Impacto de la preparación del suelo sobre las características físicas del suelo, calidad y rendimiento de las raíces de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), variedad algodón, Nueva Guinea-RAAS

El estudio se realizó en el Centro de Desarrollo Tecnológico (CDT) del Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) en Nueva Guinea, RAAS desde Octubre de 2005 a Agosto de 2006. El objetivo general fue evaluar cuatro sistemas de labranza sobre las propiedades físicas del suelo, el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de la yuca variedad Algodón, así como la calidad de las raíces. Los tratamientos estudiados fueron: subsoleo más encamado (SE), grada más encamado (GE), cero labranza (CL) y tracción animal (TA). El diseño utilizado fue un arreglo de bloques completos al azar (BCA) con tres repeticiones. Las variables de suelo evaluadas fueron: densidad aparente, densidad real, porosidad total y capacidad de campo. Las variables agronómicas estudiadas fueron altura de planta, diámetro del tallo, peso fresco de la planta, número de raíces totales por planta, número de raíces exportables, longitud de raíces exportables, diámetro de raíces exportables, peso de raíces exportables, rendimiento de raíces exportables, rendimiento de raíces no exportables y rendimiento total de raíces. Para el análisis de los datos se usó el paquete estadístico SAS Institute V 8 a base de Análisis de Varianza (ANDEVA) y comparación de rangos múltiples de medias por TUKEY al 5% de margen de error. El suelo preparado con tracción animal (TA), presentó los menores valores de densidad aparente y mayor porcentaje de porosidad del suelo. Las plantas de yuca alcanzaron la mayor altura, el mayor diámetro y mayor peso fresco con cero labranza (CL) y tracción animal (TA). El mayor número de raíces totales por planta fue alcanzado con tracción animal (TA) seguido de cero labranza (CL). El mayor número de raíces exportables, el mayor diámetro de raíces exportables y peso de las raíces exportables fue alcanzado con el método cero labranza (CL) seguido de tracción animal (TA). El mayor rendimiento de raíces totales fue alcanzado en el suelo con Cero labranza (CL), así como el mayor rendimiento de raíces exportables y no exportables con una relación de 76% de raíces exportables.

Caracterización y evaluación preliminar de cincuenta clones de yuca (Manihot esculenta crantz)

Este trabajo se inició con la búsqueda de material criollo y/o introducido en todas las regiones del país, con el objetivo de concentrar la mayor variabilidad posible, de la especie. Posteriormente se preparó una guía preliminar de descriptores para efectuar la caracterización (se caracterizaron 50 clones). Esta consta de 55 descriptores, la que permite hacer una descripción completa de la colección. Para poder validar se realizaron dos siembras; una en la “Hacienda Las Mercedes y otra en los campos experimentales del programa de Recursos Genéticos Nicaragüenses, Ambos en la localidad del Rodeo km 12 ½ carretera Norte, Managua, Managua. Esta investigación permitió establecer una guía de descriptores definitiva >(consta de 31 descriptores) en la que se eliminan aquellos que no definen clones, a la vez se proponen descriptores que no deben excluirse cuando se realizan trabajos de este tipo. Por otra parte se seleccionaron los mejores clones de acuerdo a: Rendimiento promedio de raíces, siendo los más sobresalientes: yuca Sutre, Ingram, cubana; CM-91-3, White Joe, M-Col -673, Yuca blanca, yuca plátano, yuca ceiba. Producción de follaje: Smalling santa Cruz, Chilkena , CMC16, Yuca Blanca, Agria, Valencia, White Joe, Yuca Batata, Yuca Sutre valencia, Colorado, Turrucares 1. Además, se proponen algunas características morfológicas (prominencia de la base, longitud de entrenudos, textura de la superficie de la raíz) para colectar germoplasma de yuca Manihot esculents Crantz en Nicaragua, con el fin de conseguir clones sobresalientes.

Efecto de diferentes sistemas de preparación del suelo sobre las características físicas, crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo de la yuca (Manihot esculenta crantz) variedad algodón en Nueva Guinea

El estudio se realizó en municipio Nueva Guinea, RAAS desde octubre del 2005 a agosto 2006 para evaluar el efecto de diferentes sistemas de preparación de suelo sobre sus propiedades físicas, el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivar yuca Algodón. Los tratamientos fueron; subsoleo más encamado (SE), grada más encamado (GE),cero labranza (CL), y tracción animal (TA). El diseño utilizado fue de bloques completos al azar (BCA) con tres repeticiones en cinco profundidades. Las variables de suelo evaluadas fueron: densidad aparente, densidad real, porosidad total, y capacidad de campo, las variables agronómicas altura diámetro del tallo, peso fresco de la planta, número de raíces, peso de raíz y rendimiento de raíces. Para el análisis de variables se utilizó el programa Statistic Análisis Systems (SAS V9.1). El tratamiento de TA presentó los menores valores de densidad aparente, una distribución más uniforme en la capacidad de retención de agua dentro del perfil del suelo, así como mayor porosidad. CL y TA presentaron los mayores valores de altura de planta, diámetro del tallo y peso fresco de hojas y tallos del cultivo de la yuca. TA presentó los valores más altos del número de raíces totales por planta de yuca seguido de CL el cual a su vez presentó el mayor número de raíces exportables seguido de TA, pero sin diferencia significativa entre la longitud de las raíces exportables entre los cuatro tratamientos. CL presentó el mayor diámetro, el mayor peso de las raíces exportables seguido siempre por TA. CL presentó el mayor rendimiento de raíces exportables y no exportables o mayores rendimientos totales (kg/ha) de raíces reservantes seguido por TA. Se encontraron diferencias de promedios en los rendimientos de raíces exportables entre CL y GE 3,399 kg/ha, en los rendimientos de raíces no exportables una diferencia 2,351.5 kg/ha entre CL y SE. Se recomienda repetir este ensayo utilizando los mismos tratamientos evaluar el efecto del cambio de la calidad del suelo en el tiempo.

Yield isopleths of Tilapia esculenta Graham 1928 in Lake Victoria and Tilapia nilotica (Linnaeus) 1757 in Lake Albert

The yield equation given by BEVERTON and HOLT (1957) has several parameters which are difficult to estimate for tropical freshwater fish species. Nevertheless, some simplifying assumptions can be made and the most relevant parameters used to enable the construction of yield isopleths. Tilapia esculenfa has the following parameters: maximum length (L ∞=33.8 c.m. growth rate (K) = 0.32, natural mortality rate (M)=0.17 and the length at maturity (1 m)=22 cm. The optimum yield is obtained by catching the fish at a length of first capture of 26 em and a fishing mortality rate of 0.5. Tilapia nilotica with L ∞=49 cm, 1 m=36 cm, K=0.50 and M= 0.30 gives optimum yield when caught at a length of first capture of 35-36 cm with a fishing mortality rate of 0.5-0.6. The stuned Tilapia nilotica of Lake Albert has L ∞=17 cm, K=2.77,1 m=12 cm and M=3.37. With such a very high natural mortality, maximum yields would be obtained hy using a length of first capture less than 9 cm and a fishing mortality rate exceeding 1.8.

Preliminary observations on cage culture of Tilapia esculenta Graham and Tilapia xillii (Gervais) in Lake Victoria waters, at the Freshwater Fisheries Institute, Nyegezi, Tanzania

Cage culture of Tilapia is not suggested as a substitute for any known techniques in fish culture, but as one of the various techniques of obtaining more fish under controlled conditions. This fact has been very well accepted in various countries. Whererever facilities exist, this line of fish culture should be vigorously explored as a possible avenue in increasing fish production. High density stocking, management under controlled conditions, easy technique of fabricating the cage at relatively low cost, having no demand on land area, absence of prolific and effective breeding and easy availability of fish when a person needs it are a few of the attractions of the technique. The studies indicate that it is desirable to have different meshes for the cages, such as, small meshed cages for rearing fry to fingerlings stages, and larger meshed cages for rearing fingerlings to table sized fishes. II' the meshes are small, the resistance will be more and less water wilt pass through. While feeding with powdered food material, because of brisk activity of feeding fish, a part of the feed appeared wasted. This can be easily overcome if we would resort to feeding fish with cheap pelleted feeds which will no doubt reduce wastage. Precaution has to be taken against damage of the net and thereby loss of fish and against poaching by unauthorised persons. In the present attempt has been demonstrated the possibility of utilizing locally available species of Tilapia for cage culture and obtaining moderately satisfactory growth rates.

Growth rates of Tilapia esculenta (Graham) and Tilapia zillii (Gervais) under cultivation in ponds at Nyegezi, Tanzania

Aquaculture in Tanzania is still on a subsistence level and most of the ponds are maintained as part time job. The ponds are too small, shallow and over crowded with stunted Tilapia spp. In the present paper the results of experiments conducted in ponds at Nyegezi with T. esculenta and T. zillii are presented. This was part of an overall project of developing techniques of fish cultures with Tilapia under the limited existing conditions at Nyegezi. In a mono - species culture experiement with Tilapia zillii in nine month's time an average size of 172.8 mm/115.0 g was attained. In another experiment with T. zillii and T. esculenta in thirteen month's time, T. zillii attained an average size of 180.2mm/106.6 g and T. esculenta 193.6 mm/118.8 g. In another experiment with intensive feeding schedule an average size of 179.3 mm/126.6 g was attained by T. zillii and 191.0 mm/125.0 g by T. esculenta in four month's time. A locally prepared supplimentary feed with local Brewery Waste and Fish Meal (10:1) was readily accepted by both species of Tilapia. T. zillii voraciously fed on Cabbage leaves, Cauliflower leaves, Chinese cabbage leaves, Cassava leaves and on the common weed Comalina sp. Though all the items mentioned above were readily accepted by T. zillii feeding with Comaltna sp. was the easiest and most convenient because of its availability. In an intensive feeding experiment with vegetable leaves/Comalina sp. and the locally prepared supplimentary feed the fishes attained table size in four months time. Cement cistens of 5 X 3 X 1½ m size could be conveniently used for breeding both species of Tilapia. T. zillii had semi adhesive eggs and they were deposited on the sides of the cement wall. The number of young ones in a brood ranged from 160 to 314 in T. esculenta and 687 to 4,356 in T. zillii.

A close phylogenetic relationship between Sipuncula and Annelida evidenced from the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Phascolosoma esculenta

Background: There are many advantages to the application of complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes in the accurate reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in Metazoa. Although over one thousand metazoan genomes have been sequenced, the taxonomic sampling is highly biased, left with many phyla without a single representative of complete mitochondrial genome. Sipuncula (peanut worms or star worms) is a small taxon of worm-like marine organisms with an uncertain phylogenetic position. In this report, we present the mitochondrial genome sequence of Phascolosoma esculenta, the first complete mitochondrial genome of the phylum. Results: The mitochondrial genome of P. esculenta is 15,494 bp in length. The coding strand consists of 32.1% A, 21.5% C, 13.0% G, and 33.4% T bases (AT = 65.5%; AT skew = -0.019; GC skew = -0.248). It contains thirteen protein-coding genes (PCGs) with 3,709 codons in total, twenty-two transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and a non-coding AT-rich region (AT = 74.2%). All of the 37 identified genes are transcribed from the same DNA strand. Compared with the typical set of metazoan mt genomes, sipunculid lacks trnR but has an additional trnM. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses of the protein sequences show that Myzostomida, Sipuncula and Annelida (including echiurans and pogonophorans) form a monophyletic group, which supports a closer relationship between Sipuncula and Annelida than with Mollusca, Brachiopoda, and some other lophotrochozoan groups. Conclusion: This is the first report of a complete mitochondrial genome as a representative within the phylum Sipuncula. It shares many more similar features with the four known annelid and one echiuran mtDNAs. Firstly, sipunculans and annelids share quite similar gene order in the mitochondrial genome, with all 37 genes located on the same strand; secondly, phylogenetic analyses based on the concatenated protein sequences also strongly support the sipunculan + annelid clade (including echiurans and pogonophorans). Hence annelid "key-characters" including segmentation may be more labile than previously assumed.

Ocorrência de bactérias diazotróficas endofíticas na mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz).

Este trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar bactérias endofíticas da mandioca com potencial para a fixação de N2 atmosférico. Foram utilizados isolados bacterianos endofíticos de plantas de mandioca provenientes dos estados de São Paulo, Amazonas e Bahia. No estado de São Paulo as plantas foram coletadas em plantios comerciais nos municípios de Iêpe, Araras e Mogi Guaçu. No estado do Amazonas e da Bahia foram coletadas etnovariedades mantidas pelos índios e pequenos agricultores, nas regiões de Autazes e em Porto Seguro, respectivamente. O potencial para fixação do N2 atmosférico foi avaliado pelo crescimento das bactérias em meio de cultura livre de N, pela atividade de redução do acetileno e pela presença do gene nifH. Espécies bacterianas endofíticas com capacidade para crescer em meio de cultura livre de N foram encontradas nos três estados e foram classificadas dentro do subgrupo das g- Proteobacteria e dos Bacilli. As amplificações por PCR do gene nifH foram realizadas em espécies bacterianas pertencentes às g-Proteobacteria. Baseado no crescimento em meio de cultura livre de nitrogênio e na presença do gene nifH, oito isolados bacterianos obtidos das plantas de mandioca foram selecionados para posteriores testes in planta.

Flutuação populacional do percevejo-de-renda na cultura da mandioca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) no Distrito Federal.

2001

A novel and potent trypsin inhibitor peptide, AC-17, from the skin secretion of the edible frog, Rana esculenta

Protease inhibitors are found in many venoms and evidence suggests that they occur widely in amphibian skin secretions. Kunitz inhibitors have been found in the skin secretions of bombinid toads and ranid frogs, Kazal inhibitors in phyllomedusine frogs and Bowman–Birk inhibitors in ranid frogs. Selective protease inhibitors could have important applications as therapeutics in the treatment of diseases in which discrete proteases play an aetiologcal role. Here we have examined the skin secretion of the edible frog, Rana esculenta, for protease inhibitors using trypsin as a model. HPLC fractions of secretions were screened for inhibitory activity using a chromogenic substrate as reporter. Three major peptides were resolved with trypsin inhibitory activity in HPLC fractions — one was a Kunitz-type inhibitor, a second was a Bowman–Birk inhibitor but the third represented a novel class of trypsin inhibitor in European frog skin. Analysis of the peptide established the structure of a 17-mer with an N-terminal Ala (A) residue and a C-terminal Cys (C) residue with a single disulphide bridge between Cys 12 and 17. Peptide AC-17 resembled a typical “Rana box” antimicrobial peptide but while it was active against Escherichia coli (MIC 30 µM) it was devoid of activity against Staphylococcus aureus and of haemolytic activity. In contrast, the peptide was a potent inhibitor of trypsin with a Ki of 5.56 µM. AC-17 represents the prototype of a novel trypsin inhibitor from the skin secretion of a European ranid frog that may target a trypsin-like protease present on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria.

Período de interferência de plantas daninhas em mandioca (Manihot esculenta) no noroeste do Paraná

A mandioca é uma exploração agrícola importante no Estado do Paraná. No entanto, há limitadas informações relacionadas à interferência das plantas daninhas nessa cultura. Objetivou-se com este trabalho estimar o período crítico de prevenção à interferência (PCPI) na cultura da mandioca (variedade Fécula Branca), nas condições edafoclimáticas do noroeste do Paraná. O experimento foi dividido em dois grupos de tratamentos: com períodos crescentes na presença de plantas daninhas (PAI); e com períodos crescentes na ausência de plantas daninhas (PTPI). Foram identificadas as espécies de plantas daninhas e densidades de infestação na área e calculada a importância relativa (IR), avaliando-se também o estande da cultura e a produtividade de raízes comerciais. As principais plantas daninhas presentes na área e que apresentaram os maiores valores de IR foram Cenchrus echinatus e Brachiaria decumbens. Aceitando-se uma tolerância de redução de produtividade de 5%, o PAI ajustado foi de 18 dias após o plantio da cultura, e o PTPI, de 100 dias. Concluiu-se que o PCPI da cultura para as condições edafoclimáticas do noroeste do Paraná situa-se entre 18 e 100 dias após o plantio.

Análise energética de sistemas de produção de etanol de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

This work aimed to analyze the energetic consumption of the etanol production system, using the cassava as carbohidrates source. The researches were carried out from the field in the mid region of Paranapanema river, São Paulo state, during the period January to December, 2007. The energy consumption referring to the phases of crop production and industrial processing were appraised. It was verified that the total energetic cost of the crop production corresponded to 9,528.33 MJ ha(-1), and the most onerous item was the inputs (35.72%). In the industrial step, the energetic consumption was equivalent to 2,208.28 MJ t(-1). The operations of hydrolysis/saccharification/treatment of the juice represented 56.72% of the total energetic expenditure. The cassava crop presented an energetic cost of 1.54 MJ L-1 in relation to the etanol produced in the main agronomic operations crop production, and 11.76 MJ L-1 in the industrial processing. The energy efficiency observed in the cultivation and industrialization of the cassava was of 1.76.