Hybrid power system intelligent operation and protection involving plug-in electric vehicles

Two key solutions to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and increase the overall energy efficiency are to maximize the utilization of renewable energy resources (RERs) to generate energy for load consumption and to shift to low or zero emission plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) for transportation. The present U.S. aging and overburdened power grid infrastructure is under a tremendous pressure to handle the issues involved in penetration of RERS and PEVs. The future power grid should be designed with for the effective utilization of distributed RERs and distributed generations to intelligently respond to varying customer demand including PEVs with high level of security, stability and reliability. This dissertation develops and verifies such a hybrid AC-DC power system. The system will operate in a distributed manner incorporating multiple components in both AC and DC styles and work in both grid-connected and islanding modes. ^ The verification was performed on a laboratory-based hybrid AC-DC power system testbed as hardware/software platform. In this system, RERs emulators together with their maximum power point tracking technology and power electronics converters were designed to test different energy harvesting algorithms. The Energy storage devices including lithium-ion batteries and ultra-capacitors were used to optimize the performance of the hybrid power system. A lithium-ion battery smart energy management system with thermal and state of charge self-balancing was proposed to protect the energy storage system. A grid connected DC PEVs parking garage emulator, with five lithium-ion batteries was also designed with the smart charging functions that can emulate the future vehicle-to-grid (V2G), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-house (V2H) services. This includes grid voltage and frequency regulations, spinning reserves, micro grid islanding detection and energy resource support. ^ The results show successful integration of the developed techniques for control and energy management of future hybrid AC-DC power systems with high penetration of RERs and PEVs.^

A Voltage Limiter Circuit for Indoor Light Energy Harvesting Applications

A voltage limiter circuit for indoor light energy harvesting applications is presented. This circuit is a part of a bigger system, whose function is to harvest indoor light energy, process it and store it, so that it can be used at a later time. This processing consists on maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and stepping-up, of the voltage from the photovoltaic (PV) harvester cell. The circuit here described, ensures that even under strong illumination, the generated voltage will not exceed the limit allowed by the technology, avoiding the degradation, or destruction, of the integrated die. A prototype of the limiter circuit was designed in a 130 nm CMOS technology. The layout of the circuit has a total area of 23414 mu m(2). Simulation results, using Spectre, are presented.

CMOS indoor light energy harvesting system for wireless sensing applications

This book discusses in detail the CMOS implementation of energy harvesting. The authors describe an integrated, indoor light energy harvesting system, based on a controller circuit that dynamically and automatically adjusts its operation to meet the actual light circumstances of the environment where the system is placed. The system is intended to power a sensor node, enabling an autonomous wireless sensor network (WSN). Although designed to cope with indoor light levels, the system is also able to work with higher levels, making it an all-round light energy harvesting system. The discussion includes experimental data obtained from an integrated manufactured prototype, which in conjunction with a photovoltaic (PV) cell, serves as a proof of concept of the desired energy harvesting system. © 2016 Springer International Publishing. All rights are reserved.

PV inverters for module level applications

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Energias Renováveis – Conversão Eléctrica e Utilização Sustentáveis

CMOS indoor light energy harvesting system for wireless sensing applications

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

Implementação de um sistema MPPT em circuito integrado CMOS

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Eletrónica Industrial e Computadores

Implementação de um Sistema MPPT em Circuito Integrado CMOS

Ao longo dos últimos anos a indústria microelectrónica tem evoluído no sentido de reduzir o consumo energético dos seus dispositivos no sentido de estes serem alimentados por fontes energéticas diversas, nomeadamente fontes renováveis. A crescente demanda por componentes energeticamente eficientes e pela miniaturização dos componentes eletrónicos exigem a conceção de fontes de alimentação com potência reduzida na ordem das dezenas de μW ás centenas de mW. Atualmente, com os crescentes avanços tecnológicos é possível obter componentes energéticamente eficientes e com tamanhos reduzidos capazes de colmatar as restrições energéticas das mais variadas aplicações. A utilização de fontes energia elétrica que tirão proveito da energia existente no meio onde se inserem os diversos dispositivos eletrónicos ou simplesmente para recarregar as baterias, apresenta-se como um dos principais objetivos a alcançar. Entre todas as energias renováveis, a energia fotovoltaica surge como umas das que proporciona um maior potencial. A sua disponibilidade global e os constantes desenvolvimentos tecnológicos no âmbito do fotovoltaico permitem o desenvolvimento de sistemas de alimentação com rendimento energético cada vez mais elevado. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo, a simulação e implementação de um conversor CC-CC, step-up, com algoritmo de controlo MPPT integrado designado por método de correlação de ripple (Ripple Correlation Control – RCC), para aplicações de baixa potência na ordem das dezenas de μW às centenas de mW. Desenvolveu-se um conversor CC-CC, autónomo, para carregamento de baterias com recurso a painéis fotovoltaicos, como fonte de energia, de forma contínua mesmo em situações de baixa luminosidade. Um circuito de gestão de energia devidamente dimensionado foi implementado com recurso a um algoritmo de procura do ponto de máxima potência (Maximum Power Point Tracking – MPPT). O objetivo desta implementação é extrair a máxima potência disponível da fonte de energia elétrica, neste caso o painel fotovoltaico, independentemente das condições meteorológicas e da potência requerida pela carga, sendo o excesso de energia redirecionado para a bateria. Nesta dissertação apresentam-se os resultados das simulações, assim como os resultados experimentais de todos os circuitos desenvolvidos de forma a validar todo o sistema implementado.

DC Boost Stage in Photovoltaic Systems

The performance of Grid connected Photovoltaic System working with DCBoost stage is investigated. The DC-Boost Converter topology is deduced from three phase half controlled bridge and controlled by Sliding Mode Control. Due to the fact that Grid connected Photovoltaic System includes Solar cells as a DC source and inverter for grid connection, those are under the scope of this research as well. The advantages of using MPPT are analyzed. The system is simulated in Matlab-Simulink™ environment.

Mallipohjainen suunnittelu osana aurinkosähkövaihtosuuntaajan tuotekehitystä

Työssä selvitetään mallipohjaisen suunnittelun ja simulointimallista tuotetun ohjelmakoodin kelpoisuutta tuotekehityskäytössä. Työtapoja tutkitaan, koska halutaan selvittää parantavatko esitetyt toimintatavat aurinkosähkövaihtosuuntaajien ohjelmistokehitystä. Työssä käydään läpi mallipohjaisen suunnittelun työvaiheet, niiden sisältö ja tarkoitus. Aurinkosähköjärjestelmästä muodostetaan simulointimalli, josta tuotetaan maksimitehopisteseuraajan ohjelmakoodi, jonka toiminta testataan aurinkosähkövaihtosuuntaajan ohjausalustan simulaattorissa. Mallipohjainen suunnittelu mahdollistaa ohjelmistotuotekehityksen nopeuttamisen käyttämällä samaa järjestelmää useassa työvaiheessa. Ohjelmakoodin tuottaminen simulointimallista on mahdollista ja hyödyllistä, jos yrityksessä käytetään simulointitestausta säätö- ja ohjausjärjestelmän toiminnan suunnitteluun ja varmentamiseen.

Avaliação das principais t́cnicas para obtenção de MPPT de paińis fotovoltaicos

Electrical energy from photovoltaic panels (PV) has became an increasing viable alternative because of the great concern for environmental preservation and the possibility of the reduction of the conventional fuels, and this natural energy source is free, abundant and clean. In addition, Brazil is a privileged country because of the high levels of irradiation throughout its territory all over the year. Thus the exploitation of the energy from PV is one of the best alternatives to overcome the supply electrical energy issues. However, nowadays the energy conversion efficiency is low and the initial costs are high for these energy systems. Therefore, in order to increase the efficiency of these systems the extraction of the maximum power point (MPP) from PV is extremely necessary, and it is done using the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques. The MPP of the PV varies non linearly with the environmental conditions and several MPPT techniques are available in literature, and this paper presents a careful comparison among the most usual techniques, doing meaningful comparisons with respect to the amount of energy extracted, PV voltage ripple, dynamic response and use of sensors, considering that the models are implemented via MatLab/Simulink®. © 2010 IEEE.

Evaluation of MPPT techniques for photovoltaic applications

This paper presents a careful evaluation among the most usual MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) techniques, doing meaningful comparisons with respect to the amount of energy extracted from the photovoltaic (PV) panel, PV voltage ripple, dynamic response and use of sensors. Firstly, the MPPT and boost converter models were implemented via MatLab/Simulink®, and after a DC to DC boost converter, digitally controlled, was implemented and connected to an Agilent Solar Array simulator, in order to validate the simulation results. The algorithms are digitally developed and the main experimental results are also presented from the implemented prototype. Furthermore, the experimental dynamic results and the computed tracking factors are presented. © 2011 IEEE.

A comparative study of MPPT strategies and a novel singlephase integrated buck-boost inverter for small wind energy conversion systems

This paper presents the analysis of some usual MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) strategies intended for small wind energy conversion (up to 1kW) based on permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), considering the stand-alone application for a novel buck-boost integrated inverter. Each MPPT method is analytically introduced and then it is simulated using MatLab/Simulink considering standard conditions of wind and also commercially available turbines and generators. The extracted power in each case is compared with the maximum available power, so the tracking factor is calculated for each method. Thus, the focus is on the application to improve the efficiency of stand-alone wind energy conversion systems (WECS) with battery chargers and AC load supplied by inverter. Therefore, for this purpose a novel single phase buck-boost integrated inverter is introduced. Finally, the main experimental results for the introduced inverter are presented. © 2011 IEEE.

Evaluation of the main MPPT techniques for photovoltaic applications

This paper presents evaluations among the most usual maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques, doing meaningful comparisons with respect to the amount of energy extracted from the photovoltaic (PV) panel [tracking factor (TF)] in relation to the available power, PV voltage ripple, dynamic response, and use of sensors. Using MatLab/Simulink and dSPACE platforms, a digitally controlled boost dc-dc converter was implemented and connected to an Agilent Solar Array E4350B simulator in order to verify the analytical procedures. The main experimental results are presented for conventional MPPT algorithms and improved MPPT algorithms named IC based on proportional-integral (PI) and perturb and observe based on PI. Moreover, the dynamic response and the TF are also evaluated using a user-friendly interface, which is capable of online program power profiles and computes the TF. Finally, a typical daily insulation is used in order to verify the experimental results for the main PV MPPT methods. © 2012 IEEE.

Design and development of a low-cost solar tracker

To become competitive, ultimately, photovoltaics should have its costs reduced and use photovoltaic systems of greater efficiency. The main steps in this direction are the use of new materials, the improvement in the manufacture of modules and the adoption of techniques of maximum power point tracking and of solar tracking. This article aims at presenting the project and development of an azimuth and elevation solar tracker, based on a new conception of the positioning sensor, composed of an array of four photoresistors. The two direct current motors that operate in the vertical and horizontal axes are controlled by a proportional-integral microcontroller. The conditions of the project were low cost, small energy consumption and versatility. The microcontroller can also incorporate a maximum power point tracking algorithm. The performance of solar tracker prototype in the initial phase of field tests can be considered appropriate. © Institution of Engineers Australia, 2013.

Mini-inversores para aproveitamento de energia fotovoltaica, com técnicas de MPPT, sincronismo e conexão com a rede de CA em BT, proteção de ilhamento, gerenciamento da energia e da operação

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS