Neutron Diffraction Study of Liquid N-Methylformamide Using EPSR Simulation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ocean freight, shipbuilding costs and charter rates: recent trends

This issue of the Bulletin provides a brief overview of the maritime transport industry in Latin America and the Caribbean, with a focus on the behaviour of freight rates and the costs associated with chartering and shipbuilding, all of which increased sharply in 2003. Three separate markets will be analysed: 1) the containerized general cargo market; 2) the dry bulk cargo market and 3) the liquid bulk (crude oil and oil products) market. This study has incorporated contributions made by professional experts in the field and institutions associated with ports and maritime transport in the region, received subsequent to the study prepared and disseminated in January 2004.

Chile: Port congestion and efficient rationing in cargo transfer operations

Includes bibliography.

Structure and dynamics of ionic liquid,electrode interfaces

In the early 20th century, Gouy, Chapman, and Stern developed a theory to describe the capacitance and the spatial ion distribution of diluted electrolytes near an electrode. After a century of research, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the electrolyte/electrode interface. However, its molecular-scale structure and its variation with an applied potential is still under debate. In particular for room-temperature ionic liquids, a new class of solventless electrolytes, the classical theories for the electrical double layer are not applicable. Recently, molecular dynamics simulations and phenomenological theories have attempted to explain the capacitance of the ionic liquid/electrode interface with the molecular-scale structure and dynamics of the ionic liquid near the electrode. rnHowever, experimental evidence is very limited. rnrnIn the presented study, the ion distribution of an ionic liquid near an electrode and its response to applied potentials was examined with sub-molecular resolution. For this purpose, a new sample chamber was constructed, allowing in situ high energy X-ray reflectivity experiments under potential control, as well as impedance spectroscopy measurements. The combination of structural information and electrochmical data provided a comprehensive picture of the electric double layer in ionic liquids. Oscillatory charge density profiles were found, consisting of alternating anion- and cation-enriched layers at both, cathodic and anodic, potentials. This structure was shown to arise from the same ion-ion correlations dominating the liquid bulk structure that were observed as a distinct X-ray diffraction peak. Therefore, existing physically motivated models were refined and verified by comparison with independent measurements. rnrnThe relaxation dynamics of the interfacial structure upon potential variation were studied by time resolved X-ray reflectivity experiments with sub-millisecond resolution. The observed relaxation times during charging/discharging are consistent with the impedance spectroscopy data revealing three processes of vastly different characteristic time-scales. Initially, the ion transport normal to the interface happens on a millisecond-scale. Another 100-millisecond-scale process is associated with molecular reorientation of electrode-adsorbed cations. Further, a minute-scale relaxation was observed, which is tentatively assigned to lateral ordering within the first layer.

Automação portuária e segurança do trabalho.

Este trabalho objetiva contribuir ao estudo da automação portuária e sua influência na evolução dos acidentes do trabalho. A automação - sobrepondo-se à mecanização - desloca o homem no trabalho e do trabalho. Na contextualização fundamentam-se em retrospectiva e perspectiva aspectos do trabalho humano, da automação e fatores que configuram a atual complexidade do meio ambiente do trabalho portuário. A análise relaciona ocorrências aos processos de movimentação em porto das principais modalidades de cargas: granéis sólidos, granéis líquidos, contêineres e carga geral, apresentados na proposta METARAP - Metodologia de uso da Automação para a Redução de Acidentes Portuários. Para quantificar e permitir uma discussão sustentada utilizou-se dados de atividades dos TPAs -Trabalhadores Portuários Avulsos no Porto de Santos, no período 2009-2014, no qual foram aplicados mais de 30 milhões de homens hora de trabalho. Pelo conhecimento dos acidentes ocorridos, constatou-se redução de 53,97% na taxa de frequência e de 39,45% na taxa de gravidade, calculados por milhão de horas de exposição ao risco. São fatores referenciais da efetividade das ações desenvolvidas nesse sítio. Discute-se a importância da Segurança do Trabalho; o Meio Ambiente do Trabalho num contexto de progressiva automação de processos de produção; a importância de novas tecnologias e potencial para alcançar e consolidar sistemas ultra seguros em terminais e portos; e a ação efetiva da gestão e equipes de segurança do trabalho e da conscientização do trabalhador. Adicionalmente indicamse possibilidades de continuidade dos estudos.

Prediction of bubble growth rates and departure volumes in nucleate boiling at isolated sites

A model has been developed to predict heat transfer rates and sizes of bubbles generated during nucleate pool boiling. This model assumes conduction and a natural convective heat transfer mechanism through the liquid layer under the bubble and transient conduction from the bulk liquid. The temperature of the bulk liquid in the vicinity of the bubble is obtained by assuming a turbulent natural convection process from the hot plate to the liquid bulk. The shape of the bubble is obtained by equilibrium analysis. The bubble departure condition is predicted by a force balance equation. Good agreement has been found between the bubble radii predicted by the present theory and the ones obtained experimentally.

Development of a classical force field for the oxidized Si surface: application to hydrophilic wafer bonding.

We have developed a classical two- and three-body interaction potential to simulate the hydroxylated, natively oxidized Si surface in contact with water solutions, based on the combination and extension of the Stillinger-Weber potential and of a potential originally developed to simulate SiO(2) polymorphs. The potential parameters are chosen to reproduce the structure, charge distribution, tensile surface stress, and interactions with single water molecules of a natively oxidized Si surface model previously obtained by means of accurate density functional theory simulations. We have applied the potential to the case of hydrophilic silicon wafer bonding at room temperature, revealing maximum room temperature work of adhesion values for natively oxidized and amorphous silica surfaces of 97 and 90 mJm(2), respectively, at a water adsorption coverage of approximately 1 ML. The difference arises from the stronger interaction of the natively oxidized surface with liquid water, resulting in a higher heat of immersion (203 vs 166 mJm(2)), and may be explained in terms of the more pronounced water structuring close to the surface in alternating layers of larger and smaller densities with respect to the liquid bulk. The computed force-displacement bonding curves may be a useful input for cohesive zone models where both the topographic details of the surfaces and the dependence of the attractive force on the initial surface separation and wetting can be taken into account.

Concessions and road and rail transport optimization

Includes bibliography

Os descaminhos da estrada: a organização do trabalho dos caminhoneiros no porto de Santos

Pós-graduação em Ciências Sociais - FFC

Shipping suply and demand, biennium 2008 - 2009

This edition of the FAL Bulletin analyses the performance of the shipping industry during the biennium 2008-2009 in its three main markets: containers, dry-bulk cargoes and liquid bulk (oil and its derivatives).

Analysis of energy dissipation in stirred suspension polymerisation reactors using computational fluid dynamics

This work evaluates the spatial distribution of normalised rates of droplet breakage and droplet coalescence in liquidliquid dispersions maintained in agitated tanks at operation conditions normally used to perform suspension polymerisation reactions. Particularly, simulations are performed with multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to represent the flow field in liquidliquid styrene suspension polymerisation reactors for the first time. CFD tools are used first to compute the spatial distribution of the turbulent energy dissipation rates (e) inside the reaction vessel; afterwards, normalised rates of droplet breakage and particle coalescence are computed as functions of e. Surprisingly, multiphase simulations showed that the rates of energy dissipation can be very high near the free vortex surfaces, which has been completely neglected in previous works. The obtained results indicate the existence of extremely large energy dissipation gradients inside the vessel, so that particle breakage occurs primarily in very small regions that surround the impeller and the free vortex surface, while particle coalescence takes place in the liquid bulk. As a consequence, particle breakage should be regarded as an independent source term or a boundary phenomenon. Based on the obtained results, it can be very difficult to justify the use of isotropic assumptions to formulate particle population balances in similar systems, even when multiple compartment models are used to describe the fluid dynamic behaviour of the agitated vessel. (C) 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering

Development of a procedure for the structural evaluation of superheavy load routes.

Texas Department of Transportation, Austin

Guidelines for permitting overloads. Part I: effect of overloaded vehicles on the Indiana highway network. Final report.

Indiana Department of Transportation, Indianapolis

Neuartiges Hochgeschwindigkeitsfördersystem Palettentransport

In der Intralogistik werden beim Transport von Stückgütern häufig hohe Förderleistungen benötigt. Dabei stehen für den Transport großer Massen bisher nur Systeme zur Verfügung, die einerseits nicht die notwendigen hohen Geschwindigkeiten erreichen und andererseits Zwischenstufen mit Umladeprozessen zur Überwindung von Höhenniveaus erfordern.

ESR evidence for 2 coexisting liquid phases in deeply supercooled bulk water

Using electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR), we measure the rotational mobility of probe molecules highly diluted in deeply supercooled bulk water and negligibly constrained by the possible ice fraction. The mobility increases above the putative glass transition temperature of water, T-g = 136 K, and smoothly connects to the thermodynamically stable region by traversing the so called "no man's land" (the range 150-235 K), where it is believed that the homogeneous nucleation of ice suppresses the liquid water. Two coexisting fractions of the probe molecules are evidenced. The 2 fractions exhibit different mobility and fragility; the slower one is thermally activated (low fragility) and is larger at low temperatures below a fragile-to-strong dynamic cross-over at approximate to 225 K. The reorientation of the probe molecules decouples from the viscosity below approximate to 225 K. The translational diffusion of water exhibits a corresponding decoupling at the same temperature [Chen S-H, et al. (2006) The violation of the Stokes-Einstein relation in supercooled water. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:12974-12978]. The present findings are consistent with key issues concerning both the statics and the dynamics of supercooled water, namely the large structural fluctuations [Poole PH, Sciortino F, Essmann U, Stanley HE (1992) Phase behavior of metastable water. Nature 360: 324-328] and the fragile-to-strong dynamic cross-over at approximate to 228 K [Ito K, Moynihan CT, Angell CA (1999) Thermodynamic determination of fragility in liquids and a fragile-tostrong liquid transition in water. Nature 398: 492-494].