Different routes to pure food allergens: extraction, recombinant techniques and total chemical synthesis for obtaining the plant-food pan-allergen LTP

La richiesta di allergeni puri è in continuo aumento per scopi diagnostici, come standard per metodi di rilevamento e di quantificazione, per l'immunoterapia e per lo studio a livello molecolare dei meccanismi delle reazioni allergiche, al fine di facilitare lo sviluppo di possibili cure. In questa tesi di dottorato sono descritte diverse strategie per l’ottenimento di forme pure di non-specific Lipid Transfer Proteins (nsLTPs), le quali sono state riconosciute essere rilevanti allergeni alimentari in molti frutti e verdure comunemente consumati e sono state definite come modello di veri allergeni alimentari. Una LTP potenzialmente allergenica, non nota in precedenza, è stata isolata dalle mandorle, mentre una LTP dall’allergenicità nota contenuta nelle noci è stata prodotta mediante tecniche di DNA ricombinante. Oltre a questi approcci classici, metodi per la sintesi chimica totale di proteine sono stati applicati per la prima volta alla produzione di un allergene, utilizzando Pru p 3, la LTP prototipica e principale allergene della pesca nell'area mediterranea, come modello. La sintesi chimica totale di proteinepermette di controllarne completamente la sequenza e di studiare la loro funzione a livello atomico. La sua applicazione alla produzione di allergeni costituisce perciò un importante passo avanti nel campo della ricerca sulle allergie alimentari. La proteina Pru p 3 è stata prodotta nella sua intera lunghezza e sono necessari solo due passaggi finali di deprotezione per ottenere il target nella sua forma nativa. Le condizioni sperimentali per tali deprotezioni sono state messe a punto durante la produzione dei peptidi sPru p 3 (1-37) e sPru p 3 (38-91), componenti insieme l'intera proteina. Tecniche avanzate di spettrometria di massa sono state usate per caratterizzare tutti i composti ottenuti, mentre la loro allergenicità è stata studiata attraverso test immunologici o approcci in silico.

Shock anafiláctico con manzana: síndrome LTP

Presentamos el caso de una paciente atendida en urgencias del centro de salud por un cuadro clínico de shock anafiláctico desencadenado tras la ingesta de manzana y realización posterior de ejercicio físico. En alergia a alimentos, hay que tener presente que en algunas personas es necesaria la presencia de determinados cofactores como el ejercicio físico o la ingesta de determinados fármacos como los AINEs para que suceda una reacción alérgica. Se sospecha que el mecanismo responsable consiste en que aceleren la absorción del alimento en el intestino y así lleguen a modular la severidad de los síntomas. Por este motivo cuando las LTP (proteína de transferencia de lípidos) están implicadas, si los cofactores no se detectan y previenen, pueden representar un serio riesgo para el desarrollo de episodios de anafilaxia severos o fatales.

Myosin light chain kinase regulates synaptic plasticity and fear learning in the lateral amygdala

Learning and memory depend on signaling mole- cules that affect synaptic efficacy. The cytoskeleton has been implicated in regulating synaptic transmission but its role in learning and memory is poorly understood. Fear learning depends on plasticity in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. We therefore examined whether the cytoskeletal-regulatory protein, myosin light chain kinase, might contribute to fear learning in the rat lateral amygdala. Microinjection of ML-7, a specific inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase, into the lateral nucleus of the amygdala before fear conditioning, but not immediately afterward, enhanced both short-term memory and long-term memory, suggesting that myosin light chain kinase is involved specifically in memory acquisition rather than in posttraining consolidation of memory. Myosin light chain kinase inhibitor had no effect on memory retrieval. Furthermore, ML-7 had no effect on behavior when the train- ing stimuli were presented in a non-associative manner. An- atomical studies showed that myosin light chain kinase is present in cells throughout lateral nucleus of the amygdala and is localized to dendritic shafts and spines that are postsynaptic to the projections from the auditory thalamus to lateral nucleus of the amygdala, a pathway specifically impli- cated in fear learning. Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase enhanced long-term potentiation, a physiological model of learning, in the auditory thalamic pathway to the lateral nu- cleus of the amygdala. When ML-7 was applied without as- sociative tetanic stimulation it had no effect on synaptic responses in lateral nucleus of the amygdala. Thus, myosin light chain kinase activity in lateral nucleus of the amygdala appears to normally suppress synaptic plasticity in the cir- cuits underlying fear learning, suggesting that myosin light chain kinase may help prevent the acquisition of irrelevant fears. Impairment of this mechanism could contribute to pathological fear learning.

Paradoxical enhancement of fear extinction memory and synaptic plasticity by inhibition of the histone acetyltransferase p300

It is well established that the coordinated regulation of activity-dependent gene expression by the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) family of transcriptional coactivators is crucial for the formation of contextual fear and spatial memory, and for hippocampal synaptic plasticity. However, no studies have examined the role of this epigenetic mechanism within the infralimbic prefrontal cortex (ILPFC), an area of the brain that is essential for the formation and consolidation of fear extinction memory. Here we report that a postextinction training infusion of a combined p300/CBP inhibitor (Lys-CoA-Tat), directly into the ILPFC, enhances fear extinction memory in mice. Our results also demonstrate that the HAT p300 is highly expressed within pyramidal neurons of the ILPFC and that the small-molecule p300-specific inhibitor (C646) infused into the ILPFC immediately after weak extinction training enhances the consolidation of fear extinction memory. C646 infused 6 h after extinction had no effect on fear extinction memory, nor did an immediate postextinction training infusion into the prelimbic prefrontal cortex. Consistent with the behavioral findings, inhibition of p300 activity within the ILPFC facilitated long-term potentiation (LTP) under stimulation conditions that do not evoke long-lasting LTP. These data suggest that one function of p300 activity within the ILPFC is to constrain synaptic plasticity, and that a reduction in the function of this HAT is required for the formation of fear extinction memory.

Liver transplantation in children: Experience with the development of an Australian pilot programme. The Queensland Liver Transplantation Programme

Children with end-stage liver disease now form a major sub-group of patients considered suitable for liver transplantation (ltp), and enjoy better survival statistics after transplantation than do adults. Since June 1984, a paediatric ltp programme has been developed in Brisbane with an initial working relationship and ongoing close links with two USA centres (Pittsburgh, and the UCLA Medical Center). Fourteen children with end-stage liver disease have been referred to the Queensland Liver Transplantation Programme for formal assessment. Following frank, informed discussion with their parents, 10 of these children were offered the option of ltp. During the transition stage, two infants with biliary atresia were referred to UCLA at their parents' request and, subsequently, eight children aged from 9 months to 6 years have been placed on a transplant candidacy list in Brisbane. A donor procurement team with access to a Queensland Government jet has been available to cover all mainland States except Western Australia. Six of the children have now had orthotopic ltp (two children at the UCLA Medical Center; four children at the Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane). One UCLA patient died with a non-functioning graft, and one Brisbane patient died 5 weeks post-transplant with rejection, hepatic artery thrombosis and sepsis. The other four children are alive and well, three with normal liver function and one with unexplained intrahepatic cholestasis, during the 1-20 month follow-up to date. Three further children have died of their liver disease without a donor of an appropriate blood group and size being found, and one patient still awaits a suitable donor. The experience of these authors suggests that ltp is a major advance in the treatment of paediatric liver disease, and that the procedure can be carried out successfully in Australia with initial results comparable with leading overseas centres. The procedure requires the full array of services of a major paediatric tertiary care facility, an intensive team effort with awareness of the special needs of children, and a widespread procurement capability. A major problem for Australia is the procurement of sufficient numbers of optimal paediatric donor livers.

Heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM) in activity-dependent neuronal plasticity in hippocampus

Cell adhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules play a significant role in neuronal plasticity both during development and in the adult. Plastic changes in which ECM components are implicated may underlie important nervous system functions, such as memory formation and learning. Heparin-binding growthassociated molecule (HB-GAM, also known as pleiotrophin), is an ECM protein involved in neurite outgrowth, axonal guidance and synaptogenesis during perinatal period. In the adult brain HB-GAM expression is restricted to the regions which display pronounced synaptic plasticity (e.g., hippocampal CA3-CA1 areas, cerebral cortex laminae II-IV, olfactory bulb). Expression of HB-GAM is regulated in an activity-dependent manner and is also induced in response to neuronal injury. In this work mutant mice were used to study the in vivo function of HB-GAM and its receptor syndecan-3 in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and in hippocampus-dependent behavioral tasks. Phenotypic analysis of HBGAM null mutants and mice overexpressing HB-GAM revealed that opposite genetic manipulations result in reverse changes in synaptic plasticity as well as behavior in the mutants. Electrophysiological recordings showed that mice lacking HB-GAM have an increased level of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the area CA1 of hippocampus and impaired spatial learning, whereas animals with enhanced level of HB-GAM expression have attenuated LTP, but outperformed their wild-type controls in spatial learning. It was also found that GABA(A) receptor-mediated synaptic transmission is altered in the transgenic mice overexpressing HB-GAM. The results suggest that these animals have accentuated hippocampal GABAergic inhibition, which may contribute to the altered glutamatergic synaptic plasticity. Structural studies of HB-GAM demonstrated that this protein belongs to the thrombospondin type I repeat (TSR) superfamily and contains two β-sheet domains connected by a flexible linker. It was found that didomain structure is necessary for biological activity of HB-GAM and electrophysiological phenotype displayed by the HB-GAM mutants. The individual domains displayed weaker binding to heparan sulfate and failed to promote neurite outgrowth as well as affect hippocampal LTP. Effects of HB-GAM on hippocampal synaptic plasticity are believed to be mediated by one of its (co-)receptor molecules, namely syndecan-3. In support of that, HB-GAM did not attenuate LTP in mice deficient in syndecan-3 as it did in wild-type controls. In addition, syndecan-3 knockout mice displayed electrophysiological and behavioral phenotype similar to that of HB-GAM knockouts (i.e. enhanced LTP and impaired learning in Morris water-maze). Thus HB-GAM and syndecan-3 are important modulators of synaptic plasticity in hippocampus and play a role in regulation of learning-related behavior.

Costs and Benefits of a Shared Digital Long-Term Preservation System

This paper describes the cost-benefit analysis of digital long-term preservation (LTP) that was carried out in the context of the Finnish National Digital Library Project (NDL) in 2010. The analysis was based on the assumption that as many as 200 archives, libraries, and museums will share an LTP system. The term ‘system’ shall be understood as encompassing not only information technology, but also human resources, organizational structures, policies and funding mechanisms. The cost analysis shows that an LTP system will incur, over the first 12 years, cumulative costs of €42 million, i.e. an average of €3.5 million per annum. Human resources and investments in information technology are the major cost factors. After the initial stages, the analysis predicts annual costs of circa €4 million. The analysis compared scenarios with and without a shared LTP system. The results indicate that a shared system will have remarkable benefits. At the development and implementation stages, a shared system shows an advantage of €30 million against the alternative scenario consisting of five independent LTP solutions. During the later stages, the advantage is estimated at €10 million per annum. The cumulative cost benefit over the first 12 years would amount to circa €100 million.

Depression biased non-Hebbian spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity in the rat subiculum

The subiculum is a structure that forms a bridge between the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex (EC), and plays a major role in the memory consolidation process. Here, we demonstrate spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) at the proximal excitatory inputs on the subicular pyramidal neurons of juvenile rat. Causal (positive) pairing of a single EPSP with a single back-propagating action potential (bAP) after a time interval of 10 ms (+10 ms) failed to induce plasticity. However, increasing the number of bAPs in a burst to three, at two different frequencies of 50 Hz (bAP burst) and 150 Hz, induced long-term depression (LTD) after a time interval of +10 ms in both the regular-firing (RF), and the weak burst firing (WBF) neurons. The LTD amplitude decreased with increasing time interval between the EPSP and the bAP burst. Reversing the order of the pairing of the EPSP and the bAP burst induced LTP at a time interval of -10 ms. This finding is in contrast with reports at other synapses, wherein prebefore postsynaptic (causal) pairing induced LTP and vice versa. Our results reaffirm the earlier observations that the relative timing of the pre- and postsynaptic activities can lead to multiple types of plasticity profiles. The induction of timing-dependent LTD (t-LTD) was dependent on postsynaptic calcium change via NMDA receptors in the WBF neurons, while it was independent of postsynaptic calcium change, but required active L-type calcium channels in the RF neurons. Thus the mechanism of synaptic plasticity may vary within a hippocampal subfield depending on the postsynaptic neuron involved. This study also reports a novel mechanism of LTD induction, where L-type calcium channels are involved in a presynaptically induced synaptic plasticity. The findings may have strong implications in the memory consolidation process owing to the central role of the subiculum and LTD in this process.

Malnutrição protéica e desenvolvimento hipocampal: estudo das implicações sobre memória/aprendizado e avaliação da distribuição da Óxido Nítrico Sintase

A nutrição inadequada é um dos principais fatores não-genéticos que afetam o desenvolvimento do encéfalo. O hipocampo é uma estrutura bastante sensível a alterações no aporte nutricional durante o desenvolvimento. No hipocampo a óxido nítrico sintase (ONS) é uma enzima altamente expressa e o óxido nítrico (ON) já foi apontado como tendo papel fundamental na potenciação de longa duração (LTP) e depressão de longa duração (LTD), responsáveis pelo processo de memória e aprendizado. Neste trabalho estudamos o efeito da malnutrição no comportamento associado à memória e aprendizado e na distribuição da ONS, através da técnica da nicotinamida adenina dinucleotídeo fosfato diaforase (NADPH-d). O presente trabalho foi aprovado pelo COMITÊ DE ÉTICA (CEA/055/2009). Foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos, divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (GC) e grupo malnutrido (GM). A malnutrição se deu através da administração, para a mãe, de uma ração com 0% de proteína durante os 10 primeiros dias de lactação, iniciando-se no dia do nascimento dos filhotes. O GC recebeu ração comercial (22% de proteína). Os encéfalos foram processados histologicamente nas idades de P10, P20, P30, P45 e P90 (n=5 para cada idade e grupo estudado), sendo então realizada a histoquímica da NADPH-d para avaliar a distribuição da ONS. A avaliação dos comportamentos associados à ansiedade foi realizada através do labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE), o comportamento associados à busca por novos estímulos foi medida através do campo vazado (CV) e a memória/aprendizado foi avaliada através do labirinto aquático radial de 8 braços (LAROB) em animais P40 (n=10 para cada grupo) e P90 (n=11 para cada grupo). No GM em P10 observamos maior densidade de células NADPHd+ no giro denteado. Em P20, a marcação para NADPH-d no GM foi menor e esse padrão foi mantido em P30 e P45. No GM em P90 não observamos efeitos da dieta. Em P10, no GM observamos menor número de corpos marcados no stratum pyramidale (SPy). Em P20 o SPy encontrava-se intensamente marcado em ambos os grupos. Em P30 GM observamos maior número de células marcadas no SPy. Entretanto em P45, ambos os grupos apresentaram poucos corpos marcados. Em P90, o GM apresentou mais células marcadas no SPy. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis analisadas para o LCE. O GM em P90 explora maior número de orifícios, tanto na periferia (F=8,1; gl=1; P=0,014) quanto no número total (F=7,5; gl=1; P=0,017). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para as variáveis analisadas no CV em P40. No teste de memória/aprendizagem foram observadas diferenças significativas entre o GM e o GC na latência de escape no 1 dia de testes em P90 (F=5,2; gl=1; P=0,033), com o GM apresentando melhor desempenho quando comparado ao GC. Esses valores podem ser explicados pela redução da latência para encontrar a plataforma de escape no GM. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no LAROB em P40. Nossos resultados demonstram que a malnutrição protéica restrita aos 10 primeiros dias da lactação altera a distribuição da NADPH-d no hipocampo. A malnutrição afetou o comportamento dos animais em P40. Por outro lado, em P90 os primeiro dia de teste, sugerindo que o efeito observado está mais associado à novidade do ambiente de teste.

特异突触可塑性干扰肽在小鼠吗啡条件化位置偏爱表达过程中的作用

在作为成瘾检测手段的条件化位置偏爱模型中,环境背景和成瘾药物间的关联性学习起着关键的作用.突触可塑性作为学习记忆可能的物质基础,在药物成瘾方面的研究也越来越多,但其表现形式,长时程增强(LTP)或者长时程抑制(LTD)在成瘾过程中所发挥的具体作用尚不得而知.因此,本文利用生物信息学手段,设计并合成了旨在分别阻断LTP和LTD的干扰肽,研究其对小鼠吗啡条件化位置偏爱的影响.结果发现,干扰肽Pep-A2和Pep-A3能够分别特异地阻断海马CA1区的LTP和LTD,在测试前尾静脉注射具有穿膜特性的LTP/LTD特异性干扰肽(Tat-A2/Tat-A3),均能阻断或损伤吗啡诱导的条件化位置偏爱的表达.此发现提示我们,LTP和LTD在成瘾性异常记忆的过程中均发挥着重要的作用.

The stress experience dependent long-term depression disassociated with stress effect on spatial memory task

Behavioral stress can either block or facilitate memory and affect the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). However, the relevance of the stress experience-dependent long-term depression (SLTD) to spatial memory task is unknown. Here we have investigated the effects of acute and sub-acute elevated platform (EP) and foot shock (FS) stress on LTD induction in CA1 region of the hippocampus of anesthetized rats and spatial memory in Morris water maze. We found that LTD was facilitated by acute EP stress, but not by sub-acute EP stress that may be due to the fast adaptation of the animals to this naturalistic mild stress. However, FS stress, an inadaptable strong stress, facilitated LTD induction both in acute and sub-acute treatment. In addition, with the same stress protocols, acute EP stress impaired spatial memory but the sub-acute EP stressed animals performed the spatial memory task as well as the controls, may due to the same reason of adaptation. However, acute FS stress slightly impaired learning but sub-acute FS even enhanced memory retrieval. Our results showed that SLTD was disassociated with the effect of stress on memory task but might be related to stress experience-dependent form of aberrant memory. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. and the Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.

Stress-facilitated LTD induces output plasticity through a synchronized-spikes and spontaneous unitary discharges the CA1 region of the hippocampus

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) of the excitatory synaptic inputs plasticity in the hippocampus is believed to underlie certain types of learning and memory. Especially, stressful experiences, well known to produce long-lasting strong memories of the event themselves, enable LTD by low frequency stimulation (LFS, 3 Hz) but block LTP induction by high frequency stimulation (HFS, 200 Hz). However, it is unknown whether stress-affected synaptic plasticity has an impact on the output plasticity. Thus, we have simultaneously studied the effects of stress on synaptic plasticity and neuronal output in the hippocampal CA1 region of anesthetized Wistar rats. Our results revealed that stress increased basal power spectrum of the evoked synchronized-spikes and enabled LTD induction by LFS. The induction of stress-facilitated LTD but not LFS induced persistent decreases of the power spectrum of the synchronized-spikes and the frequency of the spontaneous unitary discharges; However, HFS induced UP in non-stressed animals and increased the power spectrum of the synchronized-spikes, without affecting the frequency of the spontaneous unitary discharges, but HFS failed to induce UP in stressed animals without affecting the power spectrum of the synchronized-spikes and the frequency of the spontaneous unitary discharges. These observations that stress-facilitated LTD induces the output plasticity through the synchronized-spikes and spontaneous unitary discharges suggest that these types of stress-related plasticity may play significant roles in distribution, amplification and integration of encoded information to other brain structures under stressful conditions. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and The Japan Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.

在体大鼠海马Schaffer-CA1条件化双通路与海马组合突触可塑性

在戊巴比妥钠麻醉的Sprague-Dawley大鼠上,运用海马Schaffer-CA1双通路条件化作用(低频配对,600对脉冲,5Hz,配对刺激相应的兴奋性突触后电位峰值时间间隔为10ms)在两条Schaffer-CA1条件化通路上同时诱导出突触可塑性,呈现出海马组合突触可塑性.结果显示:不管海马Schaffer-CA1双通路独立与否,双通路条件化作用均可以同时诱导出长时程增强(long-term potentiation,LTP)和长时程抑制(long-term depression,LTD),呈现出LTP/LTD组合突触可塑性.结果表明:海马Schaffer-CA1双通路技术,可实现海马突触可塑性的双向诱导,可塑性的方向取决于突触的自身状态.由此提示,与传统的高频诱导LTP低频诱导LTD相比,在海马Schaffer-CA1双通路条件化作用诱导出的组合突触可塑性可以吏好地编码海马相关的学习记忆,体现了海马突触可塑性的灵活性与稳定性.

三七总皂苷对海马CA1区长时程增强效应的影响

三七总皂苷(Panax notoginseng saponins,PNS)是从传统中药三七的根中提取的主要有效成分,具有改善血液循环、耐缺氧、改善记忆力、抗衰老等多方面的生理活性.本研究采用"盲法"全细胞膜片钳技术观察PNS对大鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元长时程增强效应(LTP)的影响,以分析其增强学习记忆功能的神经电生理机制.以断头法分离Wistar大鼠(3～4 周)海马半脑,用切片机切出400 μm厚度的海马脑片,以全细胞电压钳制方式记录CA1区锥体细胞的兴奋性突触后电流(EPSCs),给予高频刺激HFS(100 Hz)诱导LTP,分析PNS对大鼠海马CA1区EPSCs和LTP的影响.结果表明,PNS(0.1～0.4 g·L-1)能显著抑制EPSCs(P＜0.05),且对海马CA1区LTP无易化作用;但PNS(0.04～0.05 g·L-1)不影响CA1区的EPSCs基础突触传递(P＞0.05),却可以增强HFS诱发的LTP(P＜0.05).上述结果提示,PNS(0.04～0.05 g·L-1)能易化海马CA1区锥体神经元的长时程增强效应,该作用应是其增进学习记忆力的神经电生理机制.

应激和学习对突触效能的调控机制

简要地介绍了应激、学习对突触可塑性(LTP/LTD)的影响的一些主要实验结果。探讨突触可塑性在神经信息储存中的作用。