Germinação de sementes de Melanoxylon brauna schott em diferentes temperaturas

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar o efeito da temperatura sobre a germinação de sementes de Melanoxylon brauna e identificar as temperaturas cardinais de germinação, bem como avaliar a eficiência do teste de condutividade elétrica para determinação das temperaturas cardinais. Para tanto, foram realizados três ensaios. No primeiro, foi feita a determinação das curvas de embebição, em cada temperatura (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 e 45 ºC); as sementes foram pesadas a cada 2 h, por um período de 12 h e após a cada 12 h até a protrusão radicular de 50% das sementes, ou até 120 h quando na ausência de germinação. No segundo ensaio, para identificar as temperaturas cardinais, as sementes foram mantidas sob cada temperatura, por 10 dias, em câmara tipo BOD, sob luz constante. No terceiro ensaio, foi realizado um teste de condutividade elétrica com as sementes incubadas por períodos de 24, 48 e 72 h de embebição em cada uma das temperaturas e, em seguida, colocadas em erlenmeyers com 75 mL de água deionizada a 25 ºC, por 24 h, para posterior leitura da condutividade elétrica. É mais criterioso recomendar faixas de temperaturas para germinação do que temperaturas pontuais. As temperaturas cardinais (teóricas) para a característica porcentagem de germinação são: 12,3 ºC - mínima, 30,0 ºC - ótima (teórica) e 42,7 ºC - máxima. As faixas de temperatura considerando todas as variáveis investigadas são: 12,1-12,6 ºC (mínima); 30,0-35,8 ºC (ótima); e 42,4-43,0 ºC (máxima). A espécie apresenta grande amplitude de germinação com relação à temperatura, sendo verificada a germinação na faixa de 12,0 a 42,0 ºC. O teste de condutividade elétrica foi eficiente para avaliar o efeito da temperatura sobre as sementes e, nesse teste, a temperatura ótima é de 27,0 ºC..

ALTERAÇÕES FISIOLÓGICAS E BIOMÉTRICAS EM SEMENTES DEMelanoxylon brauna Schott DURANTE A GERMINAÇÃO EM DIFERENTES TEMPERATURAS1

RESUMO Objetivou-se neste trabalho estudar as alterações biométricas e a germinação das sementes de Melanoxylon brauna em diferentes temperaturas. As sementes foram colocadas para germinar nas temperaturas constantes de 10, 25, 30 e 40 °C. Sementes da espécie também foram expostas às temperaturas de 10 e 40 ºC, por períodos de 24, 48, 72 e 96 h, e transferidas para a temperatura de 25 ºC. Foram analisados a porcentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e o tempo médio de germinação. Durante a germinação nas temperaturas constantes, avaliaram-se as alterações biométricas do comprimento e a massa de matéria fresca dos eixos embrionários. Nas temperaturas de 25 e 30 ºC, foram verificados 93 e 98% de germinação, respectivamente. Em 10 e 40 ºC, a germinação foi de 5%. O IVG foi significativamente maior a 30 ºC. A embebição das sementes a 10 e 40 ºC, com posterior retorno a 25 ºC, resultou em acréscimos na germinação, em comparação com as temperaturas constantes. O comprimento e a massa de matéria fresca dos eixos embrionários aumentaram contínua e progressivamente durante a embebição.

Pollination and other biotic interactions in figs of Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)

During the period from 1992 to 1997, interactions of several organisms and Ficus eximia figs, a monoecious species, were studied in plants located in Campinas/SP and Londrina/PR (Brazil). Ficus eximia is pollinated by a single fig wasp species, Pegoscapus sp. (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae, Agaoninae), but also visited by other 14 non-pollinating wasps (Agaonidae, Eurytomidae, Torymidae). Mites (Tarsonemidae), nematodes (Diplogasteridae) and fungi which use the body of the pollinating fig wasp to disperse themselves were also observed.

Seed predation of Virola bicuhyba (Schott) Warb. (Myristicaceae) in the Atlantic forest of south-eastern Brazil

Seed predation of Virola bicuhyba (Myristicaceae) was studied in an area of Atlantic forest in south-eastern Brazil, with the objective of testing the Janzen-Connell model. The predation of seeds was evaluated at three different distances from the parent tree for two classes of predators: invertebrates and vertebrates. The method of exclosure plots (closed plots) and open control plots was used, distributed at 5, 15 and 25 m from the trunk of each adult fruiting tree of V. bicuhyba. In Experiment 1, 1,200 seeds were used and, in Experiment 2, 1,440 seeds. Both experiments did not agree with Janzen-Connell model, as seed predation by invertebrates and vertebrates was independent of the distance from the parent tree. Seed predation rate was high, however the impact of predation by vertebrates was higher than by invertebrates, indicating that it is the main cause of seed mortality.

Chemical composition, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antifungal activities of Pera glabrata (Schott) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae)

Pera glabrata (Schott) Baill. was selected for this study after showing a preliminary positive result in a screening of Atlantic Forest plant species in the search for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and antifungal compounds. The bioassays were conducted with crude ethanol extract of the leaves using direct bioautography method for acetylcholinesterase and antifungal activities. This extract was partitioned with hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate solvents. The active chloroform fraction was submitted to silica gel chromatography column affording 12 groups. Caffeine, an alkaloid, which showed detection limits of 0.1 and 1.0 µg for anticholinesterasic and antifungal activities, respectively, was isolated from group nine. After microplate analyses, only groups four, nine, 10, 11 and 12 showed acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of 40% or higher. The group 12 was purified by preparative layer chromatography affording four sub-fractions. Two sub-fractions from this group were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. The first sub-fraction showed anticholinesterasic activity and contained two major compounds: 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one (84%) and caffeine (6%). The second sub-fraction presented five major compounds identified as 9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one, isololiolide, (-) loliolide, palmitic acid and lupeol and did not show activity.

Partial characterization of genes from the embryonic axis of Melanoxylon brauna Schott. (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) seeds

The objective of this study was to partially characterize some genes involved in the desiccation tolerance of the embryonic axis of Melanoxylon brauna seeds subjected, or not, to oven fast-drying. Seeds were initially dried rapidly in an oven at 40 ºC, 50 ºC, 60 ºC, 70 ºC, and 80 °C, for 24, 48 and 72 h and then subjected to germination tests and moisture content determination. Degenerate primers were designed for 19 genes. The CDNA was used as a template for PCR amplifications using the degenerate primers, and the PCR products obtained were purified, cloned and sequenced. The seeds showed a gradual reduction in percent germination with increasing temperature and drying time. Nucleotide sequences of the cloned fragments related to genes CAT1, SPS1, Abi5, Transk and PM25 were obtained. The similarity analysis with the sequences deposited in databases revealed similarities with genes CAT1, SPS1, Transk and PM25 from other plant species. The nucleotide sequences obtained from the respective genes will be used for designing specific primers for gene expression analyses during seed germination in order to understand the causes for loss of physiological quality of Melanoxylon brauna seeds.

Minutes of the Board of Directors of the Port Hope, Lindsay and Beaverton Railway Company held in Port Hope

Minutes of the Board of Directors of the Port Hope, Lindsay and Beaverton Railway Company held in Port Hope, Aug 9, 1855.

Indenture (vellum) of mortgage between the Port Hope, Lindsay and Beaverton Railway Company and Joseph Augustus Woodruff of Niagara and Gilbert McMicken of the Village of Elgin in Welland

Indenture (vellum) of mortgage between the Port Hope, Lindsay and Beaverton Railway Company and Joseph Augustus Woodruff of Niagara and Gilbert McMicken of the Village of Elgin in Welland. This document was registered Jan.4, 1856 – instrument no. 586, Dec. 29, 1855.

Realism and politics in alienated space: Trevor Griffiths's plays of the 1970s in the television studio

The television studio play is often perceived as a somewhat compromised, problematic mode in which spatial and technological constraints inhibit the signifying and aesthetic capacity of dramatic texts. Leah Panos examines the function of the studio in the 1970s television dramas of socialist playwright Trevor Griffiths, and argues that the established verbal and visual conventions of the studio play, in its confined and ‘alienated’ space, connect with and reinforce various aspects of Griffiths's particular approach and agenda. As well as suggesting ways in which the idealist, theoretical focus of the intellectual New Left is reflexively replicated within the studio, Panos explores how the ‘intimate’ visual language of the television studio allows Griffiths to create a ‘humanized’ Marxist discourse through which he examines dialectically his dramatic characters' experiences, ideas, morality, and political objectives. Leah Panos recently completed her doctoral thesis, ‘Dramatizing New Left Contradictions: Television Texts of Ken Loach, Jim Allen, and Trevor Griffiths’, at the University of Reading and is now a Postdoctoral Researcher on the AHRC funded project, ‘Spaces of Television: Production, Site and Style’, which runs from July 2010 to March 2014.

Trevor Griffiths' 'Absolute Beginners': socialist humanism and the television studio

This article examines how conventional studio production strategies were active in the construction of political meaning in the 1974 television play 'Absolute Beginners' written by Trevor Griffiths. Produced for the BBC anthology series Fall of Eagles, the play dramatises Lenin's involvement with the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP) and explores the contradictions between personal ethics and political necessity. Through close textual analysis and contextual discussion of other plays in the series, this piece demonstrates how shot patterns and spatial and performative devices in 'Absolute Beginners' supported the drama's socialist-humanist themes. Drawing on existing writing about the studio mode, it argues that the qualities of intimacy and presentational distance that it engendered were highly appropriate for the personal and the political dialectic in 'Absolute Beginners'. While using authorship as a convenient category for referring to the coherence of Griffiths' thematic concerns and dramatic structure during this period, the article complicates notions of the television dramatist as author by arguing for the importance of visual style and showing how 'ordinary' studio form was operational in the play's political meanings.

Custo para implantação de Astronium fraxinifolium schott em área degradada utilizando-se adubos verdes e lodo de esgoto

A utilização de recursos naturais e a necessidade de recuperação de áreas degradadas têm assumido importância global, sendo que a estimativa de custos garante a viabilidade econômica, para implantação de projetos de conservação ou recuperação. Foram estimados os custos para implantação de um hectare da espécie arbórea Gonçalo-Alves (Astonium fraxinifolium Schott), com adubação verde, em Latossolo Vermelho degradado, como se segue: Gonçalo-Alves + Feijão-de-porco; Gonçalo-Alves + crotalária; Gonçalo-Alves + fórmula NPK (04-14-08); e Gonçalo-Alves + braquiária + lodo. A estimativa do custo de implantação de Gonçalo-Alves, para a região leste do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, variou entre R$ 2.829,13 e R$ 3.872,21. O tratamento com braquiária + lodo de esgoto foi o mais econômico, considerando-se um período de cinco anos, além dos benefícios ambientais relacionados ao descarte viável deste resíduo, por estações de tratamento de esgoto.

Bird attributes, plant characteristics, and seed dispersal of Pera glabrata (Schott, 1858), (Euphorbiaceae) in a disturbed cerrado area

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)