Liminal moments : designing, thinking and learning

This paper provides a contextual reflection for understanding best practice teaching to first year design students. The outcome (job) focussed approach to higher education has lead to some unanticipated collateral damage for students, and in the case we discuss, has altered the students��� expectations of course delivery with specific implications and challenges for design educators. This tendency in educational delivery systems is further compounded by the distinct characteristics of Generation Y students within a classroom context. It is our belief that foundational design education must focus more on process than outcomes, and through this research with first year design students we analyse and raise questions relative to the curriculum for a Design and Creative Thinking course���in which students not only benefit from learning the theories and processes of design thinking, conceptualisation and creativity, but also are encouraged to see it as an essential tool for their education and development as designers. This study considers the challenges within a design environment; specifically, we address the need for process based learning in contrast to the outcome-focused approach taken by most students. With this approach, students simultaneously learn to be a designer and rethink their approach to ���doing design���.

A vibrational spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral rimkorolgite (Mg,Mn2+)5(Ba, Sr)(PO4)4��8H2O from Kovdor massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia

We have studied aspect of the molecular structure of the phosphate mineral rimkorolgite from Zheleznyi iron mine, Kovdor massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia, using SEM with EDX and vibrational spectroscopy. Qualitative chemical analysis shows a homogeneous phase, composed by P, Mg, Ba, Mn and Ca. Small amounts of Si were also observed. An intense Raman peak at 975 cm���1 is assigned to the PO43��� ��1 symmetric stretching mode. The Raman band at 964 cm���1 is attributed to the HPO42��� ��1 symmetric stretching vibration. Raman bands observed at 1016, 1035, 1052, 1073, 1105 and 1135 cm���1 are attributed to the ��3 antisymmetric stretching vibrations of the HPO42��� and PO43��� units. Complexity in the spectra of the phosphate bending region is observed. The broad Raman band at 3272 cm���1 is assigned to the water stretching vibration. Vibrational spectroscopy enables aspects on the molecular structure of rimkorolgite to be undertaken.

Gravity-induced coronal plane joint moments in the adolescent scoliotic spine

INTRODUCTION Calculating segmental (vertebral level-by-level) torso masses in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) patients allows the gravitational loading on the scoliotic spine during relaxed standing to be estimated. METHODS Existing low dose CT scans were used to calculate vertebral level-by-level torso masses and joint moments occurring in the spine for a group of female AIS patients with right-sided thoracic curves. Image processing software, ImageJ (v1.45 NIH USA) was used to reconstruct the torso segments and subsequently measure the torso volume and mass corresponding to each vertebral level. Body segment masses for the head, neck and arms were taken from published anthropometric data. Intervertebral joint moments at each vertebral level were found by summing each of the torso segment masses above the required joint and multiplying it by the perpendicular distance to the centre of the disc. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Twenty patients were included in this study with a mean age of 15.0��2.7 years and a mean Cobb angle 52��5.9��. The mean total trunk mass, as a percentage of total body mass, was 27.8 (SD 0.5) %. Mean segmental torso mass increased inferiorly from 0.6kg at T1 to 1.5kg at L5. The coronal plane joint moments during relaxed standing were typically 5-7Nm at the apex of the curve (Figure 1), with the highest apex joint of 7Nm. CT scans were performed in the supine position and curve magnitudes are known to be 7-10�� smaller than those measured in standing [1]. Therefore joint moments produced by gravity will be greater than those calculated here. CONCLUSIONS Coronal plane joint moments as high as 7Nm can occur during relaxed standing in scoliosis patients, which may help to explain the mechanics of AIS progression. The body mass distributions calculated in this study can be used to estimate joint moments derived using other imaging modalities such as MRI and subsequently determine if a relationship exists between joint moments and progressive vertebral deformity.

Using a theory of planned behaviour framework to explore hand hygiene beliefs at the ���5 critical moments��� among Australian hospital-based nurses

Background Improving hand hygiene among health care workers (HCWs) is the single most effective intervention to reduce health care associated infections in hospitals. Understanding the cognitive determinants of hand hygiene decisions for HCWs with the greatest patient contact (nurses) is essential to improve compliance. The aim of this study was to explore hospital-based nurses��� beliefs associated with performing hand hygiene guided by the World Health Organization���s (WHO) 5 critical moments. Using the belief-base framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour, we examined attitudinal, normative, and control beliefs underpinning nurses��� decisions to perform hand hygiene according to the recently implemented national guidelines. Methods Thematic content analysis of qualitative data from focus group discussions with hospital-based registered nurses from 5 wards across 3 hospitals in Queensland, Australia. Results Important advantages (protection of patient and self), disadvantages (time, hand damage), referents (supportive: patients, colleagues; unsupportive: some doctors), barriers (being too busy, emergency situations), and facilitators (accessibility of sinks/products, training, reminders) were identified. There was some equivocation regarding the relative importance of hand washing following contact with patient surroundings. Conclusions The belief base of the theory of planned behaviour provided a useful framework to explore systematically the underlying beliefs of nurses��� hand hygiene decisions according to the 5 critical moments, allowing comparisons with previous belief studies. A commitment to improve nurses��� hand hygiene practice across the 5 moments should focus on individual strategies to combat distraction from other duties, peer-based initiatives to foster a sense of shared responsibility, and management-driven solutions to tackle staffing and resource issues. Hand hygiene following touching a patient���s surroundings continues to be reported as the most neglected opportunity for compliance.

Dynamic input to determine hip joint moments, power and work on the prosthetic limb of transfemoral amputees: ground reactions vs knee reactions

Study Design: Comparative analysis Background: Calculations of lower limbs kinetics are limited by floor-mounted force-plates. Objectives: Comparison of hip joint moments, power and mechanical work on the prosthetic limb of a transfemoral amputee calculated by inverse dynamics using either the ground reactions (force-plates) or knee reactions (transducer). Methods: Kinematics, ground reactions and knee reactions were collected using a motion analysis system, two force-plates and a multi-axial transducer mounted below the socket, respectively. Results: The inverse dynamics using ground reactions under-estimated the peaks of hip energy generation and absorption occurring at 63 % and 76 % of the gait cycle (GC) by 28 % and 54 %, respectively. This method over-estimated a phase of negative work at the hip (from 37 %GC to 56 %GC) by 24%. It under-estimated the phases of positive (from 57 %GC to 72 %GC) and negative (from 73 %GC to 98 %GC) work at the hip by 11 % and 58%, respectively. Conclusions: A transducer mounted within the prosthesis has the capacity to provide more realistic kinetics of the prosthetic limb because it enables assessment of multiple consecutive steps and a wide range of activities without issues of foot placement on force-plates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The hip is the only joint that an amputee controls directly to set in motion the prosthesis. Hip joint kinetics are associated with joint degeneration, low back pain, risks of fall, etc. Therefore, realistic assessment of hip kinetics over multiple gait cycles and a wide range of activities is essential.

A vibrational spectroscopic study of the silicate mineral normandite ��� NaCa(Mn2+,Fe2+)(Ti,Nb,Zr)Si2O7(O,F)2

We have studied the mineral normandite using a combination of scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. The mineral normandite NaCa(Mn2+,Fe2+)(Ti,Nb,Zr)Si2O7(O,F)2 is a crystalline sodium calcium silicate which contains rare earth elements. Chemical analysis shows the mineral contains a range of elements including Na, Mn2+, Ca, Fe2+ and the rare earth element niobium. No Raman bands are observed above 1100 cm���1. The mineral is characterised by Raman bands observed at 724, 748, 782 and 813 cm���1. Infrared bands are broad; nevertheless bands may be resolved at 723, 860, 910, 958, 933, 1057 and 1073 cm���1. Intense Raman bands at 454, 477 and 513 cm���1 are attributed to OSiO bending modes. No Raman bands are observed in the hydroxyl stretching region, but low intensity infrared bands are observed at 3191 and 3450 cm���1. This observation brings into question the true formula of the mineral.

Coachable moments: Identifying factors that influence managers to take advantage of coachable moments in day-to-day management

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence managers to take advantage of coachable moments in day-to-day management. Interviews with ten managers found that time, skills, and relationships were key factors considered by managers, but that these were considered within the context of potential ���risk��� to the manager. This paper elaborates on these findings and makes recommendations for further research into how managers consciously assess the risks associated with coaching, in order to decide whether to take advantage of an informal coaching opportunity.

Errors in the knee joint forces and moments during gait depending on the foot and knee prosthetic components

Background Previously studies showed that inverse dynamics based on motion analysis and force-plate is inaccurate compared to direct measurements for individuals with transfemoral amputation (TFA). Indeed, direct measurements can appropriately take into account the absorption at the prosthetic foot and the resistance at the prosthetic knee. [1-3] However, these studies involved only a passive prosthetic knee. Aim The objective of the present study was to investigate if different types of prosthetic feet and knees can exhibit different levels of error in the knee joint forces and moments. Method Three trials of walking at self-selected speed were analysed for 9 TFAs (7 males and 2 females, 47��9 years old, 1.76��0.1 m 79��17 kg) with a motion analysis system (Qualisys, Goteborg, Sweden), force plates (Kitsler, Winterthur, Switzerland) and a multi-axial transducer (JR3, Woodland, USA) mounted above the prosthetic knee [1-17]. TFAs were all fitted with an osseointegrated implant system. The prostheses included different type of foot (N=5) and knee (N=3) components. The root mean square errors (RMSE) between direct measurements and the knee joint forces and moments estimated by inverse dynamics were computed for stance and swing phases of gait and expressed as a percentage of the measured amplitudes. A one-way Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA was performed (Statgraphics, Levallois-Perret, France) to analyse the effects of the prosthetic components on the RMSEs. Cross-effects and post-hoc tests were not analysed in this study. Results A significant effect (*) was found for the type of prosthetic foot on anterior-posterior force during swing (p=0.016), lateral-medial force during stance (p=0.009), adduction-abduction moment during stance (p=0.038), internal-external rotation moment during stance (p=0.014) and during swing (p=0.006), and flexion-extension moment during stance (p = 0.035). A significant effect (#) was found for the type of prosthetic knee on anterior-posterior force during swing (p=0.018) and adduction-abduction moment during stance (p=0.035). Discussion & Conclusion The RMSEs were larger during swing than during stance. It is because the errors on accelerations (as derived from motion analysis) become substantial with respect to the external loads. Thus, inverse dynamics during swing should be analysed with caution because the mean RMSEs are close to 50%. Conversely, there were fewer effects of the prosthetic components on RMSE during swing than during stance and, accordingly, fewer effects due to knees than feet. Thus, inverse dynamics during stance should be used with caution for comparison of different prosthetic components.

EPR observation of phase transitions in calcium cadmium acetate hexahydrate: Using Mn2+ and Cu2+ ions as probe

Results of temperature dependence of EPR spectra of Mn2+ and Cu2+ ions doped calcium cadmium acetate hexahydrate (CaCd(CH3COO)4���6H2O) have been reported. The investigation has been carried out in the temperature range between room temperature ( 300 K) and liquid nitrogen temperature. A I-order phase transition at 146 �� 0.5 K has been confirmed. In addition a new II-order phase transition at 128 �� 1 K has been detected for the first time. There is evidence of large amplitude hindered rotations of CH3 groups which become frozen at 128 K. The incorporation of Cu2+ and Mn2+ probes at Ca2+ and Cd2+ sites respectively provide evidence that the phase transitions are caused by the molecular rearrangements of the common coordinating acetate groups between Ca2+ and Cd2+ sites. In contradiction to the previous reports of a change of symmetry from tetragonal to orthorhombic below 140 K, the symmetry of the host is concluded to remain tetragonal in all the three observed phases between room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature.

The dipole moments and molecular structure of substituted acetamides

Thioacetamide has a dipole moment substantially higher than the vector sum of the normal characteristic moments of its constituent bonds. However, the effect can reasonably be accounted for on the scheme of alterations in charge distribution and hence of bond moments proposed by Smith, Ree, Magee and Eyring. The same is probably true for chloroacetamide even though the problem of rotation about the C-C single bond renders the conclusion less certain. For cyanoacetamide, the observed moment cannot be accounted for satisfactorily on this basis.

Gluon-field contribution in QCD sum rules for the magnetic moments of the nucleons

The Wilson coefficient corresponding to the gluon-field strength G����G���� is evaluated for the nucleon current correlation function in the presence of a static external electromagnetic field, using a regulator mass �� to separate the high-momentum part of the Feynman diagrams. The magnetic-moment sum rules are analyzed by two different methods and the sensitivity of the results to variations in �� are discussed.

Exciting Moments - Reval Hotels ja mainonnan merkitykset

Pro gradu ty��ni k��sittelee virolaisia mainoksia ja niiden kohderyhmi��. Tutkimusaihe on erityisen mielenkiintoinen, sill�� virolaisesta mainonnasta on tehty kansainv��lisell�� tasolla varsin v��h��n tutkimuksia. Halusin pro gradu -ty��ss��ni selvitt����, mit�� analysoimillani mainoksilla halutaan viesti��, kenelle ne suunnataan sek�� millaisin kielellisin ja kuvallisin keinoin niit�� tuotetaan. K��ytin tutkimuksen materiaalina kuutta Reval Hotels ketjun mainosta, jotka ovat ilmestyneet viron- ja/tai englanninkielisin�� viimeisen kahden vuoden aikana lehdiss��, esitteiss�� tai hotellissa p��yt��- tai sein��mainoksina. Tutkimukseni teoreettinen viitekehys perustui kolmeen erilaiseen n��k��kulmaan: mainostekstien tutkimukseen, semiotiikkaan sek�� Pierre Bourdieun teoriaan symbolisesta p����omasta ja sosiaalisten luokkien eroista. Sosiologisen n��k��kulman k��ytt�� oli perusteltua erityisesti sen uutuusarvon vuoksi, sill�� Bourdieun teoriaa ei ole aikaisemmin hy��dynnetty virolaisten mainosten tutkimuksessa. Mainosten kuvien ja tekstien analyysi osoitti, ett�� mainokset olivat rakenteellisesti oikeaoppisesti laadittuja. Mainoksista l��ytyi lukuisia symbolisen p����oman elementtej��, kuten englannin kieli, raha, aika, tehokkuus ja eurooppalaisuus. Mainokset olivat samalla varsin konservatiivisia ja yll��tyksett��mi��. Materiaalin joukosta erottui kuitenkin yksi mainos, jolla rikottiin perinteisen mainostamisen kaavaa ja josta avautui paljon erilaisia merkityksi��. Johtop����t��ksen�� voitiin muun muassa todeta, ett�� Reval Hotels voi markkinointistrategiaansa kehitt��m��ll�� hankkia itselleen uusia tuottavia kohderyhmi��. Pro gradu ty��t��ni voi my��hemmin laajentaa esimerkiksi vertailevaksi jatkotutkimukseksi, jossa tarkastellaan useampien Virossa toimivien hotellien mainontaa.

Moments of flux in intermediary liability for copyright infringement

This chapter provides an overview of a recent shift in regulatory strategies to address copyright infringement toward enlisting the assistance of general purpose Internet Service Providers. In Australia, the High Court held in 2012 that iiNet, a general purpose ISP, had no legal duty to police what its subscribers did with their internet connections. We provide an overview of three recent developments in Australian copyright law since that decision that demonstrate an emerging shift in the way that obligations are imposed on ISPs to govern the actions of their users without relying on secondary liability. The first is a new privately negotiated industry code that introduces a 'graduated response' system that requires ISPs to pass on warnings to subscribers who receive allegations of infringement. The second involves a recent series of Federal Court cases where rightsholders made a partially successful application to require ISPs to hand over the identifying details of subscribers whose households are alleged to have infringed copyright. The third is a new legislative scheme that will require ISPs to block access to foreign websites that 'facilitate' infringement. We argue that these shifts represent a greater sophistication in approaches to enrolling general purpose intermediaries in the regulatory project. We also suggest that these shifts represent a potentially disturbing trend towards enforcement of copyright law in a way that does not provide strong safeguards for the legitimate constitutional due process interests of users. We conclude with a call for greater attention and research to better understand how intermediaries make decisions when governing the conduct of users, how those decisions may be influenced by both state and non-state actors, and how the rights of individuals to due process can be adequately protected.

Determination of baryon magnetic moments from QCD sum rules

The magnetic moment ��B of a baryon B with quark content (aab) is written as ��B=4ea(1+��B)e��/2cMB, where ea is the charge of the quark of flavor type a. The experimental values of ��B have a simple pattern and have a natural explanation within QCD. Using the ratio method, the QCD sum rules are analyzed and the values of ��B are computed. We find good agreement with data (���10%) for the nucleons and the �� multiplet while for the cascade the agreement is not as good. In our analysis we have incorporated additional terms in the operator-product expansion as compared to previous authors. We also clarify some points of disagreement between the previous authors. External-field-induced correlations describing the magnetic properties of the vacuum are estimated from the baryon magnetic-moment sum rules themselves as well as by independent spectral representations and the results are contrasted.