiros considera que a notificação dos erros de medicação, seja em que circunstâncias forem, raramente é efetuada. Os erros de medicação conhecidos são apenas a ponta de um iceberg, a subnotificação dos mesmos e a inexistência de comunicação e divulgação de informação constitui um entrave para que se conheça melhor este problema, de modo a reduzir os incidentes relacionados com os fármacos. Para além da consciencialização e notificação do erro, é necessário que os profissionais de saúde sejam estimulados a participar em sistemas voluntários de comunicação de erros, como fator preponderante do seu compromisso com a segurança do doente. Esta temática, é uma porta aberta à investigação, por isso sugerimos a realização de outros estudos nesta área.

Streamlining the medication process improves safety in the intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Multiple interventions were made to optimize the medication process in our intensive care unit (ICU). 1 Transcriptions from the medical order form to the administration plan were eliminated by merging both into a single document; 2 the new form was built in a logical sequence and was highly structured to promote completeness and standardization of information; 3 frequently used drug names, approved units, and fixed routes were pre-printed; 4 physicians and nurses were trained with regard to the correct use of the new form. This study was aimed at evaluating the impact of these interventions on clinically significant types of medication errors. METHODS: Eight types of medication errors were measured by a prospective chart review before and after the interventions in the ICU of a public tertiary care hospital. We used an interrupted time-series design to control the secular trends. RESULTS: Over 85 days, 9298 lines of drug prescription and/or administration to 294 patients, corresponding to 754 patient-days were collected and analysed for the three series before and three series following the intervention. Global error rate decreased from 4.95 to 2.14% (-56.8%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The safety of the medication process in our ICU was improved by simple and inexpensive interventions. In addition to the optimization of the prescription writing process, the documentation of intravenous preparation, and the scheduling of administration, the elimination of the transcription in combination with the training of users contributed to reducing errors and carried an interesting potential to increase safety.

Medication incidents in primary care medicine: protocol of a study by the Swiss Federal Sentinel Reporting System.

BACKGROUND/RATIONALE: Patient safety is a major concern in healthcare systems worldwide. Although most safety research has been conducted in the inpatient setting, evidence indicates that medical errors and adverse events are a threat to patients in the primary care setting as well. Since information about the frequency and outcomes of safety incidents in primary care is required, the goals of this study are to describe the type, frequency, seasonal and regional distribution of medication incidents in primary care in Switzerland and to elucidate possible risk factors for medication incidents. Label="METHODS AND ANALYSIS" ="METHODS"/> <AbstractText STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We will conduct a prospective surveillance study to identify cases of medication incidents among primary care patients in Switzerland over the course of the year 2015. PARTICIPANTS: Patients undergoing drug treatment by 167 general practitioners or paediatricians reporting to the Swiss Federal Sentinel Reporting System. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Any erroneous event, as defined by the physician, related to the medication process and interfering with normal treatment course. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Lack of treatment effect, adverse drug reactions or drug-drug or drug-disease interactions without detectable treatment error. PRIMARY OUTCOME: Medication incidents. RISK FACTORS: Age, gender, polymedication, morbidity, care dependency, hospitalisation. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics to assess type, frequency, seasonal and regional distribution of medication incidents and logistic regression to assess their association with potential risk factors. Estimated sample size: 500 medication incidents. LIMITATIONS: We will take into account under-reporting and selective reporting among others as potential sources of bias or imprecision when interpreting the results. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: No formal request was necessary because of fully anonymised data. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT0229537.

A pharmacist-led information technology intervention for medication errors (PINCER): a multicentre, cluster randomised, controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis

Background: Medication errors are common in primary care and are associated with considerable risk of patient harm. We tested whether a pharmacist-led, information technology-based intervention was more effective than simple feedback in reducing the number of patients at risk of measures related to hazardous prescribing and inadequate blood-test monitoring of medicines 6 months after the intervention. Methods: In this pragmatic, cluster randomised trial general practices in the UK were stratified by research site and list size, and randomly assigned by a web-based randomisation service in block sizes of two or four to one of two groups. The practices were allocated to either computer-generated simple feedback for at-risk patients (control) or a pharmacist-led information technology intervention (PINCER), composed of feedback, educational outreach, and dedicated support. The allocation was masked to general practices, patients, pharmacists, researchers, and statisticians. Primary outcomes were the proportions of patients at 6 months after the intervention who had had any of three clinically important errors: non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) prescribed to those with a history of peptic ulcer without co-prescription of a proton-pump inhibitor; β blockers prescribed to those with a history of asthma; long-term prescription of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or loop diuretics to those 75 years or older without assessment of urea and electrolytes in the preceding 15 months. The cost per error avoided was estimated by incremental cost-eff ectiveness analysis. This study is registered with Controlled-Trials.com, number ISRCTN21785299. Findings: 72 general practices with a combined list size of 480 942 patients were randomised. At 6 months’ follow-up, patients in the PINCER group were significantly less likely to have been prescribed a non-selective NSAID if they had a history of peptic ulcer without gastroprotection (OR 0∙58, 95% CI 0∙38–0∙89); a β blocker if they had asthma (0∙73, 0∙58–0∙91); or an ACE inhibitor or loop diuretic without appropriate monitoring (0∙51, 0∙34–0∙78). PINCER has a 95% probability of being cost eff ective if the decision-maker’s ceiling willingness to pay reaches £75 per error avoided at 6 months. Interpretation: The PINCER intervention is an effective method for reducing a range of medication errors in general practices with computerised clinical records. Funding: Patient Safety Research Portfolio, Department of Health, England.

Frequency of and predictors for patient-reported medical and medication errors in Switzerland

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the frequency of and identify risk factors for patient-reported medical errors in Switzerland. The joint effect of risk factors on error-reporting probability was modelled for hypothetical patients. METHODS: A representative population sample of Swiss citizens (n = 1306) was surveyed as part of the Commonwealth Fund’s 2010 lnternational Survey of the General Public’s Views of their Health Care System’s Performance in Eleven Countries. Data on personal background, utilisation of health care, coordination of care problems and reported errors were assessed. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for patients’ reports of medical mistakes and medication errors. RESULTS: 11.4% of participants reported at least one error in their care in the previous two years (8% medical errors, 5.3% medication errors). Poor coordination of care experiences was frequent. 7.8% experienced that test results or medical records were not available, 17.2% received conflicting information from care providers and 11.5% reported that tests were ordered although they had been done before. Age (OR = 0.98, p = 0.014), poor health (OR = 2.95, p = 0.007), utilisation of emergency care (OR = 2.45, p = 0.003), inpatient-stay (OR = 2.31, p = 0.010) and poor care coordination (OR = 5.43, p <0.001) are important predictors for reporting error. For high utilisers of care that unify multiple risk factors the probability that errors are reported rises up to p = 0.8. CONCLUSIONS: Patient safety remains a major challenge for the Swiss health care system. Despite the health related and economic burden associated with it, the widespread experience of medical error in some subpopulations also has the potential to erode trust in the health care system as a whole.

LEARNING FROM NEAR MISSES IN MEDICATION ERRORS: A BAYESIAN APPROACH

Medical errors originating in health care facilities are a significant source of preventable morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Voluntary error report systems that collect information on the causes and contributing factors of medi- cal errors regardless of the resulting harm may be useful for developing effective harm prevention strategies. Some patient safety experts question the utility of data from errors that did not lead to harm to the patient, also called near misses. A near miss (a.k.a. close call) is an unplanned event that did not result in injury to the patient. Only a fortunate break in the chain of events prevented injury. We use data from a large voluntary reporting system of 836,174 medication errors from 1999 to 2005 to provide evidence that the causes and contributing factors of errors that result in harm are similar to the causes and contributing factors of near misses. We develop Bayesian hierarchical models for estimating the log odds of selecting a given cause (or contributing factor) of error given harm has occurred and the log odds of selecting the same cause given that harm did not occur. The posterior distribution of the correlation between these two vectors of log-odds is used as a measure of the evidence supporting the use of data from near misses and their causes and contributing factors to prevent medical errors. In addition, we identify the causes and contributing factors that have the highest or lowest log-odds ratio of harm versus no harm. These causes and contributing factors should also be a focus in the design of prevention strategies. This paper provides important evidence on the utility of data from near misses, which constitute the vast majority of errors in our data.

The relationship between leadership practices and a medication safety regime

Errors in healthcare are commonplace and have significant impact on mortality, morbidity, and costs. Other high-risk industries are credited with strong safety records. These successes are due in part to a strong, committed organizational culture and their leadership. A consistent pattern of effective leadership behaviors; creating change, establishing a vision and strategic actions, and enabling and inspiring the organization's members to act, is present in these high-risk industries. This research examined the relationship between leadership practices and a medication safety regime. The hypothesis is strong leadership practices have a positive relationship with the degree of sophistication of a medication safety program (safety performance). Leadership was used as a surrogate for organizational culture and was measured in this research through the Kouzes and Posner's Leadership Practices Inventory. The Institute of Medicine's 14 Selected Strategies to Improve Medication Safety was used to measure the development of a medication safety regime. Leadership practices towards safety were assessed by surveying 2,478 critical care Registered Nurses in the greater Houston area. A response rate of 19% was achieved. Thirteen hospitals participated in the medication safety regime assessment. Data from 386 RN respondents from 53 institutions provided an overall description of unit (ICU) and organization (hospital) leader's practices towards safety. There is some recognition of the medical error problem and that leaders exhibit moderate levels of leadership practices to promote safety. There were no differences noted in unit and hospital leaders' behaviors, with the exception that unit leaders promote change and enable staff to act more often than hospital leaders. There were no statistically significant relationships between overall leadership, or individual leadership practices and the organization's safety performance. There was a significant relationship between leadership and safety performance when other factors in organizational culture were considered. Teaching and Magnet hospitals also exhibited stronger behaviors towards safety. Organizational culture, as measured by academic affiliation and Magnet recognition, is strongly related to safety performance as measured by the degree of development of a medication safety regime. ^

Assessment of markers of medication literacy in a US-Mexico border community

Each year an estimated 180,000 people in the United States (U.S.) die as a result of medication errors, now considered a major public health problem. If a patient cannot correctly act on information related to medication use or "Medication Literacy" there is an increased potential for error. Medication use issues are unique on the US-Mexico border because they include high rates of herbal products and medication products from Mexico as well as issues related to the preferred language (English or Spanish) of the patient. To evaluate the medication literacy in a US-Mexico border community, this retrospective study evaluates 180 subjects representing four diverse economic segments of a metropolitan US-Mexico Border community who have taken a Medication Literacy Assessment. The assessment tool has been created to understand how patients interpret medication information for prescription, over-the-counter, herbal, and Mexican medication product use, and how they problem-solve medication questions. The Medication Literacy Assessment tool specifically assesses document literacy (e.g., prescription labels), prose literacy (e.g., patient leaflets), numeracy (e.g., calculations and measurements) as well as qualitative data related to medication use practices. The main hypothesis of this study is that the ability to interpret and use medications will vary based on education, language (Spanish or English), and recruitment sites (economically diverse communities). The results will provide information to better characterize medication use in a primarily Hispanic population on the US-Mexico border and may be used to influence policy decisions regarding prescription and over-the-counter product information.^