503 resultados para METODOS GRAFICOS


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Resumen basado en el de la publicación

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Nesse trabalho apresentamos algoritmos adaptativos do M´etodo do Res´ıduo M´ınimo Generalizado (GMRES) [Saad e Schultz, 1986], um m´etodo iterativo para resolver sistemas de equa¸c˜oes lineares com matrizes n˜ao sim´etricas e esparsas, o qual baseia-se nos m´etodos de proje¸c˜ao ortogonal sobre um subespa¸co de Krylov. O GMRES apresenta uma vers˜ao reinicializada, denotada por GMRES(m), tamb´em proposta por [Saad e Schultz, 1986], com o intuito de permitir a utiliza¸c˜ao do m´etodo para resolver grandes sistemas de n equa¸c˜oes, sendo n a dimens˜ao da matriz dos coeficientes do sistema, j´a que a vers˜ao n˜ao-reinicializada (“Full-GMRES”) apresenta um gasto de mem´oria proporcional a n2 e de n´umero de opera¸c˜oes de ponto-flutuante proporcional a n3, no pior caso. No entanto, escolher um valor apropriado para m ´e dif´ıcil, sendo m a dimens˜ao da base do subespa¸co de Krylov, visto que dependendo do valor do m podemos obter a estagna¸c˜ao ou uma r´apida convergˆencia. Dessa forma, nesse trabalho, acrescentamos ao GMRES(m) e algumas de suas variantes um crit´erio que tem por objetivo escolher, adequadamente, a dimens˜ao, m da base do subespa¸co de Krylov para o problema o qual deseja-se resolver, visando assim uma mais r´apida, e poss´ıvel, convergˆencia. Aproximadamente duas centenas de experimentos foram realizados utilizando as matrizes da Cole¸c˜ao Harwell-Boeing [MCSD/ITL/NIST, 2003], que foram utilizados para mostrar o comportamento dos algoritmos adaptativos. Foram obtidos resultados muito bons; isso poder´a ser constatado atrav´es da an´alise das tabelas e tamb´em da observa ¸c˜ao dos gr´aficos expostos ao longo desse trabalho.

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Two-level factorial designs are widely used in industrial experimentation. However, many factors in such a design require a large number of runs to perform the experiment, and too many replications of the treatments may not be feasible, considering limitations of resources and of time, making it expensive. In these cases, unreplicated designs are used. But, with only one replicate, there is no internal estimate of experimental error to make judgments about the significance of the observed efects. One of the possible solutions for this problem is to use normal plots or half-normal plots of the efects. Many experimenters use the normal plot, while others prefer the half-normal plot and, often, for both cases, without justification. The controversy about the use of these two graphical techniques motivates this work, once there is no register of formal procedure or statistical test that indicates \which one is best". The choice between the two plots seems to be a subjective issue. The central objective of this master's thesis is, then, to perform an experimental comparative study of the normal plot and half-normal plot in the context of the analysis of the 2k unreplicated factorial experiments. This study involves the construction of simulated scenarios, in which the graphics performance to detect significant efects and to identify outliers is evaluated in order to verify the following questions: Can be a plot better than other? In which situations? What kind of information does a plot increase to the analysis of the experiment that might complement those provided by the other plot? What are the restrictions on the use of graphics? Herewith, this work intends to confront these two techniques; to examine them simultaneously in order to identify similarities, diferences or relationships that contribute to the construction of a theoretical reference to justify or to aid in the experimenter's decision about which of the two graphical techniques to use and the reason for this use. The simulation results show that the half-normal plot is better to assist in the judgement of the efects, while the normal plot is recommended to detect outliers in the data

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Incluye Bibliografía

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Incluye Bibliografía

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Apéndice en inglés contiene instrucciones para el registro de estudios de efectividad de uso de anticonceptivos. Documento disponible en inglés (100.01)

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Incluye Bibliografía

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