How to be a fig wasp down under: the diversity and structure of an Australian fig wasp community

Endophytic insects and their parasitoids provide valuable models for community ecology. The wasp communities in inflorescences of fig trees have great potential for comparative studies, but we must first describe individual communities. Here, we add to the few detailed studies of such communities by describing the one associated with Ficus rubiginosa in Australia. First, we describe community composition, using two different sampling procedures. Overall, we identified 14 species of non-pollinating fig wasp (NPFW) that fall into two size classes. Small wasps, including pollinators, gallers and their parasitoids, were more abundant than large wasps (both galler and parasitoid species). We show that in figs where wasps emerge naturally, the presence of large wasps may partly explain the low emergence of small wasps. During fig development, large gallers oviposit first, before and around the time of pollination, while parasitoids lay eggs after pollination. We further show that parasitoids in the subfamily Sycoryctinae, which comprise the majority of all individual NPFWs, segregate temporally by laying eggs at different stages of fig development. We discuss our results in terms of species co-existence and community structure and compare our findings to those from fig wasp communities on other continents.

How to be naive

The transcription factor KLF2 directs expression of receptors involved in trafficking of naive T cells. In this issue of Immunity, Weinreich et al. (2009) demonstrate that KLF2 additionally represses IL-4 production, which otherwise induces CXCR3 expression.

How to be in a good shape? The influence of clone morphology on cell competition

Cell competition is a conserved mechanism where slow proliferating cells (so called losers) are eliminated by faster proliferating neighbors (so called winners) through apoptosis.(1) It is an important process which prevents developmental malformations and maintains tissue fitness in aging adults.(2) Recently, we have shown that the probability of elimination of loser cells correlates with the surface of contact between losers and winners in Myc-induced competition.(3) Moreover, we have characterized an active mechanism that increases the surface of contact between losers and winners, hence accelerating the elimination of loser cells. This is the first indication that cell shape and mechanics can influence cell competition. Here, we will discuss the consequence of the relationship between shape and competition, as well as the relevance of this model for other modes of competition.

If you want to be a teacher; teacher education programs at the University of Illinois.

Mode of access: Internet.

How to be your own lawyer : a complete instructor for everybody ; adapted to every state and territory ; also a dictionary of legal terms /

Includes tables.

Athletes' guide; containing full directions for learning how to sprint, jump, hurdle and throw weights ... Special chapters of advice to beginners and important A.A.U. rules ...

Mode of access: Internet.

How to be considered for Coast Guard A/E contracts /

Mode of access: Internet.

How to be a delegate /

Mode of access: Internet.

How to be interesting; a little book of platitudes for folks in general, including educators and students,

Bibliography: p. 169-170.

How to be happy;

Pictorial boards.

How to be happy or Fairy gifts, proving the insufficiency of talents, fortune, rank, and riches, to deserve contemtment.

Mode of access: Internet.

How to be personally efficient in business;

Mode of access: Internet.

The go-getter; a story that tells you how to be one,

Mode of access: Internet.

Peace and progress; how to be happy despite the politicians,

Mode of access: Internet.