Expression and regulation of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in human osteoarthritic cartilage and chondrocytes

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Rôle de la voie PGD2/L-PGDS dans la physiopathologie de l’arthrose

L’arthrose (OA) est la maladie articulaire la plus répandue dans le monde faisant l’objet de nombreux travaux de recherche en raison de son lourd impact socioéconomique. Plusieurs travaux dans ce domaine ont pour objectif de déterminer les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans sa physiopathologie. Plusieurs travaux ont appuyés l’implication de la prostaglandine (E2) PGE2 dans sa physiopathologie, contrairement à la prostaglandine (D2) (PGD2) dont le rôle reste à déterminer. C’est pourquoi, nous nous sommes penchés dans cette thèse à l’étude de cette dernière molécule. Dans la première partie de nos travaux, nous avons montré que la PGD2 diminue au niveau du cartilage articulaire et au niveau niveau des explants de cartilage humains, la production des métalloprotéases-1(MMP-1) et MMP-13 induites par (Interleukine-1β) l’IL-1β. Cette diminution de la production protéique est accompagnée d’une diminution de l’expression au niveau de l’ARNm, et d’une diminution de l’activité du promoteur de MMP-1 et MMP-13. Cet effet est exercé via le récepteur D prostanoïde (DP1), bien que le Chemoattractant receptor expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) soit également exprimé chez les chondrocytes humains, mais ne semble pas être impliqué dans l’effet observé. Cette action inhibitrice se fait via la voie DP1/AMPc/protéine kinase A (AMPc/PKA). Dans la suite de nos travaux, nous avons montré pour la première fois l’expression des prostaglandines D-synthases responsables de la biosynthèse de la PGD2 au niveau des chondrocytes humains par immunohistochimie, avec des niveaux d’expression de l’ARNm plus élevés de la L-PGDS au niveau du cartilage OA comparativement au cartilage normal. L’IL-1β pourrait être responsable de cette augmentation via l’activation de la voie JNK et p38 MAPK, ainsi que par la voie NF-κB. L’ensemble de ces données indiquent que la modulation des niveaux de la PGD2 au niveau de l’articulation pourrait être pourvue d’un important potentiel thérapeutique. La L-PGDS pour sa part semble avoir un rôle important dans la physiopathologie de l’OA.

Exenatide and sitagliptin decrease interleukin 1β, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and nitric oxide synthase 2 gene expression but does not reduce alveolar bone loss in rats with periodontitis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Peroxynitrite, the coupling product of nitric oxide and superoxide, activates prostaglandin biosynthesis

Peroxynitrite activates the cyclooxygenase activities of constitutive and inducible prostaglandin endoperoxide synthases by serving as a substrate for the enzymes’ peroxidase activities. Activation of purified enzyme is induced by direct addition of peroxynitrite or by in situ generation of peroxynitrite from NO coupling to superoxide anion. Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase completely inhibits cyclooxygenase activation in systems where peroxynitrite is generated in situ from superoxide. In the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7, the lipophilic superoxide dismutase-mimetic agents, Cu(II) (3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid)2, and Mn(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin dose-dependently decrease the synthesis of prostaglandins without affecting the levels of NO synthase or prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase or by inhibiting the release of arachidonic acid. These findings support the hypothesis that peroxynitrite is an important modulator of cyclooxygenase activity in inflammatory cells and establish that superoxide anion serves as a biochemical link between NO and prostaglandin biosynthesis.

Central substance P NK(1) receptors are involved in fever induced by LPS but not by IL-1 beta and CCL3/MIP-1 alpha in rats

Substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide that can modulate inflammatory mediator release through activation of NK(1) receptors (NK(1)R). Some studies have also suggested the involvement of SP in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever. However, the precise contribution of this neuropeptide to the pathways activated during fever is unknown. In this study we investigated the effect of a selective NK(1)R antagonist, SR140333B, on the febrile response induced by LPS and cytokines. Our results show that the systemic injection of SR140333B did not modify the fever induced by LPS at a dose that is able to reduce protein extravasation induced by SP in the skin. On the other hand, intracerebroventricular administration of 5R140333B significantly reduced the fever induced by peripheral injection of LPS. These data emphasize an important role for SP in the central nervous system during the febrile response to LPS, and are reinforced by the fact that intracerebroventricular injection of SP also induced fever in a dose-dependent manner in captopril-treated rats. Considering that the febrile response can result from the generation of several endogenous pyrogens, among them interleukin (IL)-1 beta and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (CCL3/MIP-1 alpha), we also examined the effect of SR140333B on the fever induced by these cytokines which act through prostaglandin-dependent and independent mechanisms, respectively. Surprisingly, SR140333B did not modify the febrile response to IL-1 beta or CCL3/MIP-1 alpha. Altogether these data suggest that the central action of SP is essential for LPS-, but not for IL-1 beta- or CCL3/MIP-1 alpha-induced fever. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Medicago truncatula as a platform for Molecular Farming: a study of the subcellular localization of a human recombinant protein!

Dissertation presented at Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia of Universidade Nova de Lisboa to obtain the Degree of Master in Biotecnology

Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of breast cancer bone metastasis for therapeutic targeting

Breast cancer that has metastasized to bone is currently an incurable disease, causing significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this thesis work was to elucidate molecular mechanisms of bone metastasis and thereby gain insights into novel therapeutic approaches. First, we found that L‐serine biosynthesis genes, phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 (PSAT1) and phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH), were up‐regulated in highly bone metastatic MDA‐MB‐231(SA) cells as compared with the parental breast cancer cell line. Knockdown of serine biosynthesis inhibited proliferation of MDA‐MB‐231(SA) cells, and L‐serine was essential for the formation of bone resorbing osteoclasts. Clinical data demonstrated that high expression of PHGDH and PSAT1 was associated with decreased relapse‐free and overall survival and with features typical of poor outcome in breast cancer. Second, RNA interference screening pointed out heparan sulfate 6‐O‐sulfotransferase 2 (HS6ST2) as a critical gene for transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β)‐induced interleukin 11 (IL‐11) production in MDA‐MB‐231(SA) cells. Exogenous heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans heparin and K5‐NSOS also inhibited TGF‐β‐induced IL‐11 production in MDA‐MB‐231(SA) cells. Furthermore, K5‐NSOS decreased osteolytic lesion area and tumor burden in bone in mice. Third, we discovered that the microRNAs miR‐204, ‐211 and ‐379 inhibited IL‐11 expression in MDA‐MB‐231(SA) cells through direct targeting of the IL‐11 mRNA. MiR‐379 also inhibited Smad‐mediated signaling. Gene expression profiling of miR‐204 and ‐379 transfected cells indicated that these microRNAs down‐regulate several bone metastasis‐relevant genes, including prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2). Taken together, this study identified three potential treatment strategies for bone metastatic breast cancer: inhibition of serine biosynthesis, heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans and restoration of miR‐204/‐211/‐379.

Role of histone methylation in the regulation of COX-2, iNOS, and mPGES-1 gene expression in human chondrocytes: Implication for Osteoarthritis

L'arthrose (OA) est une maladie articulaire dégénérative, classée comme la forme la plus fréquente au monde. Elle est caractérisée par la dégénérescence du cartilage articulaire, l’inflammation de la membrane synoviale, et le remodelage de l’os sous-chondral. Ces changements structurels et fonctionnels sont dues à de nombreux facteurs. Les cytokines, les prostaglandines (PG), et les espèces réactives de l'oxygène sont les principaux médiateurs impliqués dans la pathophysiologie de l'OA. L'interleukine-1β (IL-1β) est une cytokine pro-inflammatoire majeure qui joue un rôle crucial dans l'OA. L'IL-1β induit l'expression de la cyclooxygénase-2 (COX-2), la microsomale prostaglandine E synthase-1 (mPGES-1), la synthase inductible de l'oxyde nitrique (iNOS), ainsi que leurs produits la prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) et l'oxyde nitrique (NO). Ce sont des médiateurs essentiels de la réponse inflammatoire au cours de l'OA qui contribuent aux mécanismes des douleurs, de gonflement, et de destruction des tissus articulaires. Les modifications épigénétiques jouent un rôle très important dans la régulation de l’expression de ces gènes pro-inflammatoires. Parmi ces modifications, la méthylation/ déméthylation des histones joue un rôle critique dans la régulation des gènes. La méthylation/ déméthylation des histones est médiée par deux types d'enzymes: les histones méthyltransférases (HMT) et les histones déméthylases (HDM) qui favorisent l’activation et/ou la répression de la transcription. Il est donc nécessaire de comprendre les mécanismes moléculaires qui contrôlent l’expression des gènes de la COX-2, la mPGES-1, et l’iNOS. L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer si la méthylation/déméthylation des histones contribute à la régulation de l’expression des gènes COX-2, mPGES-1, et iNOS dans des chondrocytes OA humains induits par l'IL-1β. Nous avons montré que la méthylation de la lysine K4 de l'histone H3 (H3K4) par SET-1A contribue à l’activation des gènes COX-2 et iNOS dans les chondrocytes humains OA induite par l'IL-1β. Nous avons également montré que la lysine K9 de l’histone H3 (H3K9) est déméthylée par LSD1, et que cette déméthylation contribue à l’expression de la mPGES-1 induite par IL-1β dans les chondrocytes humains OA. Nous avons aussi trouvé que les niveaux d'expression des enzymes SET-1A et LSD1 sont élevés au niveau du cartilage OA. Nos résultats montrent, pour la première fois, l'implication de la méthylation/ déméthylation des histones dans la régulation de l’expression des gènes COX-2, mPGES-1, et iNOS. Ces données suggèrent que ces mécanismes pourraient être une cible potentielle pour une intervention pharmacologique dans le traitement de la physiopathologie de l'OA.

Estudo do mecanismo do nitrofeniletano na prostaglandina-endoperóxido sintase e relação estrutura-propriedade de nitroderivados

Estudos anteriores sugerem que o óleo essencial da Aniba canelilla contendo altos níveis de 1-nitro-2-feniletano apresenta atividade antinociceptiva, antiinflamatória e hipotensora. Um estudo teórico de correlação entre estrutura química versus atividade biológica do 1-nitro-2-feniletano e a prostaglandinaendoperóxido sintase foi realizado. Além disso, foi feita uma análise conformacional do nitrofeniletano, bem como modificações em sua estrutura química, obtendo-se derivados nitroestirenos e cinamatos, para a posterior avaliação da relação estrutura-propriedade. A análise conformacional do nitrofeniletano foi realizada usando o método DFT/B3LYP com o conjunto de base 6-31G(d) através da variação da torção do angulo dihedro entre as ligações dos carbonos C₁-C₂ ligadas aos grupos fenila e nitro, com variação de intervalos de 5°, na faixa de 0° a 180°, visando a busca dos confôrmeros de menor energia. O confôrmero de 180º do dihedro O₂N-C₁-C₂-C₆H₅ foi significativamente mais estável e isto pode ser explicado em termos do equilíbrio pela presença de sete geometrias de mais baixas energias. A análise de HOMO e LUMO mostra que os grupamentos fenila e metileno contribuem para a formação deste orbital. O cálculo de energia e determinação de propriedades eletrônicas relacionadas com o mecanismo de interação com a ciclooxigenase demonstrou boa correlação entre os grupos nitro e carboxílico, os quais podem ser classificados como bioisósteros. Os resultados das propriedades físico-químicas calculadas indicam uma maior correlação do nitrofeniletano com o ácido acetilsalicílico, podendo ter seu mecanismo de ação relacionado através de interações com a Arg-120 e Ser-530.Cálculos realizados com a guanidina protonada pelo DFT/B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) parao complexo contendo o grupo carboxilato exibem uma energia de interação mais favorável, com valor de -136,34 kcal/mol, quando comparado com a molécula contendo o grupo nitro, com valor de -12,84 kcal/mol, o que pode explicar a maior efetividade da indometacina, semelhante aos resultados biológicos. Os derivados do nitrofeniletano apresentaram uma relação estrutural com derivados de cinamatos, diferindo nas propriedades redox, o que pode favorecer o desenvolvimento de estruturas protótipo como moléculas bioativas a partir destes esqueletos moleculares.

Einfluss der Phosphorylierung durch die Casein Kinase II auf den HSP90-Chaperone-Zyklus in humanen Zellen

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine Analysenmethode auf Basis der Massenbestimmung über Elektrospray-Ionisation qualifiziert, mit der es möglich ist, den Gehalt beider in humanen Zellen vorliegenden isoformen Chaperone HSP90-alpha und HSP90-beta sowie deren Phosphorylierungsstatus in der sog. „charged linker“-Region (CLR) getrennt voneinander zu bestimmen. Die Quantifizierung dieser posttranslationalen Modifikation von HSP90 in der noch wenig untersuchten Region des Chaperons stellte eine besondere Herausforderung an das analytische Messsystem dar, da diese sich fast ausschließlich aus geladenen Aminosäuren zusammensetzt und eine hohe Sequenzhomologie der beiden Isoformen in humanen Zellen vorliegt. Mit dieser Methode ist es gelungen, sowohl die stärkere Expression beider Isoformen in Tumor-Zelllinien im Vergleich zu Nicht-Tumor-Zelllinien als auch signifikant höhere Level beider phosphorylierten Varianten in den Tumor-Zelllinien nachzuweisen. Des Weiteren konnte durch gezielte Arretierung der Tumor-Zelllinie HCT116 in der G0/G1-Phase des Zellzyklus der Nachweis erbracht werden, dass nur HSP90-alpha in diesem Ruhestadium der Zellteilung in der phosphorylierten Form vorliegt. rnDa die Phosphorylierung der CLR von HSP90 als ein Marker für die Substrataktivierung herangezogen werden kann, besteht jetzt die Möglichkeit, Auswirkungen von z. B. HSP90-Inhibitoren auf beide HSP90-Isoformen hinsichtlich ihrer Expression und Phosphorylierung durch die Casein Kinase II (CK II) im zellulären Umfeld zu testen.rnIn-vitro konnte die Phosphorylierung der CLR von HSP90-alpha und -beta mit der CK II an den rekombinant hergestellten Proteinen nachgestellt werden. Dieses typische Phosphorylierungs-Motiv (S-X-X-E/D) findet man bei sehr vielen Co-Chaperonen wie auch bei der Prostaglandin E Synthase p23, das ebenfalls durch eine in-vitro Kinase-Reaktion mit der CK II an drei Positionen phosphoryliert wurde. Durch ein Binde-Assay zeigte sich, dass p23 nur in dieser modifizierten Form an HSP90-alpha bindet. Das Bindeverhalten von p23 an die beta-Isoform wird durch diese Phosphorylierung jedoch nicht beeinflusst. Diese Erkenntnisse erweitern das Verständnis des bis dato beschriebenen Chaperon-Zyklus von HSP90 und zeigen deutliche Unterschiede in den Aktivierungszyklen beider Isoformen auf. Da die Casein Kinase II hier entscheidend in den durch HSP90 vermittelten Aktivierungsprozess eingreift, eröffnet sich ein weites Feld an Möglichkeiten, diese Prozesse an weiteren Co-Chaperonen und Substratproteinen zu studieren.rn

A phospholipase A(2) from Bothrops asper snake venom activates neutrophils in culture: Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and PGE(2) biosynthesis

In this study, the production of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and up-regulation in cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway induced by a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), myotoxin-III (MT-III), purified from Bothrops asper snake venom, in isolated neutrophils were investigated. The arachidonic acid (AA) production and the participation of intracellular PLA(2)s (cytosolic PLA(2) and Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2)) in these events were also evaluated. MT-III induced COX-2, but not COX-1 gene and protein expression in neutrophils and increased PGE(2) levels. Pretreatment of neutrophils with COX-2 and COX-1 inhibitors reduced PGE(2) production induced by MT-III. Arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (AACOCF(3)), an intracellular PLA(2) inhibitor, but not bromoenol lactone (BEL), an iPLA(2) inhibitor, suppressed the MT-III-induced AA and PGE(2) release. In conclusion, MT-III directly stimulates neutrophils inducing COX-2 mRNA and protein expression followed by production of PGE(2). COX-2 isoform is preeminent over COX-1 for production of PGE(2) stimulated by MT-III. PGE(2) and AA release by MT-III probably is related to cPLA(2) activation. (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Cyclooxygenase-derived mediators regulate the immunological control of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection

The aim of this study was to define the immunoregulatory role of prostaglandins in a mouse model of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection. Strongyloides venezuelensis induced an increase of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in the blood, peritoneal cavity fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Treatment with the dual cyclooxygenase (COX-1/-2) inhibitors indomethacin and ibuprofen, and the COX-2-selective inhibitor celecoxib partially blocked these cellular responses and was associated with enhanced numbers of infective larvae in the lung and adult worms in the duodenum. However, the drugs did not interfere with worm fertility. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors also inhibited the production of the T-helper type 2 (Th2) mediators IL-5, IgG1, and IgE, while indomethacin alone also inhibited IL-4, IL-10, and IgG2a. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors tended to enhance the Th1 mediators IL-12 and IFN-gamma. This shift away from Th2 immunity in cyclooxygenase inhibitor-treated mice correlated with reduced prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in infected duodenal tissue. As PGE(2) is a well-characterized driver of Th2 immunity, we speculate that reduced production of this lipid might be involved in the shift toward a Th1 phenotype, favoring parasitism by S. venezuelensis. These findings provide new evidence that cyclooxygenase-derived lipids play a role in regulating host defenses against Strongyloides, and support the exploration of eicosanoid signaling for identifying novel preventive and therapeutic modalities against these infections.

Protein crystallography and examples of its applications in medicinal chemistry

The field of protein crystallography inspires and enthrals, whether it be for the beauty and symmetry of a perfectly formed protein crystal, the unlocked secrets of a novel protein fold, or the precise atomic-level detail yielded from a protein-ligand complex. Since 1958, when the first protein structure was solved, there have been tremendous advances in all aspects of protein crystallography, from protein preparation and crystallisation through to diffraction data measurement and structure refinement. These advances have significantly reduced the time required to solve protein crystal structures, while at the same time substantially improving the quality and resolution of the resulting structures. Moreover, the technological developments have induced researchers to tackle ever more complex systems, including ribosomes and intact membrane-bound proteins, with a reasonable expectation of success. In this review, the steps involved in determining a protein crystal structure are described and the impact of recent methodological advances identified. Protein crystal structures have proved to be extraordinarily useful in medicinal chemistry research, particularly with respect to inhibitor design. The precise interaction between a drug and its receptor can be visualised at the molecular level using protein crystal structures, and this information then used to improve the complementarity and thus increase the potency and selectivity of an inhibitor. The use of protein crystal structures in receptor-based drug design is highlighted by (i) HIV protease, (ii) influenza virus neuraminidase and (iii) prostaglandin H-2-synthetase. These represent, respectively, examples of protein crystal structures that (i) influenced the design of drugs currently approved for use in the treatment of HIV infection, (ii) led to the design of compounds currently in clinical trials for the treatment of influenza infection and (iii) could enable the design of highly specific non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that lack the common side-effects of this drug class.

Inibidores seletivos de prostaglandina endoperóxido sintase-2 (PGHS-2): nova estratégia para o tratamento da inflamação

Prostaglandins (PG's), produced from arachidonic acid metabolism, are potent mediators of inflammation. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAIDs) exert their effects by inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGHS) enzyme, which catalyses the first committed step in arachidonic acid metabolism. Two isoforms of PGHS are known: PGHS-1, constitutively expressed in most tissues, and is responsible for physiological production of PG's. The second isoform, PGHS-2, is induced by cytokines, mitogens and endotoxins in inflammatory cells, and appears to be responsible for the elevated production of PG's during inflammation. With the recent discovery of the inducible PGHS (PGHS-2), the medicinal chemist now possesses a novel target for designing therapeutic agents that could provide suitable anti-inflammatory activity without the ulcerogenic and renal side effects associated with currently available NSAIDs, all of which inhibit both PGHS-1 and PGHS-2.

Role of mast cell- and non-mast cell-derived inflammatory mediators in immunologic induction of synaptic plasticity

We have previously discovered a long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission in mammal autonomic ganglia caused by immunological activation of ganglionic mast cells. Subsequent to mast cell activation, lipid and peptide mediators are released which may modulate synaptic function. In this study we determined whether some mast cell-derived mediators, prostaglandin D2 (PGD2; 1.0 µM), platelet aggregating factor (PAF; 0.3 µM) and U44619 (a thromboxane analogue; 1.0 µM), and also endothelin-1 (ET-1; 0.5 µM) induce synaptic potentiation in the guinea pig superior cervical ganglion (SCG), and compared their effects on synaptic transmission with those induced by a sensitizing antigen, ovalbumin (OVA; 10 µg/ml). The experiments were carried out on SCGs isolated from adult male guinea pigs (200-250 g) actively sensitized to OVA, maintained in oxygenated Locke solution at 37oC. Synaptic potentiation was measured through alterations of the integral of the post-ganglionic compound action potential (CAP). All agents tested caused long-term (LTP; duration ³30 min) or short-term (STP; <30 min) potentiation of synaptic efficacy, as measured by the increase in the integral of the post-ganglionic CAP. The magnitude of mediator-induced potentiation was never the same as the antigen-induced long-term potentiation (A-LTP). The agent that best mimicked the antigen was PGD2, which induced a 75% increase in CAP integral for LTP (antigen: 94%) and a 34% increase for STP (antigen: 91%). PAF-, U44619-, and ET-1-induced increases in CAP integral ranged for LTP from 34 to 47%, and for STP from 0 to 26%. These results suggest that the agents investigated may participate in the induction of A-LTP